Neurocritical Care最新文献

{"title":"Neuroimaging Augments DCD-N Score in Predicting Time from Withdrawal of Life-Sustaining Measures to Death Among Potential Organ Donors.","authors":"Andreas H Kramer, Philippe L Couillard, Christopher J Doig, Julie A Kromm","doi":"10.1007/s12028-024-02204-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-024-02204-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Controlled donation after circulatory determination of death (DCD) is feasible only if circulatory arrest occurs soon after withdrawal of life-sustaining measures (WLSM). When organ recovery cannot proceed because this time interval is too long, there are potential negative implications, including perceptions of \"secondary loss\" for patients' families and significant resource consumption. The DCD-N score is a validated clinical tool for predicting rapid death following WLSM. We hypothesized that neuroimaging evidence of effaced perimesencephalic cisterns improves prediction of time to death compared with the DCD-N score alone.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In a retrospective population-based cohort study, DCD-N scores were prospectively determined in patients for whom consent for DCD had been obtained. Perimesencephalic cisterns on last available neuroimaging were assessed in duplicate and classified as normal, partially effaced, or completely effaced. Multivariable logistic regression assessed the capacity of DCD-N score and effaced cisterns to predict death within 1, 2, or 3 h of WLSM.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 164 consecutive patients, 49 (30%) progressed to death by neurologic criteria and were excluded. Of the remaining 115 patients, 81 (70%) died within 2 h of WLSM. When perimesencephalic cisterns were patent, this occurred in 48% of patients, compared with 88% and 93%, respectively, of patients with partially and completely effaced cisterns (p < 0.0001). In multivariable analysis, the odds ratio for prediction of death within 2 h was 7.2 (2.8-18.3) for each incremental DCD-N score and 15.4 (4.1-58.1) for the presence of either partially or completely effaced cisterns (c = 0.92 vs. 0.75-0.84 for univariate models). Results were comparable for prediction of death within 1 or 3 h. With patent cisterns, median time to death was 132.5 (21-420) minutes, compared with 23.5 (16-32) and 22 (19-30) minutes, respectively, with partially and completely effaced cisterns (p = 0.0002).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Cerebral edema with effaced perimesencephalic cisterns predicts rapid death following WLSM in potential DCD organ donors and improves on performance of the DCD-N score alone. Although originally validated for the prediction of death within 1 h, the DCD-N score remains predictive up to 3 h following WLSM.</p>","PeriodicalId":19118,"journal":{"name":"Neurocritical Care","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142952325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contralateral Neurovascular Coupling in Patients with Ischemic Stroke After Endovascular Thrombectomy.","authors":"Zhe Zhang, Shafiul Hasan, Ofer Sadan, Eric S Rosenthal, Yuehua Pu, Zhixuan Wen, Changgeng Fang, Xin Liu, Wanying Duan, Liping Liu, Ran Xiao, Xiao Hu","doi":"10.1007/s12028-024-02178-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-024-02178-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Neurovascular coupling (NVC) refers to the process of aligning cerebral blood flow with neuronal metabolic demand. This study explores the potential of contralateral NVC-linking neural electrical activity on the stroke side with cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) on the contralesional side-as a marker of physiological function of the brain. Our aim was to examine the association between contralateral NVC and neurological outcomes in patients with ischemic stroke following endovascular thrombectomy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We concurrently recorded the CBFVs of the middle cerebral arteries and electroencephalographic (EEG) signals of patients after endovascular thrombectomy. We employed phase-amplitude cross-frequency coupling to quantify the contralateral coupling between EEG activity on the stroke side and CBFV on the contralesional side. Key neurological outcomes were measured, including changes in National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores, infarct volume progression over 7 days, and modified Rankin Scale scores at 90 days.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 52 study participants were enrolled in our study (mean age 61.5 ± 10.4 years; 90.4% male; median preprocedural NIHSS score 14 [interquartile range 10-17]). We successfully computed contralateral NVC in 48 study participants. A significant association emerged between contralateral coupling and improvements in NIHSS scores over 7 days (theta band, P = 0.030) and in infarct volume progression (delta band, P = 0.001; theta band, P = 0.013). Stronger contralateral NVC in the delta and theta bands correlated with better outcomes at 90 days (adjusted odds ratio for delta 7.53 [95% confidence interval 1.13-50.30], P = 0.037; adjusted odds ratio for theta 6.36 [95% confidence interval 1.09-37.01], P = 0.039).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A better contralateral coupling between stroke-side EEG and contralesional CBFV is associated with favorable neurological outcomes, suggesting that contralateral NVC analysis may aid in assessing brain function after recanalization. Replication with a deeper understanding of the mechanisms is needed before clinical translation.</p>","PeriodicalId":19118,"journal":{"name":"Neurocritical Care","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142952359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-Time Automated Measurements of Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter for Noninvasive Assessment of Intracranial Pressure in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.","authors":"Dag Ferner Netteland, Mads Aarhus, Else Charlotte Sandset, Angelika Sorteberg, Llewellyn Padayachy, Eirik Helseth, Reidar Brekken","doi":"10.1007/s12028-024-02194-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-024-02194-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) is a promising noninvasive parameter for intracranial pressure (ICP) assessment. However, in the setting of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH), several previous studies have reported no association between ultrasonically measured ONSD and ICP. In this study, we evaluate ONSD in patients with aSAH using a novel method of automated real-time ultrasonographic measurements and explore whether factors such as having undergone surgery affects its association to ICP.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We prospectively included adult patients with aSAH undergoing invasive ICP monitoring. ONSD was obtained using a prototype ultrasound machine with software for real-time automated measurements at the bedside. Correlation between ONSD and ICP was explored, and the ability of ONSD to discriminate dichotomized ICP was evaluated. Abovementioned analyses were performed for the whole cohort and repeated for subgroups by whether the basal cisterns had been surgically entered before ultrasound examination.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twenty-six ultrasound examinations were performed in 20 patients. There was a positive correlation between ONSD and ICP (R = 0.43; p = 0.03). In the subgroup where the basal cisterns had not been surgically entered before ultrasound examination, there was a stronger correlation (R = 0.55; p = 0.01), whereas no correlation was seen in the subgroup where the basal cisterns had been surgically entered (R = - 0.16; p = 0.70). ONSD displayed an ability to discriminate ICP dichotomized at ≥ 15 mm Hg (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.84, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.65-0.96). Subgroup analysis revealed a perfect discriminatory ability (AUC = 1, 95% CI 0.81-1) where the basal cisterns had not been surgically entered and no discriminatory ability (AUC = 0.47, 95% CI 0.16-0.84) where the basal cisterns had been surgically entered before ultrasound examination.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Automatically measured ONSD correlated well with ICP and displayed a perfect discriminatory ability in patients with aSAH in whom the basal cisterns had not been entered surgically before ultrasound examination, and may be a clinically valuable noninvasive marker of ICP in these patients. Caution should be exercised in using ONSD in patients in whom the basal cisterns have been entered surgically before ONSD measurements, as no association was observed in this subgroup.</p>","PeriodicalId":19118,"journal":{"name":"Neurocritical Care","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142952392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Country Income Level on Outcomes in Patients with Acute Brain Injury Requiring Invasive Mechanical Ventilation: A Secondary Analysis of the ENIO Study.","authors":"Shi Nan Feng, Camilo Diaz-Cruz, Raphael Cinotti, Karim Asehnoune, Marcus J Schultz, Gentle S Shrestha, Paula R Sanches, Chiara Robba, Sung-Min Cho","doi":"10.1007/s12028-024-02198-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-024-02198-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Invasive mechanical ventilation can present complex challenges for patients with acute brain injury (ABI) in middle-income countries (MICs). We characterized the impact of country income level on weaning strategies and outcomes in patients with ABI.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A secondary analysis was performed on a registry of critically ill patients with ABI admitted to 73 intensive care units (ICUs) in 18 countries from 2018 to 2020. Patients were classified as high-income country (HIC) or MIC. The primary outcome was ICU mortality. Secondary outcomes were days to first extubation, tracheostomy, extubation failure, ICU length of stay, and hospital mortality. Multivariable analyses were adjusted for clinically preselected covariates such as age, sex, body mass index, neurological severity, comorbidities, and ICU management. Extubation and tracheostomy outcomes were also adjusted for arterial blood gas values and ventilatory settings.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 1512 patients (median age = 54 years, 66% male), 1170 (77%) were from HICs, and 342 (23%) were from MICs. Median age was significantly lower in MICs [35 (range 26-52) vs. 58 (range 45-68) years in HICs]. Neurosurgical procedures (47.7% vs. 38.2%) and decompressive craniectomy (30.7% vs. 15.9%) were more common in MICs, whereas intracranial pressure monitoring (12.0% vs. 51.5%) and external ventricular drain (7.6% vs. 35.6%) were less common. Compared with HICs, patients from MICs had 2.27 times the odds of ICU mortality [p = 0.009, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.22-4.21]. Frequency of extubation failure was lower in MICs but not significant after adjustment. Patients from MICs had 3.38 times the odds of tracheostomy (p ≤ 0.001, 95% CI 2.28-5.01), 5.59 days shorter mean ICU stay (p < 0.001, 95% CI - 7.82 to - 3.36), and 1.96 times the odds of hospital mortality (p = 0.011, 95% CI 1.17-3.30).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In an international registry of patients with ABI requiring invasive mechanical ventilation, MICs had higher odds of ICU mortality, tracheostomy placement, and hospital mortality compared with HICs, which may be due to difference in neurocritical care resources and management.</p>","PeriodicalId":19118,"journal":{"name":"Neurocritical Care","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142952281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Microcirculatory Dysfunction on Persistent Global Cerebral Edema After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: An Age-Stratified Analysis.","authors":"Sijia Li, Lei Wu, Dandan Wang, Xingquan Zhao","doi":"10.1007/s12028-024-02188-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-024-02188-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Microcirculatory dysfunction is one of the most important pathophysiology mechanisms of global cerebral edema (GCE) after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). Data regarding the impact of microcirculatory dysfunction on persistent GCE following aSAH are currently lacking. The aim of our study was to investigate whether microcirculatory dysfunction is correlated with persistent GCE in patients with aSAH across different age groups.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study was conducted in Beijing Tiantan Hospital from October 2020 to July 2023. Patients with aSAH who underwent computed tomographic perfusion (CTP) within 24 h after ictus were enrolled prospectively. The difference value of arteriovenous peak time (DV), which serves as an indicator of microcirculatory impairment, was derived from the time-density curve of CTP. Persistent GCE was defined as selective sulcal volume ≤ 11.3 mL at both admission and 7 ± 1 days after ictus. Age-stratified multivariable analyses were applied to identify the association between microcirculatory dysfunction and persistent GCE.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 390 patients with aSAH were enrolled; the mean age was 56.5 ± 12.1 years old, and 245 (65.1%) patients were female. On multivariable analysis, prolonged DV was significantly associated with increased risk of persistent GCE after aSAH in patients older than 60 years (adjusted odds ratio 1.350, 95% confidence interval 1.025-1.778), whereas this similar independent association was not observed in patients younger than 60 years after adjusting for confounding factors (adjusted odds ratio 1.002, 95% confidence interval 0.817-1.229).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>An age-dependent association between microcirculatory dysfunction and increased risk of persistent GCE following aSAH was found, which offers promising insight into future research to investigate tailored treatments across different ages.</p>","PeriodicalId":19118,"journal":{"name":"Neurocritical Care","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142952284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of Socioeconomic Status on Decision on Withdrawal of Life-sustaining Treatments in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.","authors":"Ariyaporn Haripottawekul, Ava Stipanovich, Sarah A Uriarte, Elijah M Persad-Paisley, Karen L Furie, Michael E Reznik, Ali Mahta","doi":"10.1007/s12028-024-02197-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-024-02197-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Socioeconomic status affects outcomes in cerebrovascular disease, although its role in the withdrawal of life-sustaining treatments (WLST) remains uncertain. We aim to examine the impact of socioeconomic factors on outcomes including WLST in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a retrospective study of a cohort of consecutive patients with aSAH who were admitted to an academic center from 2016 to 2023. Publicly available data on median neighborhood income by zip code areas were obtained from the US census. Low economic-insurance status (EIS) was defined as using Medicaid or having no insurance or living in a zip code within the lowest two quintiles of household income. High EIS was defined as not using Medicaid and having any other insurance and living in a zip code within the highest two quintiles of household income. The rest of the cohort who was not categorized in the high or low EIS groups was defined as middle EIS. We used multivariable logistic regression analysis to assess the association between socioeconomic and demographic factors and outcomes including WLST, mortality, and 3-month modified Rankin Scale.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We included 410 patients, with mean age 57.9 years (standard deviation 13.8), who were 65% female, 70% white, 36.8% low EIS, and 35.6% high EIS. Higher EIS was associated with WLST (odds ratio 1.53 per increase in EIS, 95% confidence interval 1.07-2.18; p = 0.02) when adjusted for other predictors. In addition, a higher quintile of neighborhood income, regardless of insurance status, was associated with higher odds of WLST (odds ratio 1.41 per each quintile increase, 95% confidence interval 1.07-1.86; p = 0.014). However, there was no association between EIS and 3-month modified Rankin Scale when adjusted for disease severity factors.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Higher EIS and residing in areas with higher neighborhood incomes were associated with higher odds of WLST in aSAH. Further multicenter studies are needed to investigate the underlying mechanisms that contribute to these associations.</p>","PeriodicalId":19118,"journal":{"name":"Neurocritical Care","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142952394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Group-Based Trajectory Modeling Identifies Distinct Patterns of Sympathetic Hyperactivity Following Traumatic Brain Injury.","authors":"Sancharee Hom Chowdhury, Lujie Karen Chen, Peter Hu, Neeraj Badjatia, Jamie Erin Podell","doi":"10.1007/s12028-024-02186-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-024-02186-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity (PSH) occurs with high prevalence among critically ill patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and is associated with worse outcomes. The PSH-Assessment Measure (PSH-AM) consists of a Clinical Features Scale and a diagnosis likelihood tool (DLT) intended to quantify the severity of sympathetically mediated symptoms and the likelihood that they are due to PSH, respectively, on a daily basis. Here, we aim to identify and explore the value of dynamic trends in the evolution of sympathetic hyperactivity following acute TBI using elements of the PSH-AM.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We performed an observational cohort study of 221 acute critically ill patients with TBI for whom PSH-AM scores were calculated over the first 14 days of hospitalization. A principled group-based trajectory modeling approach using unsupervised K-means clustering was used to identify distinct patterns of Clinical Features Scale evolution within the cohort. We also evaluated the relationships between trajectory group membership and PSH diagnosis, as well as PSH DLT score, hospital discharge Glasgow Coma Scale, intensive care unit and hospital length of stay, duration of mechanical ventilation, and mortality. Baseline clinical and demographic features predictive of trajectory group membership were analyzed using univariate screening and multivariate multinomial logistic regression.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We identified four distinct trajectory groups. Trajectory group membership was significantly associated with clinical outcomes including PSH diagnosis and DLT score, intensive care unit length of stay, and duration of mechanical ventilation. Baseline features independently predictive of trajectory group membership included age and postresuscitation motor Glasgow Coma Scale.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study adds to the sparse research characterizing the heterogeneous temporal trends of sympathetic nervous system activation during the acute phase following TBI. This may open avenues for early identification of at-risk patients to receive tailored interventions to limit secondary brain injury associated with autonomic dysfunction and thereby improve outcomes in patients with TBI.</p>","PeriodicalId":19118,"journal":{"name":"Neurocritical Care","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142927687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Futurology: What Would Future Historians of Neurocritical Care Write About?","authors":"Eelco F M Wijdicks","doi":"10.1007/s12028-024-02155-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-024-02155-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19118,"journal":{"name":"Neurocritical Care","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142927684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intrathecal Nicardipine-Time to Treat the Symptom?","authors":"Ofer Sadan, Feras Akbik","doi":"10.1007/s12028-024-02176-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-024-02176-y","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19118,"journal":{"name":"Neurocritical Care","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142882366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intrathecal Nicardipine After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Scoping Review.","authors":"Jared F Sweeney, John Chen, Bassem Darwish, Devin Holden, Erin Barnes, Panayiotis Varelas","doi":"10.1007/s12028-024-02175-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-024-02175-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Intrathecal nicardipine (ITN) is an investigational therapy for cerebral vasospasm (CVS) and delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). The objective of this scoping review was to characterize the current state of the literature and map the current available evidence, examine research methodology, clarify key concepts and definitions in the literature, report procedural characteristics, identify and analyze knowledge gaps, and serve as a precursor for future systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and randomized controlled trials. An electronic search for studies on ITN for the treatment of CVS and DCI in patients with aSAH was conducted in accordance with published standards. A total of 390 studies were identified by the search. After inclusion criteria were applied, 20 studies were identified for analysis. The identified studies included a total of 976 patients with aSAH who received ITN for the treatment of CVS and DCI. One randomized controlled trial, two prospective observational studies, nine retrospective observational studies, seven retrospective case series, and one case report met inclusion criteria. Study designs, drug administration, dosing regimens, drug concentrations, pharmacokinetics, patient selection, duration of therapy, outcome measures, adverse event monitoring, and definitions of CVS and DCI used are synthesized and discussed. Despite advances in the care of patients with aSAH, CVS and DCI remain leading causes of morbidity and mortality, and ITN represents a potential therapy to help prevent and treat this disease process. With one published randomized controlled trial on one method of administration, one trial underway on a second method of administration, and numerous heterogeneous and primarily retrospective studies published to date, future study with an emphasis on homogenizing study design and outcomes measured is needed to better understand this potential therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":19118,"journal":{"name":"Neurocritical Care","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142882365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}