{"title":"An Experimental Testbed for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Network Protocol Dedicated to Offshore Wind Turbines","authors":"Fekher Khelifi, B. Parrein","doi":"10.1145/3491315.3491365","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3491315.3491365","url":null,"abstract":"Offshore wind turbine monitoring is crucial to reduce maintenance and operating costs of safety-critical components and systems, and to optimize the design of future wind turbines. Monitoring has four objectives: the acquisition of structural response data, local inter-rogation of collected measurement data, and wireless transmission of that data or analysis results to a underwater acoustic sensor networks (UASN). These sensing units require the design of dedicated UASN networking protocols. In this context, we implement the TDA-MAC protocol for data collection in UASN which needs any clock synchronization. The preliminary experimental results have successfully demonstrated the effectiveness of this MAC protocol on very low speed and long-range transmission devices.","PeriodicalId":191580,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Underwater Networks & Systems","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126364647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Songzuo Liu, Yanan Liu, Jun Yang, Qinfeng Yi, Wangyi Pu, Lu Ma
{"title":"FH-FSK Remote Control Acoustic Release System with Mechanical Push-Off Mechanism","authors":"Songzuo Liu, Yanan Liu, Jun Yang, Qinfeng Yi, Wangyi Pu, Lu Ma","doi":"10.1145/3491315.3491355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3491315.3491355","url":null,"abstract":"Acoustic Release is an acoustic remote control and mechanical release system. To meet the requirements of robust remote control and robust release in shallow water. In this paper, frequency-hopping frequency-shift keying (FH-FSK) communication scheme and mechanical push-off mechanism are proposed. Frequency hopping sequences are applied to mitigate the multipath interference to realize more robust and security acoustic communication. The release mechanism is designed with a push-off structure in which the non-metal nut is driven off by the rotation of the motor. The acoustic released system is developed with function of release, lock, battery & tilt monitoring and range measurement. The working depth is 500m, communication distance is 2km, and payload is 500kg. The performance has been tested and verified in HEU acoustic channel pool, Songhua River, and Qiandao Lake. In addition, it has been successfully applied to an underwater sensor network system.","PeriodicalId":191580,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Underwater Networks & Systems","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124025499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Meng Zhao, Zhenzhu Wang, Wen Wang, Qunyan Ren, Li Ma
{"title":"Influence of acoustic field interference structure on underwater acoustic target recognition based on a convolutional neural network","authors":"Meng Zhao, Zhenzhu Wang, Wen Wang, Qunyan Ren, Li Ma","doi":"10.1145/3491315.3491368","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3491315.3491368","url":null,"abstract":"The acoustic field in a shallow sea waveguide has a complex spatial interference structure caused by the sea surface and seabed [1]. This spatial interference will distort the spectrum of the target signal in the propagation process, increasing the difficulty of recognizing underwater acoustic targets. Of course, sufficient target data at different receiving positions can improve the generalization ability of a classifier model. This solution can partly arrest the degradation of the recognition rate, but the high cost and difficulty of acquiring experimental data offset this advantage. Instead, researchers have begun expanding the simulation target data using sound propagation models [2-4]. The target data obtained by this method are reliable. Sufficient simulation data can also compensate the insufficient experimental data. In shallow ocean with low frequency, the normal mode (NM) model can accurately and quickly calculate the acoustic field. Therefore, the NM model is often chosen as the acoustic field calculation model. The NM model represents acoustic field by the superposition of various normal modes. Although the data expansion method based on ocean acoustic fields can improve the recognition rate of targets, which normal modes dominate the recognition rate improvement remains unclear. And classifier based on the deep learning model has high generalization ability, partial acoustic field interference may not affect the recognition rate of targets. When identifying the normal modes that mainly influence the recognition rate, target recognition can be simplified, which has considerable significance.","PeriodicalId":191580,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Underwater Networks & Systems","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129076792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Modeling Acoustic Telemetry Detection Ranges in a Shallow Coastal Environment","authors":"Frank McQuarrie, C. Woodson, C. R. Edwards","doi":"10.1145/3491315.3491331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3491315.3491331","url":null,"abstract":"Acoustic telemetry is a popular way of monitoring underwater environments and habitats, but an understanding of the detection range and efficiency of the receivers in variable conditions can provide a significant advantage over the detections alone. Receivers can be attached or integrated into autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) allowing wide spatial coverage for telemetry networks while collecting environmental data. The integration of calculated sound speeds and received pings gives an estimation of variation in detection efficiency due to changes in environmental conditions, allowing underwater network users to better quantify the range of reliable detection. Data from a Slocum glider deployed over an array of 16 moored telemetry instruments on the inner shelf off Georgia in 2019 and 2020 indicate that detection efficiency and range vary seasonally. Beam density analysis using ray tracing is proposed as a novel approach that quantifies probability of detection as a function of range, modeling sound speed variability and propagation using co-located temperature and salinity measurements. This approach is validated through comparison of modeled to observed distributions, which suggests that beam density analysis is a promising method to remotely estimate detection efficiency in real time. This real time capability can be leveraged through adaptive sampling in the design and implementation of robotic acoustic telemetry networks.","PeriodicalId":191580,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Underwater Networks & Systems","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127629719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Improved acoustic underwater communication with orthogonal Kasami-based sequences for multi-user communication","authors":"Marcel Rieß, F. Slomka","doi":"10.1145/3491315.3491319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3491315.3491319","url":null,"abstract":"Wireless acoustic underwater communication systems have a limited energy resource and require an energetic consideration of all design decisions, including communication protocols. Besides reducing the power consumption is a robust detection of signals in the doubly spread channel, which varies in time and frequency, the main focus of wake-up and detection signals. Due to the challenging properties of the underwater channel, like the multipath propagation and the Doppler effects, correlation-based methods with fixed sequences only lead to the desired success under good to perfect conditions without signal-, symbol- and timing-reconstruction. This work presents a Kasami-based approach for reducing the overhead using a cross-layer adapted frame structure for the RTS/CTS hand-shaking protocol. It reduces the power consumption up to 88.3 % with an increased payload of 3.8 %, a possible collision detection till -4 dB, a supported relative speed of +/-20 m/s with a detection and decoding rate of up to 100 % using Kasami code-based sequences, related to predefined IDs and frame types for optimized cross-layer functionality of the handshake-based MAC protocol.","PeriodicalId":191580,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Underwater Networks & Systems","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130193164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhipeng Li, Qing Zhang, Xin Wen, Fengzhong Qu, Yan Wei
{"title":"Equalization in Underwater Acoustic Orbital Angular Momentum Mode-Division Multiplexing","authors":"Zhipeng Li, Qing Zhang, Xin Wen, Fengzhong Qu, Yan Wei","doi":"10.1145/3491315.3491328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3491315.3491328","url":null,"abstract":"Orbital angular momentum mode-division multiplexing (OAM-MDM) communication has great potential to increase the data transmission rate and reduce the signal processing complexity in the field of underwater acoustic communications. However, the OAM signals suffer from the influence of multipath leading to the data streams unable to be separated. In addition, the inconsistency of transducers will destruct the OAM mode purity, and decrease the effective degree of freedom of underwater acoustic OAM-MDM. Here, we derive the wavefront of the OAM signals to analyze the underwater acoustic OAM-MDM under ideal conditions. The decision-feedback equalizer (DFE) is exploited to mitigate the multipath and the inconsistency of transducers causing inter-mode interference of the underwater acoustic OAM-MDM. The theoretical analysis is verified by both simulations and experiments.","PeriodicalId":191580,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Underwater Networks & Systems","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114142075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yan Li, Biaodi Liu, Ning Jia, Jianchun Huang, D. Xiao, Shengming Guo
{"title":"A Study of Mapping Sequences Spread Spectrum Underwater Acoustic Communications Using Gold Codes","authors":"Yan Li, Biaodi Liu, Ning Jia, Jianchun Huang, D. Xiao, Shengming Guo","doi":"10.1145/3491315.3491333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3491315.3491333","url":null,"abstract":"Parallel combinatory spread spectrum (PCSS) is a solution to increase the data rate of spread spectrum communication system. However, when multiple spread spectrum sequences are combined, the envelope is not constant, which will consequently reduce the energy efficiency. Hence, mapping sequences spread spectrum is introduced, which can simultaneously transmit three sequences by transforming three spread spectrum sequences into a constant envelope sequence before transmission. The mapping sequences spread spectrum can effectively reduce the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of the PCSS signal. However, there is still a problem with mapping sequences spread spectrum: when three Gold codes are combined and mapped into a binary sequence, a pseudo correlation peak will appear caused by an interference Gold code when the received signal is correlated with normalized replicas of M possible transmission signals. In this paper, a PCSS underwater acoustic communication system based on the phase differences of correlation peaks method (PDCP-PCSS) is proposed, which can identify and eliminate the pseudo correlation peak by judging the phase differences of the correlation peaks. Compared with the conventional parallel combinatory spread spectrum underwater acoustic communication method, the proposed method can improve the performance of mapping sequences spread spectrum communication system effectively.","PeriodicalId":191580,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Underwater Networks & Systems","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121997089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Underwater Acoustic Communication Channel Modeling using Deep Learning","authors":"Oluwaseyi Onasami, D. Adesina, Lijun Qian","doi":"10.1145/3491315.3491323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3491315.3491323","url":null,"abstract":"With the recent increase in the number of underwater activities, having effective underwater communication systems has become increasingly important. Underwater acoustic communication has been widely used but greatly impaired due to the complicated nature of the underwater environment. In a bid to better understand the underwater acoustic channel so as to help in the design and improvement of underwater communication systems, attempts have been made to model the underwater acoustic channel using mathematical equations and approximations under some assumptions. In this paper, we explore the capability of machine learning and deep learning methods to learn and accurately model the underwater acoustic channel using real underwater data collected from a water tank with disturbance and from lake Tahoe. Specifically, Deep Neural Network (DNN) and Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) are applied to model the underwater acoustic channel. Experimental results show that these models are able to model the underwater acoustic communication channel well and that deep learning models, especially LSTM are better models in terms of mean absolute percentage error.","PeriodicalId":191580,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Underwater Networks & Systems","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115783142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Zhang, Yu Gou, Jun Liu, Tingting Yang, Shanshan Song, Jun-hong Cui
{"title":"A Scalable and Fair Power Allocation Scheme Based on Deep Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks","authors":"T. Zhang, Yu Gou, Jun Liu, Tingting Yang, Shanshan Song, Jun-hong Cui","doi":"10.1145/3491315.3491335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3491315.3491335","url":null,"abstract":"Providing qualified communications and optimizing network performance for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) is difficult due to limited battery power and storage, unpredictable channel conditions, and significant communication interference (including ambient noise and inter-nodes interferences). Power allocation is an important technology for UWSNs. In this paper, we analyzed the constraints of UWSNs and proposed a distributed power allocation scheme based on deep multi-agent reinforcement learning, which dynamically tunes the independent transmit power according to changing environments. We improve the number of concurrent communications and optimizes network capacity by fully leveraging the spatial separation of wireless networks. We compared the proposed approach with baseline methods in network capacity and communication fairness in different communication scenarios when the number of underwater nodes increases. Experiments confirmed that our solution achieves a significantly better trade-off between network capacity and fairness, while still satisfying the lifetime criteria.","PeriodicalId":191580,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Underwater Networks & Systems","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114658095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Capacity analysis of the Underwater Visible Light Communication Systems over Salinity-Induced Turbulence with Noises","authors":"Gunjan Matta, Priya Pandey, M. Agrawal, R. Bahl","doi":"10.1145/3491315.3491344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3491315.3491344","url":null,"abstract":"Underwater visible light communication links are mainly impaired by absorption and scattering due to impurities and turbidity in the water, limiting channel capacity. For the first time, this article conducts the channel capacity analysis of underwater visible light communication systems in the saline water channel for both horizontal and vertical routes in the presence of different noises, including shot noise, thermal noise and background noise. This way, new lower bound expressions on channel capacity are derived when additional constraints are imposed on the channel input. Based on the analysis, it is seen that the capacity of the saline water channel is decreased at a fixed signal to noise ratio compared to the tap water channel. The attenuation of optical signal further increases as the noises surge, leading to degradation in the system’s capacity.","PeriodicalId":191580,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Underwater Networks & Systems","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124262193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}