Nordic Journal of Psychiatry最新文献

{"title":"Investigation of the feasibility and efficacy of a fully immersive virtual reality-based memory training paradigm on memory performance in healthy controls and patients with mood or schizophrenia spectrum disorders.","authors":"Andreas Jespersen, Rebecca Lachmann, Bjørn Nordseth, Johannes Sivesgaard, Lars Christiansen, Kamilla Woznica Miskowiak","doi":"10.1080/08039488.2025.2565824","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08039488.2025.2565824","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Cognitive impairments, including difficulties with learning and memory, are common in mood disorders (MD) and schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD), yet cognitive remediation interventions often show limited transfer of improvements to functioning. Fully immersive virtual reality (VR) offers an engaging and ecologically valid cognitive training platform. This study explored the efficacy and feasibility of a one-hour VR-based memory training session utilising the Method of Loci (MoL) for improving memory and self-efficacy in patients with MD or SSD and healthy controls (HC).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Patients with MD or SSD (<i>n</i> = 20) and HC (HCVR, <i>n</i> = 20) trained MoL memory encoding using a novel VR paradigm, while another HC group (<i>n</i> = 20) used a traditional flashcard-based encoding method. All participants encoded the 50 U.S. states. Memory recall was assessed pre-training, post-training, and one week later. Patients completed self-efficacy questionnaires pre- and post-training and evaluated training engagement and usefulness.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>VR-based MoL training significantly improved recall of the 50 U.S. states in patients (pre: 11.65 ± 7.81; post: 33.80 ± 9.35, <i>t</i> = -10.06, <i>p</i> < .001) and HCVR (pre: 20.35 ± 9.41; post: 40.40 ± 5.80, <i>t</i> = -11.78, <i>p</i> < .001), with effects maintained at one-week follow-up. VR-based training outperformed traditional encoding in HC (<i>F</i>(2,76) = 4.17, <i>p</i> = .02, <i>ηp²</i> = .09). Patients reported higher post-training memory self-efficacy and rated the training as highly engaging and useful.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A single VR-based MoL session led to improved memory and self-efficacy in patients with MD or SSD, providing a stepping stone to show patients they can enhance memory using simple mnemonic techniques. This approach may encourage sustained memory training in daily life.</p>","PeriodicalId":19201,"journal":{"name":"Nordic Journal of Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145329670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sensory over responsivity (SOR) as a transdiagnostic marker of neurodevelopmental risk. An epidemiological birth cohort study.","authors":"Katja Jussila, Anna Korkiakoski, Ainuliina Jussila, Sanna Kuusikko-Gauffin, Leena Joskitt, Mirjami Mäntymaa, Irma Moilanen, Marja-Leena Mattila","doi":"10.1080/08039488.2025.2572330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08039488.2025.2572330","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>While previous research has linked heightened sensitivity to sensory input to individual diagnoses such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), no large-scale, population-based studies have examined its transdiagnostic associations across a broad spectrum of neurodevelopmental difficulties.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study utilized a population-based cohort of 4 424 eight-year-old children from the Northern Ostrobothnia Hospital District in Finland. Parent-reported data on sensory over responsivity (SOR) and neurodevelopmental difficulties were collected <i>via</i> questionnaires. Logistic regression models were used to examine bidirectional associations between SOR and individual developmental difficulties, while exploratory factor analysis was conducted to identify underlying dimensions of neurodevelopmental symptoms.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>SOR was reported in 6.4% of children and was significantly more common among those with developmental challenges. Children with any developmental difficulty were 4.7 times more likely to exhibit SOR than those without. ASD showed the strongest association, followed by ADHD related traits, motor difficulties, intellectual disability, Tourette's/tics, and learning difficulties. Factor analysis identified three latent dimensions: (1) Social Communication & Language, (2) Learning & Cognitive Processing, and (3) Attention & Motor Regulation - each of which was statistically significantly associated with SOR.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>SOR is a prevalent and clinically significant transdiagnostic feature that cuts across multiple neurodevelopmental domains. Our findings support the conceptualization of SOR as a modality-specific liability factor nested within the proposed neurodevelopmental spectrum of the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) framework. Recognizing SOR as a transdiagnostic marker may improve early identification and guide more tailored interventions for children with diverse developmental profiles.</p>","PeriodicalId":19201,"journal":{"name":"Nordic Journal of Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145293079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A transdiagnostic sleep intervention for outpatients with sleep problems and comorbid mental health disorders, data from a Danish quality assurance project.","authors":"Henny Dyrberg, Sanne Toft Kristiansen, Maria Speed, Dorthe Møller, Mette Kragh","doi":"10.1080/08039488.2025.2571217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08039488.2025.2571217","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Insomnia is common in psychiatric populations. Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is the first-line treatment for chronic insomnia. However, patients with mental disorders often experience a variety of sleep problems, including delayed sleep phase beyond insomnia. To address this, a Danish sleep and circadian intervention with six individual sessions combining CBT-I with chronotherapeutic methods was initiated in 2019.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To evaluate the effect of the transdiagnostic sleep and circadian intervention on sleep quality and insomnia severity and to identify diagnostic characteristics of patients who responded well compared to those with less favorable outcomes.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Data on patients' subjective sleep quality and perceived insomnia severity, assessed before and after the intervention, were extracted from clinical notes. Additionally, demographic data and diagnostic information were collected.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 248 patients completed the transdiagnostic sleep and circadian intervention. We found a statistically significant reduction in insomnia severity, particularly in those diagnosed with bipolar affective disorder and unipolar depression. We also saw a statistically significant improvement in sleep quality and the largest change over time was found in patients with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This quality assurance study showed that a transdiagnostic sleep and circadian intervention - comprising six individual sessions delivered by an interdisciplinary team following a short sleep course and peer-to-peer training - can effectively improve sleep in patients with long-lasting sleep problems.</p>","PeriodicalId":19201,"journal":{"name":"Nordic Journal of Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145275371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The family model in child and adult mental health services.","authors":"Camilla Linderborg, Bente Weimand, Adrian Falkov, Margareta Östman","doi":"10.1080/08039488.2025.2570252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08039488.2025.2570252","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>This study is based on a development project among selected child and adult mental health services in Sweden. Its goal was quality enhancement by using a family approach. The Family Model (TFM) is a family-focused practice developed in Australia and implemented for several years. In accordance with trust-based research, experiences voiced by the family are investigated.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>The aim of the study was to gain knowledge regarding the experiences of both youth and adult family members when using TFM under the supervision of child and adult mental health services.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Eleven families were recruited and interviewed in focus groups or individually in a qualitative study based on principles of naturalistic inquiry.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Family members found that the model provided them with the opportunity to deal preemptively with their issues. It worked well in conjunction with the mental health services they were being provided by giving them clear objectives. The presence of competent clinicians was considered essential for success.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The Family Model proved useful in mental health clinical practice in families with concurrent mental illness in youth and adults. Our findings may assist providers in developing a parallel family-focused practice that offers child and adult clinical services.</p>","PeriodicalId":19201,"journal":{"name":"Nordic Journal of Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145275451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in inflammatory markers following electroconvulsive therapy in severe psychiatric disorders: focus on monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio and systemic inflammation response index.","authors":"Mahmut Selçuk, Fatma Taşkın Koca","doi":"10.1080/08039488.2025.2536809","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08039488.2025.2536809","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to evaluate changes in peripheral inflammatory markers before and after electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in patients with schizophrenia (SCZ), bipolar disorder (manic and depressive episodes), and major depressive disorder, focusing on composite indices less frequently investigated in this context.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective analysis was conducted on 154 patients who received ECT. Inflammatory markers included neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR), systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), systemic inflammation response index (SIRI), and aggregate index of systemic inflammation (AISI). Pre- and post-ECT values were compared using Wilcoxon's signed-rank tests. Group differences were examined using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney <i>U</i>-tests with Bonferroni's correction.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significant reductions were observed in MLR (median Δ = -0.04) and SIRI (median Δ = -1.01) after ECT (<i>p</i> = .001 and .031, respectively), both with medium effect sizes. NLR, PLR, SII, and AISI did not show significant changes. The magnitude of reduction in MLR and SIRI was greater in patients with bipolar mania and SCZ compared to those with depressive disorders, although these differences emerged primarily in between-group comparisons.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>ECT appears to selectively reduce monocyte-related inflammatory markers (MLR, SIRI), with the most substantial decreases seen in bipolar mania and SCZ. These findings support a role for systemic inflammation in severe mood and SCZ-spectrum disorders and suggest that composite hematological indices may serve as useful biomarkers for tracking ECT's immunomodulatory effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":19201,"journal":{"name":"Nordic Journal of Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":"527-536"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144732450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Validation of the Lithuanian version of the brief Negative Symptoms Scale.","authors":"Jonas Montvidas, Eimantas Zauka, Sonia Dollfus, Brian Kirkpatrick, Virginija Adomaitienė","doi":"10.1080/08039488.2025.2536806","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08039488.2025.2536806","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of the article: </strong>To validate the Lithuanian version of the Brief Negative Symptoms Scale (Lith-BNSS) in a Lithuanian speaking sample.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>We performed a double translation of BNSS from English into Lithuanian. Four clinicians conducted psychometric validation. We checked the internal consistency of the 13 items and six subscales of BNSS. Convergent and discriminant validity were calculated by applying BNSS in clinical practice with other psychometric tools for negative, positive, and depressive symptoms and cognitive deficit assessment. The psychometric tools used were BNNS, Self-assessment of Negative Symptoms Scale (SNS), Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale (PANSS), Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), and Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS). We calculated the convergent and discriminant validities using Pearson and Spearman correlations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We have included 130 patients. Excellent internal consistency was observed for the 13 items (alpha = 0.944) and the six subscales (alpha = 0.874) of BNSS. Good convergent validity is illustrated by strong Pearsons's correlations with the PANSS negative subscale (<i>r</i> = 0.77, <i>p</i> < 0.001) and the PANSS Marder negative factor (<i>r</i> = 0.77, <i>p</i> < 0.001). Adequate discriminant validity is shown by a non-significant correlation with PANSS positive subscore (<i>r</i> = 0.13, <i>p</i> = 0.15), PANSS Marder positive factor (<i>r</i> = 0.14, <i>p</i> = 0.13), CDSS total score (<i>r</i> = 0.02, <i>p</i> = 0.83) and MADRS total score (<i>r</i> = 0.12, <i>p</i> = 0.2).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Lith-BNSS has good psychometric properties and can be used as a valuable addition to the available Lithuanian evaluation tools for negative symptoms of schizophrenia.</p>","PeriodicalId":19201,"journal":{"name":"Nordic Journal of Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":"522-526"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144675360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychometric properties of the Swedish version of the SNAP-IV rating scale parent form in a birth cohort of 11-year-old children.","authors":"Pia Tallberg, Rebecka Vahlström, Carla Martí Valls, Mitchell Andersson, Stefan Bergman, Jovanna Dahlgren, Josefine Roswall","doi":"10.1080/08039488.2025.2531230","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08039488.2025.2531230","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The primary aim of this study was to confirm the internal consistency and factor structure of the Swedish version of the Swanson-Nolan-Pelham scale fourth edition (SNAP-IV) for parents and to examine its clinical utility for identifying children diagnosed with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Parents of 11-year-old children from a birth cohort in the Halland region of Sweden (<i>N</i> = 981) completed the SNAP-IV assessment. Background data on ADHD diagnoses and medical treatment with stimulants were obtained from the Swedish National Patient Registry. We assessed the factor structure of the SNAP-IV using confirmatory factor analysis with diagonally weighted least squares estimation, and its clinical utility using logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A three-factor bifactor S-1 model of the Swedish SNAP-IV where all items load onto a general hyperactivity/impulsiveness factor and items specific to inattentiveness and Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) load onto independent factors fit best and exhibited high internal consistency. Excluding ODD items, a similar two-factor bifactor S-1 model fit well. The SNAP-IV demonstrated robust clinical utility for identifying children diagnosed with ADHD as evidenced by significant associations between clinical diagnoses and the SNAP-IV subscales, as well as excellent classification accuracy for both the inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity subscales when using continuous values. Taken together, the Swedish version of the SNAP-IV parent form was found to be a useful instrument with good criterion validity for assessing ADHD symptoms in 11-year-old children. The clinical application of cutoffs is discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":19201,"journal":{"name":"Nordic Journal of Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":"503-514"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144649989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the impact of coercion prevention initiatives in an adolescent psychiatric ward.","authors":"Sanne Lemcke, Mette Isbak Jensen, Anders Helles Carlsen, Anne Virring Sørensen","doi":"10.1080/08039488.2025.2531234","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08039488.2025.2531234","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>In adolescent psychiatric wards, various interventions have been implemented to reduce the incidence of restrictive practices. These interventions are less studied than in adult psychiatry and the impact often remains unclear. To investigate the significance of the initiatives implemented in an adolescent ward, an explorative retrospective study was performed.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>Information about initiatives to reduce the use of restrictive practices was collected from documents on the ward from 2015 to 2022. During this period, the incidence of restrictive interventions was recorded in the region's electronic register. Information on initiatives and incidences of restrictive interventions was compared using descriptive statistics and incidence rates.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the study period, twenty different initiatives were initiated on the ward. None of the interventions led to a sustained decrease in the number of coercive episodes. However, some of them appeared to reduce the incidence of restrictive interventions temporarily, such as de-escalation courses and Safewards. During the first winter of the COVID-19 pandemic (2020/2021), a high rate of restrictive interventions was observed, coinciding with the cancellation of many ward activities.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Although none of the initiatives implemented led to a permanent reduction in restrictive interventions, the temporary decreases observed following some of the initiatives suggest that increased awareness may have had an effect. This emphasises the necessity for sustained focus on an intervention if the impact is to be maintained.</p>","PeriodicalId":19201,"journal":{"name":"Nordic Journal of Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":"515-521"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144612220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flash glucose monitoring and continuous glucose monitoring among patients with coexisting diabetes and severe mental illness - a convergent mixed-methods study.","authors":"Anne B Hansen, Vicki Zabell, Anette Juel, Lene Lauge Berring, Lise Tarnow, Stephen F Austin","doi":"10.1080/08039488.2025.2530629","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08039488.2025.2530629","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>Technology is seen as a potential tool to improve the management of diabetes although few studies have examined sensor use within psychiatric populations. This study investigated the integration of glucose sensors for patients' diabetes and severe mental illness.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study applied a mixed methods convergent design with focus on glucose monitoring implementation. Quantitative data collected (<i>n</i> = 15) summarized patient characteristics and sensor use over time. Changes in HbA_1c levels were also monitored. Qualitative data was collected using semi-structured interviews and focus groups capturing the experiences of patients (<i>n</i> = 10) and clinicians (<i>n</i> = 7) respectively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Users utilized data from sensors to facilitate diabetes management although sensor use decreased over time. Analysis from patient interviews constructed three themes: '<i>Sensor use - improved awareness of blood glucose'</i>, '<i>Sensor use - promoting sharing of glucose readings'</i>, and '<i>Sensor use - increased visibility and public awareness of diabetes'</i>. Focus groups with clinicians described two themes: <i>'Perceived treatment benefits gained from glucose sensors'</i>, and <i>'Treatment challenges posed by glucose sensors'.</i></p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Results indicated that sensors were accepted and meaningfully integrated into clinical practice within this population. Patients and clinicians were largely positive about the integration and usefulness of sensors in diabetes management although some challenges were described.</p>","PeriodicalId":19201,"journal":{"name":"Nordic Journal of Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":"494-502"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144682825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Treatment with LSD and psilocybin at the department of psychiatry at Frederiksberg Hospital in Denmark from 1960 to 1973: an analysis of 324 cases.","authors":"Jens Knud Larsen, Pernille Kølbæk, Søren Dinesen Østergaard","doi":"10.1080/08039488.2025.2529449","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08039488.2025.2529449","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Recent studies have suggested that psychedelics such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin might benefit patients with mental illness. This revival calls for revisiting the field's past experiences with these agents. From 1960 to 1973, many patients were treated with LSD and/or psilocybin at the Department of Psychiatry at Frederiksberg Hospital in Denmark. Here, we analyze the case material/medical records of 324 of these patients. Specifically, we aimed to estimate whether patients who applied for reparatory compensation (applicants; <i>n</i> = 93) as per the Danish LSD Damages Law had worse responses and were more affected by adverse events related to psychedelic treatment than those who did not (non-applicants; <i>n</i> = 231).</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Data from the LSD archive at Frederiksberg City Archives were reviewed, and data regarding patient characteristics and LSD/psilocybin treatment (dose, effect, and adverse events) were extracted. Data were compared between applicants and non-applicants using independent samples <i>t</i>-tests, Mann-Whitney U tests, chi-square tests, and Fisher's exact tests, as appropriate.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Applicants were treated with higher LSD doses (median LSD dose-index: 31 vs. 21, <i>p</i> = 0.040) and received more treatments (median: 14 vs. 10, <i>p</i> = 0.005) than the non-applicants. Treatment responses did not differ significantly between applicants and non-applicants. Flashbacks were registered for a larger fraction of the applicants compared to non-applicants (18.2% vs. 5.2%, <i>p</i> < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The high incidence of flashbacks should be taken into account in future clinical studies examining psychedelic treatment of patients with mental disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":19201,"journal":{"name":"Nordic Journal of Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":"475-482"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144601081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}