Mycotoxin Research最新文献

{"title":"Comparative proteomic analysis indicates differential responses to fumonisin B₁ (FB₁) and hydrolysed fumonisin B₁ (HFB₁) in IPEC-J2 porcine epithelial cells in vitro.","authors":"Nabeela Gamiet, Nashia Deepnarain, Stefan Abel, Hester-Mari Burger, Elisabeth Mayer, Mariska Lilly","doi":"10.1007/s12550-025-00607-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-025-00607-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The intestinal epithelium is frequently exposed to environmental contaminants such as fumonisins, mycotoxins implicated in the development of mycotoxicosis across various mammalian species, with fumonisin B₁ (FB₁) being the most prevalent and toxic congener. Fumonisin B₁ (FB₁) can be enzymatically hydrolysed to produce hydrolysed fumonisin B₁ (HFB₁) that displays reduced inhibitory activity toward ceramide synthase. Given the central role of ceramide synthase in sphingolipid metabolism and cellular homeostasis, the reduced inhibitory activity of HFB₁ is considered toxicologically favourable, as it is less likely to disrupt membrane integrity and critical signalling pathways. However, the toxicity of HFB₁ remains variable across different in vitro and in vivo models. In this study, we evaluated the impact of FB₁ and HFB₁ on cell viability, apoptosis, and proliferation in the porcine intestinal cell line (IPEC-J2), including inflammatory responses through interleukin 8 (IL-8). Molecular mechanisms and pathways influenced by FB₁ and HFB₁ exposure were investigated through proteomic and bioinformatic analyses. Differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) were identified and functionally characterised using Gene Ontology analysis based on the Sus scrofa (domestic pig) database, revealing 52 significant DAPs between FB₁ and HFB₁ treatments compared to the control. Fibronectin 1 (FN1), an adhesive glycoprotein of the intestine, was consistently detected as a DAP in cells exposed to FB₁ and HFB₁. FB₁ upregulates FN1, while HFB₁ downregulates it, leading to different oncogenic pathways revealed by STRING enrichment analysis. Proteomic analysis further revealed distinct DAPs following FB₁ and HFB₁ exposure, implicating alterations in immune modulation (e.g. differential regulation of CD276), iron homeostasis (upregulation of FTL and FTH1), epithelial integrity (downregulation of NTN4, ST14), extracellular matrix remodelling (reduced SPARC), and angiogenesis-related pathways (decreased TINAGL1, FBLN2, SDC4) suggesting early changes in cellular signalling, stress response, and structural regulation that may be relevant to cancer biology and warrant further investigation. These findings also demonstrate that HFB₁ activates distinct cancer-related pathways in vitro compared to FB₁, with in vivo studies suggesting divergent mechanisms. HFB₁ also induces more extensive protein expression changes in IPEC-J2 cells, as reflected by the greater number of DAPs and the complexity of enriched pathways. However, further investigation is needed to determine whether these changes directly contribute to cytotoxicity or represent compensatory cellular responses.</p>","PeriodicalId":19060,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxin Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145258651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of ochratoxin A in meat, meat products, and edible offal by HPLC-a method validation through a collaborative trial.","authors":"Barbara De Santis, Emanuela Gregori, Davide Gattabria, Marzia De Giacomo, Marianna Rizzo, Giuseppina Scialò, Martina Enza Grieco, Francesca Debegnach","doi":"10.1007/s12550-025-00604-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-025-00604-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin that can contaminate a wide range of food products as a result of fungal growth on agricultural commodities or microbial activity during the curing or maturation process of meat-based products. This paper presents a fully validated interlaboratory study involving twenty laboratories to determine OTA in pork-derived meat, meat products, and edible offal. The analytical method employed extraction with solvent, immunoaffinity columns (IAC) clean-up, and reversed-phase liquid chromatographic detection coupled with a fluorescence detector. The method demonstrated its capability to determine OTA in all tested food matrices within the range of 0.5-10 μg/kg, achieving satisfactory trueness and precision consistent with the performance criteria established in Regulation (EU) 2023/2782. Average recoveries ranged from 72 to 86%, while relative standard deviations for repeatability and reproducibility ranged from 4.2 to 11.0% and from 9.5 to 22.6%, respectively. Repeatability and reproducibility limits ranged from 0.07 to 1.36 μg/kg and from 0.20 to 4.91 μg/kg, respectively. HorRat ratios obtained ranged from 0.4 to 0.9. The availability of reliable analytical methods is crucial for activities of official control purposes. The study confirms the method's suitability for routine use in official control laboratories, providing a robust and reliable tool for OTA monitoring in pork-based products.</p>","PeriodicalId":19060,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxin Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145200218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enzymatic detoxification of major mycotoxins: current status, challenges, and future prospective.","authors":"Qiuhong Zhong, Qinghua Wu, Xiaoli Xu, Wei Wei","doi":"10.1007/s12550-025-00608-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-025-00608-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mycotoxins are ubiquitous in cereals and cereal products worldwide, presenting substantial health hazards to both humans and animals. Enzymatic degradation has recently gained prominence as a highly effective, selective, and environmentally friendly approach to neutralizing mycotoxins, converting them into non-toxic or less toxic compounds. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of the enzymatic properties and degradation pathways of mycotoxin-degrading enzymes that target major mycotoxins, including aflatoxins (AFs), ochratoxins (OTs), deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN), and fumonisins (FUMs). The identification of multiple mycotoxin-degrading enzymes, such as peroxidases, laccases, esterases, and oxidoreductases, has paved the way for transforming mycotoxins into less or non-toxic products through diverse pathways, offering a promising avenue for complete detoxification.</p>","PeriodicalId":19060,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxin Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145131586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Atranone-an underestimated secondary metabolite?","authors":"Mareike Dabisch-Ruthe, Jens Pfannebecker, Reinhard K Straubinger, Frank Ebel, Sebastian Ulrich","doi":"10.1007/s12550-025-00609-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-025-00609-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Atranones are secondary metabolites produced by Stachybotrys chartarum, a mold frequently found in water-damaged indoor environments. In contrast to the well-characterized and highly toxic macrocyclic trichothecenes, atranones have received relatively limited scientific attention. Approximately 60% of S. chartarum isolates from indoor environments produce atranones, while 40% form macrocyclic trichothecenes. No strain has been shown to produce both, indicating that the biosynthetic pathways for these two mycotoxin classes are mutually exclusive. Atranones are dolabellane-like diterpenoids synthesized from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate through multiple enzymatic steps encoded by a specific core gene cluster. While the genetic structure of this cluster has been elucidated, its regulatory mechanisms remain poorly understood. Notably, although atranone-producing S. chartarum strains have been isolated from indoor settings, no study has yet confirmed the actual production of atranones in indoor environments, leaving the question of real-world exposure unresolved. Experimental studies in cell cultures and animal models indicate that atranones possess pro-inflammatory and cytotoxic properties, including the induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Atranone Q has demonstrated antitumor activity against osteosarcoma cells in vitro, and more recently identified derivatives such as stachatranone and stachybatranone have shown preliminary cardioprotective effects under ischemic conditions. However, these pharmacological effects remain exploratory and require further validation in in vivo models. Major knowledge gaps concern the environmental triggers for atranone biosynthesis, their regulation, actual presence in built environments, and potential health risks. These areas represent key priorities for future research.</p>","PeriodicalId":19060,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxin Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145075757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: The PGC-1α/SIRT3 pathway mediates the effect of DON on mitochondrial autophagy and liver injury in mice.","authors":"Yihan Wang, Jiali Fu, Danni Zhou, Zhihua Ren, Junliang Deng","doi":"10.1007/s12550-025-00606-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-025-00606-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19060,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxin Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145023837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Distribution of moniliformin in industrial maize milling and flaking process.","authors":"Terenzio Bertuzzi, Alessio Abate, Paola Giorni","doi":"10.1007/s12550-025-00610-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-025-00610-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19060,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxin Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145006391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Fungal and multi-metabolite contamination of retailed rice in open markets in two Nigerian States.","authors":"Oluwawapelumi A Oyedele, Muiz O Akinyemi, Michael Sulyok, Shiela Okoth, Rudolf Krska, Chibundu N Ezekiel","doi":"10.1007/s12550-025-00605-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-025-00605-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19060,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxin Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144962394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice of mothers/caregivers on mycotoxin contamination of infants and young children porridge in the Democratic Republic of Congo.","authors":"Christus C Miderho, Lucy G Njue, George O Abong, Kanigula Mubagwa, Michael Sulyok","doi":"10.1007/s12550-025-00597-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-025-00597-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mycotoxin contamination in maize-based foods poses a significant public health risk, especially for infants and young children (IYC), yet limited data exist on caregiver knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). This study assessed KAP among 428 mothers and caregivers in South Kivu through a cross-sectional survey conducted in February-March 2024 using a multistage sampling method across eight health zones. Structured questionnaires captured data, which were analysed using SPSS v26 and R software. Findings show that knowledge of mycotoxin contamination was generally fair and associated with geographic location (OR = 4.195, p < 0.000), household size (OR = 1.106, p = 0.036) and education level (OR = 1.04, p = 0.04). Attitudes were largely positive and also linked to location (OR = 0.591, p = 0.036). Most caregivers practiced safe food handling: 90.3% stored flour in ventilated areas, 93.3% shelled maize manually and 89.3% pre-treated flour, though adoption of nixtamalization was low. Better knowledge and attitudes correlated with improved practices. The results highlight the need for targeted nutrition education to enhance food safety and reduce mycotoxin exposure in complementary foods for IYC in the DRC.</p>","PeriodicalId":19060,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxin Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144855868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protective effects of commercial artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) leaf powder against aflatoxin B1-induced reproductive toxicity in male rats.","authors":"Asmaa A Aziz, Heba Abdelmegeed, Mokhtar I Yousef, Doaa A Ghareeb, Abeer El Wakil","doi":"10.1007/s12550-025-00603-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-025-00603-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) is an unavoidable environmental pollutant frequently found in feed and foodstuffs and is considered the most toxic of all aflatoxins, known to impair testicular function. This study investigated the potential protective effect of artichoke leaves powder (ArLP) against the reproductive toxicity induced by AFB₁ in male rats. In a 42-day experiment, rats received either sterile water, 4% DMSO, ArLP (100 mg/kg/body weight), AFB₁ (72 µg/kg/body weight), or a combination of ArLP and AFB₁ via oral gavage. AFB₁ exposure led to increased oxidative stress, abnormal sperm parameters, hormonal disturbances, elevated prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels and histopathological damage in the testes. Co-administration of ArLP with AFB₁ significantly mitigated these adverse effects, with most parameters approaching values observed in the control groups. These findings suggest that oral administration of ArLP exerts a protective effect against AFB₁-induced reproductive toxicity in male rats and support its potential use in mitigating toxin-related reproductive damage.</p>","PeriodicalId":19060,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxin Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144835851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The use of artificial intelligence to improve mycotoxin management: a review.","authors":"M Focker, C Liu, X Wang, H J van der Fels-Klerx","doi":"10.1007/s12550-025-00602-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-025-00602-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The management of mycotoxin contamination in the supply chain is continuously evolving in response to growing knowledge about mycotoxins, shifting factors that influence mycotoxin occurrence, and ongoing technological developments. One of the technological developments is the potential for using artificial intelligence (AI) in mycotoxin management. AI can be used in various fields of mycotoxin management, including for predictive modelling of mycotoxins and for analytical detection and analyses. This review aimed to investigate the state-of-the-art of the use of AI for mycotoxin management. This review focuses on (1) predictive models for the presence of mycotoxins in commodities at both pre-harvest and post-harvest levels and (2) the detection of mycotoxins in samples by processing large datasets resulting from imaging data or chemical analyses of the sample. A systematic review was conducted, resulting in a total of 70 relevant references, including 15 references focusing on mycotoxin prediction models and 54 references focusing on mycotoxin detection, ranging from imaging to chemical analysis, and including relevant reviews. The AI applications and the most popular AI algorithms are presented. As shown by this review, AI is able to improve mycotoxin prediction models both at pre- and post-harvest levels and makes the emergence of non-invasive and fast detection methods such as imaging detection or electronic noses possible. A major challenge remains in the applicability and scalability of AI models to practical settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":19060,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxin Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144799736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}