Mycotoxin Research最新文献

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Real-life exposure to Fusarium toxins deoxynivalenol and zearalenone triggers apoptosis and activates NLRP3 inflammasome in bovine primary theca cells. 现实生活中暴露于镰刀菌毒素脱氧雪腐镰刀菌醇和玉米赤霉烯酮可触发牛原代卵泡膜细胞凋亡并激活NLRP3炎性体。
IF 3 4区 医学
Mycotoxin Research Pub Date : 2023-11-01 Epub Date: 2023-07-10 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-023-00499-x
Guodong Cai, Hilda M Guerrero-Netro, Jianchun Bian, Isabelle P Oswald, Christopher Price, Imourana Alassane-Kpembi
{"title":"Real-life exposure to Fusarium toxins deoxynivalenol and zearalenone triggers apoptosis and activates NLRP3 inflammasome in bovine primary theca cells.","authors":"Guodong Cai, Hilda M Guerrero-Netro, Jianchun Bian, Isabelle P Oswald, Christopher Price, Imourana Alassane-Kpembi","doi":"10.1007/s12550-023-00499-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12550-023-00499-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cattle are deemed less susceptible to mycotoxins due to the limited internal exposure resulting from rumen microbiota activity. However, the significant amounts of Fusarium mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) frequently detected in bovine follicular fluid samples suggest that they could affect ovarian function. Both mycotoxins trigger several patterns of cell death and activate the NLRP3 inflammasome in the intestine. In vitro studies have reported a number of adverse effects on bovine oocytes. However, the biological relevance of such findings with regard to realistic concentrations of DON and ZEN in bovine follicular fluid is still not clear. Hence, it is important to better characterize the effects of dietary exposure to DON and ZEN on the bovine ovary. Using bovine primary theca cells, this study investigated the effects of real-life patterns for bovine ovary exposure to DON and ZEN, but also DON metabolite DOM-1, on cell death and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Exposure to DON starting from 0.1 μM significantly decreased theca cell viability. The kinetics of phosphatidylserine translocation and loss of membrane integrity showed that ZEN and DON, but not DOM-1, induce an apoptotic phenotype. qPCR analysis of the expression of NLRP3, PYCARD, IL-1β, IL-18, and GSDMD in primary theca cells at concentrations of mycotoxin previously reported in cow follicular fluid clearly indicated that DON and DOM-1 individually and in mixture, but not ZEN, activate NLRP3 inflammasome. Altogether, these results suggest that real-life dietary exposure of cattle to DON may induce inflammatory disorders in the ovary.</p>","PeriodicalId":19060,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxin Research","volume":" ","pages":"367-377"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9761069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Individual and combined effects of deoxynivalenol (DON) with other Fusarium mycotoxins on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) growth performance and health. 脱氧雪腐镰刀菌醇(DON)与其他镰刀菌毒素对虹鳟生长性能和健康的单独和联合影响。
IF 3 4区 医学
Mycotoxin Research Pub Date : 2023-11-01 Epub Date: 2023-07-20 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-023-00496-0
Paraskevi Koletsi, Geert F Wiegertjes, Elisabeth A M Graat, Marijn de Kool, Philip Lyons, Johan W Schrama
{"title":"Individual and combined effects of deoxynivalenol (DON) with other Fusarium mycotoxins on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) growth performance and health.","authors":"Paraskevi Koletsi, Geert F Wiegertjes, Elisabeth A M Graat, Marijn de Kool, Philip Lyons, Johan W Schrama","doi":"10.1007/s12550-023-00496-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12550-023-00496-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study assessed whether the toxicological effects of deoxynivalenol (DON) produced by Fusarium graminearum in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) are altered by the co-exposure to a mixture of toxins produced by Fusarium verticillioides (FU<sub>mix</sub>). This FU<sub>mix</sub> contained fusaric acid and fumonisin B<sub>1</sub>, B<sub>2</sub> and B<sub>3</sub>. Four diets were formulated according to a 2 × 2 factorial design: CON-CON; CON-FU<sub>mix</sub>; DON-CON; and DON-FU<sub>mix</sub>. Diets with and without DON contained on average 2700 and 0 µg/kg feed, respectively. The sum of the analysed FU<sub>mix</sub> toxins was 12,700 and 100 µg/kg feed in the diets with and without FU<sub>mix</sub>, respectively. The experiment consisted of a 6-week restrictive feeding period immediately followed by a 2-week ad libitum feeding period. Growth performance measurements were taken per feeding period. Histopathological measurements in the liver and gastrointestinal tract (pyloric caeca, midgut and hindgut) were assessed at the end of week 1 and week 6 of the restrictive feeding period and at week 8, the last day of the ad libitum feeding period. During both restrictive and ad libitum feeding, the effects of FU<sub>mix</sub> and DON on growth performance were additive (no interaction effect; p > 0.05). During the restrictive feeding period, exposure to DON (p ≤ 0.001) and FU<sub>mix</sub> (p ≤ 0.01) inhibited growth and increased feed conversion ratio (FCR). During this period, DON exposure decreased the protein (p ≤ 0.001) and energy retention (p ≤ 0.05) in the trout. During the ad libitum feeding period, FU<sub>mix</sub> affected HSI (p ≤ 0.01), while DON exposure reduced feed intake (p ≤ 0.001) and growth (p ≤ 0.001) and increased FCR (p ≤ 0.01). In general, for both liver and intestinal tissue measurements, no interaction effects between DON and FU<sub>mix</sub> were observed. In the liver, histopathological analysis revealed mild alterations, increased necrosis score by DON (p ≤ 0.01), increased glycogen vacuolization by FU<sub>mix</sub> (p ≤ 0.05) and decreased percentage of pleomorphic nuclei by FU<sub>mix</sub> (p ≤ 0.01). DON had a minor impact on the intestinal histological measurements. Over time, some of the liver (glycogen vacuolization score, pleomorphic nuclei; p ≤ 0.01) and intestinal measurements (mucosal fold and enterocyte width; p ≤ 0.01) were aggravated in fish fed the FU<sub>mix</sub> contaminated diets, with the most severe alterations being noted at week 8. Overall, the co-exposure to FU<sub>mix</sub> and DON gave rise to additive effects but showed no synergistic or antagonistic effects for the combination of DON with other Fusarium mycotoxins.</p>","PeriodicalId":19060,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxin Research","volume":" ","pages":"405-420"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10635917/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9840877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Relevance of Zearalenone and its modified forms in bakery products. 玉米赤霉烯酮及其改性形式在烘焙产品中的相关性。
IF 3 4区 医学
Mycotoxin Research Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-023-00493-3
Franz Pfleger, Christine Schwake-Anduschus
{"title":"Relevance of Zearalenone and its modified forms in bakery products.","authors":"Franz Pfleger,&nbsp;Christine Schwake-Anduschus","doi":"10.1007/s12550-023-00493-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-023-00493-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Zearalenone is a frequently occurring and well-known mycotoxin developed in cereals before and during the harvest period by Fusarium spp. mainly in maize and wheat. In addition to the main form, various modified forms (phase I and II metabolites) were detected, in some cases in high amounts. These modified forms can be harmful for human health due to their different toxicity, which can be much higher compared to the parent toxin. In addition, the parent toxin can be cleaved from the phase I and II metabolites during digestion. A risk of correlated and additive adverse effects of the metabolites of ZEN phase I and II in humans and animals is evident. ZEN is considered in many studies on its occurrence in grain-based foods and some studies are dedicated to the behavior of ZEN during food processing. This is not the case for the ZEN phase I and II metabolites, which are only included in a few occurrence reports. Their effects during food processing is also only sporadically addressed in studies to date. In addition to the massive lack of data on the occurrence and behavior of ZEN modified forms, there is also a lack of comprehensive clarification of the toxicity of the numerous different ZEN metabolites detected to date. Finally, studies on the fate during digestion of the relevant ZEN metabolites will be important in the future to further clarify their relevance in processed foods such as bakery products.</p>","PeriodicalId":19060,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxin Research","volume":"39 3","pages":"153-163"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10393900/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9930780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Structure elucidation and biological activities of perylenequinones from an Alternaria species. 一种互花属植物过二烯丙二酮的结构分析及生物活性研究。
IF 3 4区 医学
Mycotoxin Research Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-023-00495-1
Anna Kiefer, Marcel Arnholdt, Viktoria Grimm, Leander Geske, Jonathan Groß, Nina Vierengel, Till Opatz, Gerhard Erkel
{"title":"Structure elucidation and biological activities of perylenequinones from an Alternaria species.","authors":"Anna Kiefer,&nbsp;Marcel Arnholdt,&nbsp;Viktoria Grimm,&nbsp;Leander Geske,&nbsp;Jonathan Groß,&nbsp;Nina Vierengel,&nbsp;Till Opatz,&nbsp;Gerhard Erkel","doi":"10.1007/s12550-023-00495-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-023-00495-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The KEAP1-Nrf2/ARE pathway is a pivotal cytoprotective regulator against oxidative stress which plays an important role in the development of many inflammatory diseases and cancer. Activation of the Nrf2 transcription factor by oxidative stress or electrophiles regulates antioxidant response element (ARE)-dependent transcription of antioxidative, detoxifying, and anti-inflammatory proteins. Therefore, modulators of the KEAP1-Nrf2/ARE pathway have received considerable interest as therapeutics to protect against diseases where oxidative stress constitutes the underlying pathophysiology. In a search for fungal secondary metabolites affecting the Nrf2/ARE-dependent expression of a luciferase reporter gene in BEAS-2B cells, three new perylenequinones, compounds 1, 2, and 3, together with altertoxin-I (ATX-I), were isolated from fermentations of an Alternaria species. The structures of the compounds were elucidated by a combination of one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Compound 1 and ATX-I exhibited strong cytotoxic effects with LC<sub>50</sub>-values of 3.8 µM and 6.43 µM, respectively, whereas compound 3 showed no cytotoxic effects up to 100 µM on BEAS-2B cells. ATX-I induced ARE-dependent luciferase expression approximately fivefold and compound 1 approximately 2.6-fold at a concentration of 3 µM in transiently transfected BEAS-2B cells. In addition, compound 1 and ATX-I exhibited strong oxidative effects, whereas compound 3 did not show significant oxidative properties. For compound 1 and ATX-I, a strong upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 could be observed on mRNA and protein level in treated BEAS-2B cells. Moreover, compound 3 significantly decreased sod3 mRNA levels after induction of oxidative stress with benzoquinone.</p>","PeriodicalId":19060,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxin Research","volume":"39 3","pages":"303-316"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10393905/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9931592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
The association of food ingredients in breakfast cereal products and fumonisins production: risks identification and predictions. 早餐谷物产品中的食品成分与伏马菌素生产的关系:风险识别和预测。
IF 3 4区 医学
Mycotoxin Research Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-023-00483-5
Jan Purchase, Rosa Donato, Cristiana Sacco, Lilia Pettini, Anubha Devi Rookmin, Simone Melani, Alice Artese, Diane Purchase, Massimiliano Marvasi
{"title":"The association of food ingredients in breakfast cereal products and fumonisins production: risks identification and predictions.","authors":"Jan Purchase,&nbsp;Rosa Donato,&nbsp;Cristiana Sacco,&nbsp;Lilia Pettini,&nbsp;Anubha Devi Rookmin,&nbsp;Simone Melani,&nbsp;Alice Artese,&nbsp;Diane Purchase,&nbsp;Massimiliano Marvasi","doi":"10.1007/s12550-023-00483-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-023-00483-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Breakfast processed products are remarkably at risk of fungal contamination. This research surveyed the fumonisins concentration in different breakfast products and carried out in vitro experiments measuring fumonisins content in different substrates inoculated with Fusarium verticillioides. The pipeline started with the identification of combinations of ingredients for 58 breakfast products. Twenty-three core ingredients, seven nutritional components and production types were analyzed using a Pearson correlation, k-means clustering, and principal component analysis to show that no single factor is responsible for high fumonisins detection in processed cereals products. Consequently, decision tree regression was used as a means of determining and visualizing complex logical interactions between the same factors. We clustered the association of ingredients in low, medium, and high risk of fumonisin detection. The analysis showed that high fumonisins concentration is associated with those products that have high maize concentrations coupled especially with high sodium or rice. In an in vitro experiment, different media were prepared by mixing the ingredients in the proportion found in the first survey and by measuring fumonisins production by Fusarium verticillioides. Results showed that (1) fumonisins production by F. verticillioides is boosted by the synergistic effect of maize and highly ready carbohydrate content such as white flour; (2) a combination of maize > 26% (w/w), rice > 2.5% (w/w), and NaCl > 2.2% (w/w) led to high fumonisins production, while mono-ingredient products were more protective against fumonisins production. The observations in the in vitro experiments appeared to align with the decision tree model that an increase in ingredient complexity can lead to fumonisins production by Fusarium. However, more research is urgently needed to develop the area of predictive mycology based on the association of processing, ingredients, fungal development, and mycotoxins production.</p>","PeriodicalId":19060,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxin Research","volume":"39 3","pages":"165-175"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10393861/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9933142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Food aflatoxin exposure assessment in Sichuan Province, China. 中国四川省食品黄曲霉毒素暴露评估。
IF 3 4区 医学
Mycotoxin Research Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-023-00488-0
Bi Zhao, Yi Xu, Yang Song, Yu Zhang, Li Lin
{"title":"Food aflatoxin exposure assessment in Sichuan Province, China.","authors":"Bi Zhao,&nbsp;Yi Xu,&nbsp;Yang Song,&nbsp;Yu Zhang,&nbsp;Li Lin","doi":"10.1007/s12550-023-00488-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-023-00488-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Aflatoxins (AFs) are frequent contaminants in crops worldwide and can cause adverse health effects in exposed humans. Since foods AFs (AFB<sub>1</sub>, AFB<sub>2</sub>, AFG<sub>1</sub>, AFG<sub>2</sub>) contamination in Sichuan Province are unexplored, we conducted a study to assess AFs exposure in the population. In total, 318 samples, including grains, red chilli, red chilli powder, and vegetable protein beverages, were collected from 13 cities of Sichuan Province, China, in 2022. AFs were detected in all types of foods except for wheat flour, the highest incidence was found in red chilli powder (75.0%). The concentrations of AF<sub>tot</sub> (the total aflatoxins) ranged between ND (not detected) and 54.20 μg kg<sup>-1</sup>. It was observed that the AFs profile was dominated by AFB<sub>1</sub>. The AFB<sub>1</sub> content ranged from ND to 52.60 μg kg<sup>-1</sup> across food types. According to EU maximum limits (ML) of AFs, 2.8% of samples exceeded the AF<sub>tot</sub> limits. For AFB<sub>1</sub>, 0.4% and 4.3% of samples exceeded the China and EU limits, respectively. In this study, packaging types and sampling sites were selected as parameters influence food aflatoxin contamination. Nevertheless, there was no significant difference between different samples. According to exposure assessment and risk characterization, AF<sub>tot</sub> daily exposure was shown to be 0.263 and 283.936 ng kg<sup>-1</sup> bw for the lower and upper exposure. The MOE value derived from consumption grains and red chilli pepper products were generally bellow 10 000, and liver cancer cases based on these two foods consumption could range from < 0.001 to 0.16 cases per year/10 000 persons.</p>","PeriodicalId":19060,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxin Research","volume":"39 3","pages":"261-269"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9972028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Determination of mycotoxins and their dietary exposure assessment in pale lager beers using immunoaffinity columns and UPLC-MS/MS. 免疫亲和柱和超高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术测定淡啤酒中真菌毒素及其膳食暴露评价。
IF 3 4区 医学
Mycotoxin Research Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-023-00492-4
Jan Martiník, Rastislav Boško, Zdeněk Svoboda, Sylvie Běláková, Karolína Benešová, Marek Pernica
{"title":"Determination of mycotoxins and their dietary exposure assessment in pale lager beers using immunoaffinity columns and UPLC-MS/MS.","authors":"Jan Martiník,&nbsp;Rastislav Boško,&nbsp;Zdeněk Svoboda,&nbsp;Sylvie Běláková,&nbsp;Karolína Benešová,&nbsp;Marek Pernica","doi":"10.1007/s12550-023-00492-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-023-00492-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The use of contaminated raw materials can lead to the transfer of mycotoxins into the final product, including beer. This study describes the use of the commercially available immunoaffinity column 11<sup>+</sup>Myco MS-PREP<sup>®</sup> and UPLC-MS/MS for the determination of mycotoxins in pale lager-type beers brewed in Czech Republic and other European countries. The additional aim of the work was to develop, optimize and validate this analytical method. Validation parameters such as linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), precision and accuracy were tested. The calibration curves were linear with correlation coefficients (R<sup>2</sup> > 0.99) for all mycotoxins under investigation. The LOD ranged from 0.1 to 50 ng/L and LOQ from 0.4 to 167 ng/L. Recoveries of the selected analytes ranged from 72.2 to 101.1%, and the relative standard deviation under conditions repeatability (RSDr) did not exceed 16.3% for any mycotoxin. The validated procedure was successfully applied for the analysis of mycotoxins in a total of 89 beers from the retail network. The results were also processed using advanced chemometric techniques and compared with similar published studies. The toxicological impact was taken into account.</p>","PeriodicalId":19060,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxin Research","volume":"39 3","pages":"285-302"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10275074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
An oxidoreductase gene CtnD involved in citrinin biosynthesis in Monascus purpureus verified by CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing and overexpression. CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑和过表达证实了一个参与红曲霉桔霉素生物合成的氧化还原酶基因CtnD。
IF 3 4区 医学
Mycotoxin Research Pub Date : 2023-08-01 Epub Date: 2023-06-03 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-023-00491-5
Guangfu Tang, Haiqiao Man, Jiao Wang, Jie Zou, Jiehong Zhao, Jie Han
{"title":"An oxidoreductase gene CtnD involved in citrinin biosynthesis in Monascus purpureus verified by CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing and overexpression.","authors":"Guangfu Tang,&nbsp;Haiqiao Man,&nbsp;Jiao Wang,&nbsp;Jie Zou,&nbsp;Jiehong Zhao,&nbsp;Jie Han","doi":"10.1007/s12550-023-00491-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12550-023-00491-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Monascus produces a kind of mycotoxin, citrinin, whose synthetic pathway is still not entirely clear. The function of CtnD, a putative oxidoreductase located upstream of pksCT in the citrinin gene cluster, has not been reported. In this study, the CtnD overexpressed strain and the Cas9 constitutively expressed chassis strain were obtained by genetic transformation mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The pyrG and CtnD double gene-edited strains were then obtained by transforming the protoplasts of the Cas9 chassis strain with in vitro sgRNAs. The results showed that overexpression of CtnD resulted in significant increases in citrinin content of more than 31.7% and 67.7% in the mycelium and fermented broth, respectively. The edited CtnD caused citrinin levels to be reduced by more than 91% in the mycelium and 98% in the fermented broth, respectively. It was shown that CtnD is a key enzyme involved in citrinin biosynthesis. RNA-Seq and RT-qPCR showed that the overexpression of CtnD had no significant effect on the expression of CtnA, CtnB, CtnE, and CtnF but led to distinct changes in the expression of acyl-CoA thioesterase and two MFS transporters, which may play an unknown role in citrinin metabolism. This study is the first to report the important function of CtnD in M. purpureus through a combination of CRISPR/Cas9 editing and overexpression.</p>","PeriodicalId":19060,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxin Research","volume":"39 3","pages":"247-259"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9892363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins in freshly harvested highland barley (qingke) grains from Tibet, China. 西藏新鲜青稞(青稞)籽粒镰刀菌毒素的发生。
IF 3 4区 医学
Mycotoxin Research Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-023-00487-1
T W Zhang, D L Wu, W D Li, Z H Hao, X L Wu, Y J Xing, J R Shi, Y Li, F Dong
{"title":"Occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins in freshly harvested highland barley (qingke) grains from Tibet, China.","authors":"T W Zhang,&nbsp;D L Wu,&nbsp;W D Li,&nbsp;Z H Hao,&nbsp;X L Wu,&nbsp;Y J Xing,&nbsp;J R Shi,&nbsp;Y Li,&nbsp;F Dong","doi":"10.1007/s12550-023-00487-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-023-00487-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Highland barley, also called \"qingke\" in Tibetan, is mainly cultivated in the Tibetan Plateau of China and has been used as a major staple food for Tibetans. Recently, Fusarium head blight (FHB) of qingke was frequently observed around the Brahmaputra River in Tibet. Considering the importance of qingke for Tibetans, the assessment of Fusarium mycotoxin contamination is essential for food safety. In this study, a total of 150 freshly harvested qingke grain samples were obtained from three regions around the Brahmaputra River in Tibet (China) in 2020. The samples were investigated for the occurrence of 20 Fusarium mycotoxins using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC‒MS/MS). The most frequently occurring mycotoxin was enniatin B (ENB) (46%), followed by enniatin B<sub>1</sub> (ENB<sub>1</sub>) (14.7%), zearalenone (ZEN) (6.0%), enniatin A<sub>1</sub> (ENA<sub>1</sub>) (3.3%), enniatin A (ENA) (1.3%), beauvericin (BEA) (0.7%), and nivalenol (NIV) (0.7%). Due to the increase in altitude, the cumulative precipitation level and average temperature decreased from the downstream to the upstream of the Brahmaputra River; this directly correlated to the contamination level of ENB in qingke, which gradually decreased from downstream to upstream. In addition, the level of ENB in qingke obtained from qingke-rape rotation was significantly lower than that from qingke-wheat and qingke-qingke rotations (p < 0.05). These results disseminated the occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins and provided further understanding of the effect of environmental factors and crop rotation on Fusarium mycotoxins.</p>","PeriodicalId":19060,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxin Research","volume":"39 3","pages":"193-200"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9908199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Inactivation of zearalenone (ZEN) and deoxynivalenol (DON) in complete feed for weaned piglets: Efficacy of ZEN hydrolase ZenA and of sodium metabisulfite (SBS) as feed additives. 断奶仔猪完全饲料中玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEN)和脱氧雪梨烯醇(DON)的失活:ZEN水解酶ZenA和代谢亚硫酸钠(SBS)作为饲料添加剂的效果
IF 3 4区 医学
Mycotoxin Research Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-023-00486-2
Sven Dänicke, Linn Carlson, Ann-Katrin Heymann, Angelika Grümpel-Schlüter, Barbara Doupovec, Dian Schatzmayr, Barbara Streit, Susanne Kersten, Jeannette Kluess
{"title":"Inactivation of zearalenone (ZEN) and deoxynivalenol (DON) in complete feed for weaned piglets: Efficacy of ZEN hydrolase ZenA and of sodium metabisulfite (SBS) as feed additives.","authors":"Sven Dänicke,&nbsp;Linn Carlson,&nbsp;Ann-Katrin Heymann,&nbsp;Angelika Grümpel-Schlüter,&nbsp;Barbara Doupovec,&nbsp;Dian Schatzmayr,&nbsp;Barbara Streit,&nbsp;Susanne Kersten,&nbsp;Jeannette Kluess","doi":"10.1007/s12550-023-00486-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-023-00486-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Female pigs respond sensitive both to DON and ZEN with anorexia and endocrine disruption, respectively, when critical diet concentrations are exceeded. Therefore, the frequent co-contamination of feed by DON and ZEN requires their parallel inactivation. The additive ZenA hydrolyzes ZEN while SBS inactivates DON through sulfonation. Both supplements were simultaneously added (+, 2.5 g SBS and 100 U ZenA/kg) to a control diet (CON-, 0.04 mg DON and < 0.004 mg ZEN/kg; CON+, 0.03 mg DON and < 0.004 mg ZEN/kg) and a Fusarium toxin contaminated diet (FUS-, 2.57 mg DON and 0.24 mg ZEN/kg; FUS+, 2.04 mg DON and 0.24 mg ZEN/kg). The 4 diets were fed to 20 female weaned piglets each (6 kg initial body weight) for 35 days; the piglets were sacrificed thereafter for collecting samples. Supplements improved performance and modified metabolism and hematology independent of dietary DON contamination. The mechanisms behind these changes could not be clarified and require further consideration. SBS reduced DON concentration in feed by approximately 20% and to the same extent in blood plasma and urine suggesting that no further DON sulfonate formation occurred in the digestive tract before absorbing DON in the upper digestive tract or that additionally formed DON sulfonates escaped absorption. DON sulfonates were detected in feces suggesting that unabsorbed DON sulfonates reached feces and/or that unabsorbed DON was sulfonated in the hindgut. The observed reduction rate of 20% was evaluated to be insufficient for feeding practice. Galenic form of SBS added to dry feed needs to be improved to support the DON sulfonation in the proximal digestive tract.ZenA was active in the digestive tract as demonstrated by the presence of its hydrolyzed none-estrogenic reaction products hydrolyzed ZEN (HZEN) and decarboxylated and hydrolyzed ZEN (DHZEN) both in feces, systemic circulation, and urine of group FUS+ compared to group FUS-. The presence of these hydrolysis products was paralleled by a significant decrease in high-estrogenic ZEN concentrations which, in turn, was related to a decrease in relative weights of uteri and ovaries when compared to group FUS-. Thus, ZenA was proven to be effective; both in terms of biomarkers and biological effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":19060,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxin Research","volume":"39 3","pages":"201-218"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10393848/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9927170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
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