Neurosurgical focus最新文献

{"title":"Barriers to healthcare transition for spina bifida patients: a systematic review.","authors":"Reid Colliander, Dayna C Sloane, Joshua E Simon, Nathan A Shlobin, Sandi Lam, Robin Bowman","doi":"10.3171/2024.5.FOCUS24234","DOIUrl":"10.3171/2024.5.FOCUS24234","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Patients with spina bifida (SB) were historically followed by pediatric providers throughout their entire lives. Through medical and surgical advancements, now more pediatric SB patients are living well into adulthood. Nonetheless, many patients fail to successfully transition to appropriate adult healthcare providers. The goal of this study was to identify factors that helped facilitate or hinder the successful transition of adolescent and young adult (AYA) SB patients to adult providers.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic review was conducted exploring the transition care of SB patients using the PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases. Titles and abstracts from articles identified were read and selected for full-text review. Studies meeting the inclusion criteria were reviewed in full and analyzed for study design, populations, interventions, and factors influencing transition.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The primary search identified 2050 articles, of which 20 were included in the final review. Thirteen studies discussed factors relating to neurosurgical care, 8 referenced gastrointestinal and genitourinary considerations, 11 examined cognitive and psychosocial factors, and 17 explored healthcare system factors. Several barriers were consistently reported regarding communication, patient and parental attitudes and perceptions, and failure to embrace formalized and transparent protocols. Conflicting results were reported regarding the influence medical comorbidities had on a patient's ability to transition.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The process of transitioning AYA SB patients to adult care is complex, involving an interplay of structural and psychosocial factors. The findings in this review suggest that some barriers can be alleviated with improved education, planning, and awareness of factors that influence transition care.</p>","PeriodicalId":19187,"journal":{"name":"Neurosurgical focus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141875458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Navigating the transition: the crucial shift from pediatric to adult care for individuals living with spina bifida.","authors":"Rya Muller, Klaudia Dziugan, Colleen Rosen, Roseann Greene, Diana Bowen, Sandi Lam, Robin Bowman","doi":"10.3171/2024.5.FOCUS24217","DOIUrl":"10.3171/2024.5.FOCUS24217","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Spina bifida (SB) is a complex congenital condition characterized by incomplete closure of the neural tube, resulting in varying degrees of physical and neurological impairment. Although commonly managed by multidisciplinary pediatric clinics, a substantial proportion of SB patients are now living into adulthood, necessitating the transition from pediatric to adult healthcare. This transition introduces a myriad of challenges for individuals living with SB and their families. Prior research on SB transition programs has demonstrated anecdotal success; however, minimal research has been published on early posttransition health outcomes and compliance with medical recommendations. This quality improvement study assessed early posttransition compliance with medical recommendations, adverse health events, access to medical supplies/equipment, and patient-reported health outcome and confidence in medical providers.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Adult participants in the Spina Bifida Transition Clinic at the authors' pediatric institution were invited to complete a telephone survey after transition to adult care. The mean (SEM) elapsed time since transition was 1.21 (0.11) years. The survey evaluated adult provider utilization, accessibility of medical supplies and equipment, adverse medical events, compliance with sleep study acquisition, patient-reported health status, and satisfaction with providers.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 52 eligible participants, 49 (94%) completed a telephone survey. Within the cohort, 82% had open SB (myelomeningocele), with the remaining having occult SB (lipomyelomeningocele). The mean age at transition was 26.0 years. Since transition, 78% have attended at least one primary care visit, with 76% seeking care from at least one adult care specialist (69% sought care with urologists). Forty-five percent reported an adverse medical event: 31% required an emergency department visit, 22% were hospitalized, 18% underwent surgery, and 24% had skin breakdown. Access to medical supplies varied, with patients experiencing the most difficulty obtaining wheelchairs and assistive walking devices. Patients rated pediatric provider engagement and knowledge of SB significantly higher than adult providers (mean 3.92 vs 3.32, p < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This quality improvement study evaluated the effectiveness of our Spina Bifida Transition Clinic in the early post transition period. While patients have used primary and specialty care (urology), they have experienced many adverse events and low compliance with sleep study acquisition. Continued evaluation of transition programs is required to optimize the outcome of those living with SB.</p>","PeriodicalId":19187,"journal":{"name":"Neurosurgical focus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141875468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond childhood: exploring the state of transitional care in pediatric pilocytic astrocytoma.","authors":"Katherine Chandler, Vivek A Pisharody, Julia Grigorian, Shuting Mao, Tianwen Ma, Arman Jahangiri, Joshua Chern, Kimberly Hoang","doi":"10.3171/2024.5.FOCUS2486","DOIUrl":"10.3171/2024.5.FOCUS2486","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Pediatric pilocytic astrocytoma (PPA) requires prolonged follow-up after initial resection. The landscape of transitional care for PPA patients is not well characterized. The authors sought to examine the clinical course and transition to adult care for these patients to better characterize opportunities for improvement in long-term care.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Pediatric patients (younger than 18 years at diagnosis) who underwent biopsy or resection for PPA between May 2000 and November 2022 at the authors' large academic center were retrospectively reviewed. Patient demographics, tumor characteristics, recurrence, adjuvant therapies, and follow-up data were extracted from the electronic medical record via chart review. Charts of patients who were 18 years or older as of January 1, 2024, were reviewed for adult follow-up notes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The authors identified 315 patients who underwent biopsy or resection for PPA between May 2000 and November 2022. The most common tumor location was posterior fossa (59.7%), and gross-total resection (GTR) was achieved in 187 patients (59.4%). In patients with GTR, progression/recurrence occurred less frequently (8.6% vs 41.4%, p < 0.01) compared to patients with non-GTR. Among 177 patients found to be age-eligible for transition to adult care, the authors found that 31 (17.5%) successfully transitioned. The average age at transition from pediatric to adult care was 21.7 years, and the average age at last known adult follow-up was 25.0 years. The authors found that patients who transitioned to adult care were followed longer (12.5 vs 7.0 years, p < 0.01) and were diagnosed at an older age (12.1 vs 9.6 years, p < 0.01) than their untransitioned counterparts.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The authors found that there was a low rate of successful transition from pediatric to adult care for PPA; 17.5% of age-eligible patients are now cared for by adult providers, whereas an additional 18.6% completed appropriate follow-up during childhood and did not require transition to adult care. These findings underscore opportunities for improvement in the pediatric-to-adult transition process for patients with PPA, particularly for those with non-GTR who were not followed for at least 10 years, during which the risk of disease progression is thought to be highest.</p>","PeriodicalId":19187,"journal":{"name":"Neurosurgical focus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141875459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can we do better supporting young adults with cerebral palsy as they navigate adulthood? A review of current and future transitional practices.","authors":"Debajyoti Datta, Hedva Chiu, Hana Alazem, Anna McCormick, Guangwen Sun, Albert Tu","doi":"10.3171/2024.5.FOCUS24215","DOIUrl":"10.3171/2024.5.FOCUS24215","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Patients with cerebral palsy (CP) face lifelong consequences of their condition, and their healthcare needs evolve as they age. Transitional care for these patients is not universally available and various models have been described. In this article, the authors review the current literature surrounding transitional care for patients with CP, focusing predominantly on the neurosurgical aspects of transitional care, and they describe current approaches adopted by programs in North America. They further describe their own experience developing a transitional care clinic for patients with CP, as well as the integration of this program with a multidisciplinary clinic to address the specific challenges that growing patients face in our region.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The authors performed a literature review to identify models, barriers, and assessments of effective transitional care for CP patients. They also reviewed the recommendations of various professional societies regarding transitional care practices. They performed qualitative analysis of the relevant literature.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Transitional care has been broadly categorized into transitional care clinics with multidisciplinary teams and facilitator-led transitional care. CP patients have to overcome a variety of barriers, including those from within the healthcare system as well as environmental and personal, during the period of their transition. These challenges are all interconnected, and navigation requires healthcare professionals to work closely with patients and their caregivers. Multiple instruments are described to measure successful transition, which is likely a reflection of the unique needs that a patient may require. Current guidelines recommend that neurosurgeons select a suitable model of care based on their own local practice and available services, develop a well-defined transition plan, and identify a primary transition facilitator or care coordinator.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Providing effective transitional care to CP patients remains challenging given the different models of care and the barriers faced by them during the period of transition. In developing a transitional care program for these patients, attention must be given to the resources that are available regionally, with an effort to incorporate the best practices from successful transitional care programs.</p>","PeriodicalId":19187,"journal":{"name":"Neurosurgical focus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141875460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of a dedicated transition process from pediatric to adult interdisciplinary care for persons with spina bifida.","authors":"Victoria Jiminez, Betsy Hopson, Caroline Caudill, Anastasia Arynchyna-Smith, Suzannah Rogers, Brandon G Rocque, Jeffrey P Blount","doi":"10.3171/2024.5.FOCUS24260","DOIUrl":"10.3171/2024.5.FOCUS24260","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Interdisciplinary care and pediatric to adult transitional programs have consistently shown medical and social value for individuals with complex medical conditions such as spina bifida (SB). Such interdisciplinary clinics are common in pediatrics but are rarely offered for adults. This survey-based study reports information related to transition, daily pain burden, and satisfaction with care delivery in an adult SB clinic.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A 23-question survey that was based on empirical observations from the adult SB clinic was formulated, IRB approved, and distributed to adult patients. Many respondents had previously received care at the institution's pediatric SB clinic and completed transition to the adult program. Responses were de-identified, categorized, stored in a secure database, and statistically analyzed using SPSS.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 245 patients approached, 116 (47%) surveys were completed and analyzed. Those who had a direct transition (defined as a less than 24-month gap in care) from the pediatric to the adult clinic comprised 44% (n = 51) of responders. The alternative group of 56% (n = 65) had a longer gap, disorganized or absent transition, or had pediatric care elsewhere. The study population had an average age of 36 years, had mostly received childhood care at the authors' institution, regardless of whether they made a direct transition or had a gap in care (68%), and held the diagnosis of open myelomeningocele (78%). Overall satisfaction with the clinic experience was high (mean score 9.04 on a 10-point subjective scale). Differences regarding independence in activities of daily living based on transition status were not significant, but on multivariate analysis, those who reported independence in activities of daily living had an almost 4-fold higher odds of daily pain (p = 0.024; OR 3.86, 95% CI 1.19-12.5). The most frequently identified areas for improvement included improved access to care and pain control.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Pediatric transitional processes and interdisciplinary clinics may contribute to improved patient-perceived outcomes and satisfaction with their SB care in comprehensive settings. Further elucidation of barriers to pain control is warranted, in addition to ways in which comprehensive and longitudinal care can improve them.</p>","PeriodicalId":19187,"journal":{"name":"Neurosurgical focus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141875471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revision Chiari surgery in adults: surgical evaluation algorithm and outcomes in a continuity-of-care practice","authors":"Rita H. Nguyen, John K. Chae, Kyle E. Zappi, Grant Luhmann, Alexa Kisselbach, Amanda Cruz, Jeffrey P. Greenfield","doi":"10.3171/2024.5.focus24261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3171/2024.5.focus24261","url":null,"abstract":"OBJECTIVE\u0000<p>Patients with a prior surgical history for Chiari malformation (CM) as a child or an adult who presents with a recurrence or persistence of symptoms pose a challenging clinical scenario. The authors analyzed preoperative presentations, surgical histories, and outcomes of adult CM revision cases to create an algorithm for the assessment of revision surgery in adult CM patients and contrast this with the care of pediatric CM patients within the context of an integrated continuity-of-care CM practice seeing pediatric and adult patients.</p>\u0000METHODS\u0000<p>The authors retrospectively reviewed the records of patients with CM0, -1, and -1.5 who were 21 years of age or older, had a prior history of CM surgery as either children or adults, and underwent revision surgery as adults at the authors’ institution from December 2009 to February 2020. The cohort was divided into three groups depending on the type of revision surgery performed: posterior fossa decompression with or without duraplasty (PFD/D group), occipitocervical fusion without ventral decompression (OCF group), and ventral decompression in the form of endoscopic endonasal odontoidectomy (VD group).</p>\u0000RESULTS\u0000<p>A total of 50 adult revision cases were divided into 30 PFD/D cases, 13 OCF cases, and 7 VD cases. Forty cases had previously undergone one CM surgery, and 10 had undergone two. Preoperatively, the PFD/D group had significantly fewer cases of diagnosed craniocervical instability (CCI), Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, and dysautonomia than the OCF and VD groups.</p>\u0000<p>A retroflexed odontoid was significantly more common in the VD group than in the PFD/D and OCF groups. Postoperatively, rates of improvement were 60.0% with PFD/D, 84.6% with OCF, and 85.7% with VD, but differences in these rates were not statistically significant.</p>\u0000CONCLUSIONS\u0000<p>In this challenging group of CM patients, possible etiologies warranting additional surgery included residual dorsal compression, persistent syrinx, CCI, and ventral brainstem compression from a significant retroflexed odontoid. Outcomes after revision were often favorable, but careful evaluation, patient selection, and communication with patients are needed in deciding to reoperate. The suggested algorithm can aid decision-making.</p>","PeriodicalId":19187,"journal":{"name":"Neurosurgical focus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141881361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Health care transition models in spina bifida care: evidence-based lessons in support of neurosurgical practice.","authors":"Juan F Lozano-Ramirez, Heidi Castillo, Mary M Locastro, Grace Y Lai, Viachaslau Bradko, Susan Jarosz, William E Whitehead, Betsy Hopson, Jonathan Castillo","doi":"10.3171/2024.5.FOCUS24253","DOIUrl":"10.3171/2024.5.FOCUS24253","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The purpose of this study was to conduct a literature review on transition programs from pediatric to adult care and the role of neurosurgery as individuals with spina bifida (SB) transition, and to provide a framework for neurosurgical providers to assist in the transition to adult-centered care.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A comprehensive literature review was conducted according to the PRISMA statement, with a search in Medline and Embase to identify US clinical programs reporting on their experiences establishing a transition program for adolescents and young adults with SB. Data were collected for authors, year, transition clinic location, model of care for transition clinic, ages served, and specialty clinical team.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The literature search yielded 698 articles, 5 of which met the inclusion criteria. These 5 studies included 4 transition programs for which models of care and approach to transition, clinical services involved, establishment of goals, and age of initiation and transition were identified. All programs described setting transition goals, ranging from community services, to self-management, to health care navigation, to patient-driven goals, with 1 program reporting a quality-of-life measurement component to their model.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Robust SB transition programs can be established by applying the expanded chronic care model, reviewing lessons learned by other programs, advocating at the institutional level, and seeking support via professional organizations. While the comprehensive role of neurosurgical providers in these programs is still being defined, a shared vision of enhancing the health and quality of life for individuals with SB and their families is needed by all subspecialists involved.</p>","PeriodicalId":19187,"journal":{"name":"Neurosurgical focus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141875464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Healthcare transition in pediatric neurosurgery: lessons learned from a pilot program for patients with hydrocephalus and spina bifida.","authors":"Megan G Anderson, Prabhath Mannam, Nathan K Leclair, Jonathan E Martin, Markus J Bookland, Brian J Kelley, Inam U Kureshi, David S Hersh","doi":"10.3171/2024.5.FOCUS24214","DOIUrl":"10.3171/2024.5.FOCUS24214","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The pediatric neurosurgical community has increasingly recognized the importance of healthcare transition, the process of moving a patient from a pediatric to an adult model of care. However, surveys of pediatric neurosurgeons have revealed that few institutions have formal transition programs. Here, the authors share their preliminary experience with the development of a formal transition pilot program for patients with spina bifida and/or hydrocephalus.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Patients 18 years of age or older with a diagnosis of spina bifida and/or hydrocephalus who were followed by a pediatric neurosurgeon at Connecticut Children's from January 2017 to December 2023 and were recommended to transition to an adult neurosurgeon were retrospectively reviewed. Patients in the informal transition program (ITP) cohort (i.e., the recommendation to transition was made before the formal transition program [FTP] was developed in early 2020) were compared with those in the FTP cohort.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twenty-two patients met inclusion criteria with 7 (31.8%) in the ITP cohort and 15 (68.2%) in the FTP cohort. The median age at the time of the recommendation to transition was similar in both ITP and FTP cohorts (24 [IQR 20-35] years vs 25 [IQR 24-27] years, respectively). Four (57.1%) patients in the ITP cohort had a confirmed visit with an adult neurosurgeon, compared with 13 (86.7%) patients in the FTP cohort (p = 0.274). One patient in the ITP cohort with a failed transition returned to pediatric neurosurgical care, and 1 patient in the FTP cohort required a shunt revision by an adult neurosurgeon within 1 year of the recommendation to transition.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Healthcare transition is recognized as a priority within pediatric neurosurgery, but structured, formal transition programs remain underdeveloped. The authors' preliminary experience with a pilot transition program demonstrated that patients who underwent a formal transition were more likely to successfully establish care with an adult neurosurgeon and trended toward less resource utilization.</p>","PeriodicalId":19187,"journal":{"name":"Neurosurgical focus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141875465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introduction. Transitional care in neurosurgery.","authors":"Laura-Nanna Lohkamp, Jeffrey P Blount, Jogi V Pattisapu, Vincent Nga, Jeffrey P Greenfield","doi":"10.3171/2024.6.FOCUS23738","DOIUrl":"10.3171/2024.6.FOCUS23738","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19187,"journal":{"name":"Neurosurgical focus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141875466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transitional and spectrum-based care for idiopathic scoliosis.","authors":"Sudhir Suggala, Anthony L Minopoli, Adnan Hussain Shahid, Richard P Menger","doi":"10.3171/2024.6.FOCUS24240","DOIUrl":"10.3171/2024.6.FOCUS24240","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The goal of this study is to discuss the transitional nature of idiopathic scoliosis and the variation in treatment and management across the spectrum of age presentation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This is a review article that discusses the evaluation, management, and classification of idiopathic scoliosis. The authors searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane database for articles published up to April 2024. Keywords and MeSH terms relevant to the topic were used, including adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), adult idiopathic scoliosis (AdIS), adult degenerative scoliosis, young adult idiopathic scoliosis, early-onset scoliosis (EOS), classification, management, follow-up, outcomes, natural history, Cobb angle, and transitional care. Reference lists of selected articles were also searched to identify further articles. Inclusion criteria included English language articles that summarized any type of study design, including randomized controlled trials, observational studies, case-control/series, or metaanalysis, with study populations ranging from infants to > 50-year-old patients. Inter-reviewer disagreement on inclusion of particular articles was resolved through discussion. Related information was analyzed, and relevant concepts related to the transitional period dilemma have been discussed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Each idiopathic scoliosis case needs independent assessment with regard to the age, degree of the curve, and patient-specific presentation. An accurate prediction of the curve progression by considering the patient's remaining growth potential is paramount to the treatment strategy. The classification system for EOS, AIS Lenke classification, AdIS classification, and the Scoliosis Research Society-Schwab classification are important for reliable communication between surgeons treating deformities. Untreated progressive idiopathic scoliosis warrants multidisciplinary management during the transition from EOS stage to AIS and then to AdIS. Also, surgical treatment of untreated AIS transitioning to AdIS is specific and nuanced. AdIS needs to be differentiated from adult degenerative scoliosis because the latter is associated with multiple comorbidities and anatomical differences.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Idiopathic scoliosis presents across the age spectrum with specific age-related decisions that transition into adulthood. Integrated models of both surgical and nonsurgical treatment of idiopathic scoliosis are warranted.</p>","PeriodicalId":19187,"journal":{"name":"Neurosurgical focus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141875473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}