Neuroimmunomodulation最新文献

{"title":"Correlation analysis between serum NLRP1 inflammasome and depression in acute stage of stroke.","authors":"Song Li, Kun Geng, Lin Yang, Yaling Zhang, Xiaoyang Tao, Jierui Cai, Linyang Li, Zemin Luo, Birendra Mahato, Yonglei Liu, Xiaoling Yin, Hui Cai, Jishuai Zhao, Heyan Chen, Lixia Wang","doi":"10.1159/000546439","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000546439","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate the correlation between serum NLRP1 inflammasome level and depressive state in acute stage of stroke.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A total of 102 patients with acute stroke who were hospitalized for the first time in the Department of Neurology of the First Affiliated Hospital of Dali University from April 2023 to October 2023 were included, and 80 of them met the inclusion criteria. On the 7th day of admission, the patients were evaluated using the 24-item Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD-24), and were divided into 31 patients in the acute stage of stroke depression group and 49 patients in the acute stage of stroke non-depression group. The general clinical data of patients were collected, the unified Stroke Scale score (NIHSS) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score (PSQI) were performed, and fasting serum was collected in the morning of the next day. NLRP1 inflammatory bodies (NLRP1, ASC, Caspase1) and inflammatory factors IL-1β, IL-18, IL-10, TNF-α were detected.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>1. The incidence of depression in acute stage of stroke was 38.75%. 2. There were statistically significant differences in PSQI and NIHSS scores between the two groups (P < 0.05), and the scores were correlated with the degree of depression, and were positively correlated with HAMD-24 scores (P < 0.05). 3. The expression levels of NLRP1, IL-18 and TNF-α in serum were significantly different between the two groups (P < 0.01), and the expression levels were correlated with the degree of depression, and were positively correlated with HAMD-24 scores (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the expression levels of serum IL-1β, IL-10, Caspase-1 and ASC (P > 0.05). 4. Further analysis by stepwise fitting binary logistic regression showed that NIHSS score, NLRP1 and IL-18 level were independent risk factors for depression in acute stage of stroke (P < 0.05). 5. NIIHSS score, NLRP1 and IL-18 ROC curve area have certain predictive value for the occurrence and development of acute depression during stroke.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The more severe the neurological impairment and sleep disorder, the higher the expression level of NLRP1 inflammasome in blood, and the more severe the depression in acute stage of stroke.</p>","PeriodicalId":19133,"journal":{"name":"Neuroimmunomodulation","volume":" ","pages":"1-25"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144128361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Metabolomic Mind: Microbial Metabolite Programming of Microglia.","authors":"Branden G Verosky, Michael T Bailey, Tamar L Gur","doi":"10.1159/000545484","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000545484","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The gut microbiota is increasingly recognized as a critical regulator of brain function, influencing neurodevelopment, adult brain physiology, and disease vulnerability in part through its interactions with microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system. Emerging evidence demonstrates that microbial metabolites, beginning prenatally and persisting throughout the lifespan, regulate fundamental aspects of microglial biology including maturation, metabolic function, and activation. Microglia from germ-free mice exhibit persistent immaturity, altered energy metabolism, and blunted inflammatory responses, which are partially reversible by restoring microbial communities or supplementing key microbial metabolites. Short-chain fatty acids, tryptophan-derived indoles, and other bacterial metabolites derived from the gut microbiota shape microglial function to modulate neurons and synaptic architecture, and influence neuroinflammatory processes. These findings reveal distinct metabolite-driven pathways linking microbial composition to microglial phenotypes, positioning the microbiome as a potential key influencer of neurodevelopmental trajectories and the pathophysiology of psychiatric and neurological disorders. Despite recent advances, major knowledge gaps persist in understanding the precise molecular intermediaries and mechanisms through which metabolite signaling to microglia shape neural function to influence susceptibility or resilience to brain-based disorders. Understanding both the bacterial metabolomic landscape and its collective impact on microglial programming holds substantial therapeutic promise, offering avenues to target microbial metabolite production or administer them directly to modulate brain health.</p>","PeriodicalId":19133,"journal":{"name":"Neuroimmunomodulation","volume":" ","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143780652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Memoriam: Alfonse T. Masi, MD.","authors":"Maurizio Cutolo, Stefano Bombardieri, Rainer H Straub, Johannes W J Bijlsma, Frank Buttgereit","doi":"10.1159/000545633","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000545633","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19133,"journal":{"name":"Neuroimmunomodulation","volume":" ","pages":"124-125"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143772922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"KETO-MOOD: Ketogenic Diet for Microbiome Optimization and Overcoming Depression - A Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial.","authors":"Katarzyna Hongler, Astrid Lounici, Erin Maurer, Ueli Lanz, Orsolya Szathmari, Yvonne Reuter, Sandra Nussbaum, Ines Steinborn, Annika Haedrich, Melina A Mölling, Ulf Wein, Iona Bocek, Luca Hersberger, Annette B Brühl, Undine E Lang, Timur Liwinski","doi":"10.1159/000542979","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000542979","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Major depressive disorder (MDD) significantly impacts millions worldwide, with limited success in achieving remission for many patients, leading to high disease burden and increased suicide risk. Psychotherapy and antidepressants, although effective, do not provide relief for all, prompting the search for alternative treatments. Ketogenic diets have demonstrated positive effects on brain health. Our study aims to investigate the efficacy of the ketogenic diet in alleviating MDD symptoms, filling a critical gap in psychiatric treatment options and offering a novel dietary approach with potential to mitigate disease burden and enhance mental well-being.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This phase 2 randomized controlled trial will evaluate the efficacy of a 10-week program of dietitian counseling and ketogenic meal provision versus an intervention with similar dietetic contact promoting a healthy, insulin-lowering, non-ketogenic diet. The primary outcome is the change in the Patient Health Questionnaire nine-item depression score. Secondary outcomes include cognitive and affective mindfulness, self-efficacy, sleep, cognitive function, work and social adjustment, and various immunological, metabolic, and microbiome markers at weeks 6 and 10.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study addresses a critical gap in depression treatment by exploring the ketogenic diet's potential as a metabolic mood enhancing intervention. Given the global impact of depression and limitations of current therapies, this research is valuable for exploring previously underappreciated neuroprotective and metabolic mechanisms and clinical benefits.</p>","PeriodicalId":19133,"journal":{"name":"Neuroimmunomodulation","volume":" ","pages":"36-48"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11844705/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142864910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Sex-Specific Effects of Early Life Adversity and Chronic Psychosocial Stress during Adulthood on Bone Are Mitigated by Mycobacterium vaccae NCTC 11659 in Mice.","authors":"Dorothea Gebauer, Tamara Schimmele, Giulia Mazzari, Benjamin T Krüger, Msgana Zemui, Anita Ignatius, Dominik Langgartner, Melanie Haffner-Luntzer, Stefan O Reber","doi":"10.1159/000543507","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000543507","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Chronic stress is a major burden in our society and increases the risk for various somatic and mental diseases, in part via promoting chronic low-grade inflammation. Interestingly, the vulnerability for chronic stress during adulthood varies widely among individuals, with some being more resilient than others. For instance, women, relative to men, are at higher risk for developing typical stress-related diseases, including depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Moreover, the experience of early life adversity (ELA) may increase an individuals' vulnerability for chronic stress during adulthood (CAS), possibly due to its association with chronic inflammation. Because severe consequences of stress-induced immune activation are a dysregulated endochondral ossification, delayed long-bone growth, and bone regeneration following fracture, the aim of this study was to investigate the sex-specific effects of ELA alone or in combination with CAS on bone. As enhancement of an individuals' immunoregulatory potential by repeated administrations of a heat-inactivated preparation of Mycobacterium vaccae NCTC (National Collection of Type Cultures) 11659 has been shown to promote stress resilience in mice, we further aimed to investigate if M. vaccae NCTC 11659 also protects against the negative effects of ELA/CAS on bone.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Male and female C57BL/6N mice were subjected to ELA using a maternal separation (MS) model. CAS was induced by either using the chronic subordinate colony housing (CSC) paradigm in males or the social instability paradigm (SIP) in females. The effects on bone were evaluated by µCT, histological, and gene expression analysis. M. vaccae NCTC 11659 was administered repeatedly s.c. prior to CAS.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>No cumulative impact of ELA and CAS on bone could be detected. Female mice seem to be more susceptible to ELA while male mice to CAS. Importantly, repeated M. vaccae NCTC 11659 administrations were able to mitigate the negative consequences of stress on bone in both sexes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our results support the hypotheses that the negative effects of ELA and CAS on bone are highly sex-dependent. Moreover, repeated s.c. administrations with immunoregulatory microorganisms might be a future therapeutic option for stress-related bone disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":19133,"journal":{"name":"Neuroimmunomodulation","volume":" ","pages":"49-66"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142971690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Oral Administration of the Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG on the Proteomic Profiles of Cerebrospinal Fluid and Immunoregulatory Signaling in the Hippocampus of Adult Male Rats.","authors":"Kelsey M Loupy, Lamya'a M Dawud, Cristian A Zambrano, Thomas Lee, Jared D Heinze, Ahmed I Elsayed, James E Hassell, Heather M D'Angelo, Matthew G Frank, Steven F Maier, Lisa A Brenner, Christopher A Lowry","doi":"10.1159/000544842","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000544842","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The microbiome-gut-brain axis, by modulating bidirectional immune, metabolic, and neural signaling pathways in the host, has emerged as a target for the prevention and treatment of psychiatric and neurological disorders. Oral administration of the probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG; ATCC 53103) exhibits anti-inflammatory effects, although the precise mechanisms by which LGG benefits host physiology and behavior are not known. The goal of this study was to explore the general effects of LGG on the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteome and a biological signature of anti-inflammatory signaling in the central nervous system (CNS) of undisturbed, adult male rats.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-based proteomics were conducted using CSF samples collected after 21 days of oral treatment with live LGG (3.34 × 107 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL in the drinking water (resulting in an estimated delivery of ∼1.17 × 109 CFU/day/rat) or water vehicle. Gene enrichment analysis (using DAVID, v. 6.8) and protein-protein interactions (using STRING, v. 11) were used to explore physiological network changes in CSF. Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (real-time RT-PCR) was performed to assess gene expression changes of anti-inflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus. Genes associated with anti-inflammatory signaling that were analyzed included Il10, Tgfb1, Il4, and IL-4-responsive genes, Cd200, Cd200r1, and Mrc1 (Cd206).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Oral LGG administration altered the abundance of CSF proteins, increasing the abundance of five proteins (cochlin, NPTXR, reelin, Sez6l, and VPS13C) and decreasing the abundance of two proteins (CPQ, IGFBP-7) in the CSF. Simultaneously, LGG increased the expression of Il10 mRNA, encoding the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 10, in the hippocampus.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Oral LGG altered the abundance of CSF proteins associated with extracellular scaffolding, synaptic plasticity, and glutamatergic signaling. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that oral administration of LGG improves memory and cognition, and promotes a physiological resilience to neurodegenerative disease, by increasing glutamatergic signaling and promoting an anti-inflammatory environment in the brain.</p>","PeriodicalId":19133,"journal":{"name":"Neuroimmunomodulation","volume":" ","pages":"94-109"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143542551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Perinatal Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Implications for Postpartum Depression.","authors":"Marie Armbruster, Paul Forsythe","doi":"10.1159/000543691","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000543691","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Pregnancy and childbirth are accompanied by widespread maternal physiological adaptations and hormonal shifts that have been suggested to result in a period of vulnerability for the development of mood disorders such as postpartum depression (PPD). There is also evidence of peripartum changes in the composition of the gut microbiota, but the potential contribution of intestinal microbes to the adaptations, or subsequent vulnerabilities, during this period are unknown.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>Here, we outline key pathways involved in peripartum adaptations including GABAergic signaling, oxytocin, and immunomodulation that are also associated with susceptibility to mood disorders and present evidence that these pathways are modulated by gut microbes. We also discuss the therapeutic potential of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in PPD and identify future directions for research to help realize this potential.</p><p><strong>Key messages: </strong>Peripartum adaptations are associated with shifts in gut microbial composition. Disruption of GABAergic, oxytocin, and immunomodulatory pathways may contribute to vulnerability of mood disorders including PPD. These key adaptive pathways are modulated by intestinal microbes suggesting a role for the gut microbiota in determining susceptibility to PPD. More research is needed to confirm relationship between gut microbes and PPD and to gain the mechanistic understanding required to realize the therapeutic potential of microbiota-gut-brain axis in this mood disorder.</p>","PeriodicalId":19133,"journal":{"name":"Neuroimmunomodulation","volume":" ","pages":"67-82"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143008868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The saNeuroGut Initiative: Investigating the Gut Microbiome and Symptoms of Anxiety, Depression, and Posttraumatic Stress.","authors":"Michaela A O'Hare, Patricia C Swart, Stefanie Malan-Müller, Leigh L van den Heuvel, Erine Bröcker, Soraya Seedat, Sian M J Hemmings","doi":"10.1159/000542696","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000542696","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Common mental disorders, such as anxiety disorders, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), present a substantial health and economic burden. The gut microbiome has been associated with these psychiatric disorders via the microbiome-gut-brain axis. However, previous studies have focused on the associations between the gut microbiome and common mental disorders in European, North American, and Asian populations. As part of the saNeuroGut Initiative, we assessed associations between gut microbial composition and self-reported symptoms of anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress (PTS) among South African adults.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Participants completed validated, online self-report questionnaires to evaluate symptoms of state anxiety, trait anxiety, depression, and PTSD. Eighty-six stool-derived microbial DNA samples underwent sequencing of the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene to characterise gut bacterial taxa in the sample.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>No significant associations were observed between symptom severity scores and alpha (Shannon and Simpson indices) and beta (Aitchison distances) diversity metrics. Linear regression models revealed that the abundances of Catenibacterium, Collinsella, and Holdemanella were significantly positively associated with the severity of PTS symptoms.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Catenibacterium, Collinsella, and Holdemanella have each previously been associated with various psychiatric disorders, with Catenibacterium having been positively associated with symptoms of PTSD in another South African cohort. This study sheds light on the relationship between the human gut microbiome and symptoms of anxiety, depression, and PTS in a South African adult sample.</p>","PeriodicalId":19133,"journal":{"name":"Neuroimmunomodulation","volume":" ","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11844704/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142676256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gestational Hypothyroxinemia Shifts Th1/Th17 Immunity and Innate Lymphoid Cell Balance in the Adult Offspring during the Presymptomatic Stage of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis.","authors":"Sebastian Gatica, Nicolas Paillal, Ma Andreina Rangel-Ramírez, Luis Méndez, Alonso Fernández-Tello, Alexis M Kalergis, Susan M Bueno, Pablo A González, Jorge A Soto, Felipe Simon, Leandro J Carreño, Felipe Melo-Gonzalez, Claudia A Riedel","doi":"10.1159/000545578","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000545578","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Thyroid hormone homeostasis during pregnancy is crucial for proper neurodevelopment and cognitive capacity during adulthood. Accumulating evidence reveals that gestational hypothyroxinemia (HTX) modulates the immune response of the adult offspring.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In the present study, adult mice gestated in HTX and their euthyroid counterparts were induced with a mild form of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a widespread model of multiple sclerosis, and analyzed at baseline and 7 days after EAE induction.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Levels of circulating IL-17 were significantly lower in mice gestated in HTX at both timepoints, while circulating IFN-γ was significantly higher only in mice gestated in HTX, 7 days after EAE induction. A significant increase in type 1 innate lymphoid cells (ILC1) was found only in mice gestated in HTX 7 days after EAE induction, while type 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3) populations showed no variation. Interestingly, a significant increase of Th17 CD4+ cells was found only in mice of euthyroid gestation, 7 days after EAE induction.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These results highlight the repercussions of thyroid hormone impairment in utero at adult ages while dissecting on the pathogenesis of EAE in terms of Th1/Th17 balance from an innate immune perspective. These findings contribute to the advancement of our comprehension of the presymptomatic stage of EAE, unveiling new paths for basic and translational research in the field of neuroinflammation.</p>","PeriodicalId":19133,"journal":{"name":"Neuroimmunomodulation","volume":" ","pages":"126-138"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144002694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunological Approaches in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders: A Historical Overview.","authors":"Norbert Müller","doi":"10.1159/000542784","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000542784","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>For over 130 years, scientists have been suggesting that infection and inflammation may play a role in psychosis and other psychiatric disorders. First attempts to treat psychosis by immune-modulating therapies were made early in the last century; however, after the development of antipsychotics in the 1950s, scientific interest shifted away from immunological aspects of psychiatric disorders to the involvement of catecholamines, in particular dopamine, in psychosis.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>Antipsychotic treatment was not as successful as expected, so the 1990s saw renewed interest in inflammation and psychoneuroimmunological research in schizophrenia and beyond. In parallel, advances in immunological research methods allowed immunological and inflammatory mechanisms to be studied in more detail.</p><p><strong>Key messages: </strong>Clinical studies and meta-analyses have demonstrated positive effects of anti-inflammatory treatment in certain patients with psychiatric disorders. More research is needed to elucidate exactly how immunological mechanisms result in disease pathophysiology, with the aim to improve anti-inflammatory and personalized treatments.</p>","PeriodicalId":19133,"journal":{"name":"Neuroimmunomodulation","volume":" ","pages":"16-23"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11844687/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142731063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}