2021 48th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation最新文献

筛选
英文 中文
Autoencoder-Based Anomaly Detection in Industrial X-ray Images 基于自编码器的工业x射线图像异常检测
2021 48th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation Pub Date : 2021-07-28 DOI: 10.1115/qnde2021-74428
Erik Lindgren, C. Zach
{"title":"Autoencoder-Based Anomaly Detection in Industrial X-ray Images","authors":"Erik Lindgren, C. Zach","doi":"10.1115/qnde2021-74428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/qnde2021-74428","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Within many quality-critical industries, e.g. the aerospace industry, industrial X-ray inspection is an essential as well as a resource intense part of quality control. Within such industries the X-ray image interpretation is typically still done by humans, therefore, increasing the interpretation automatization would be of great value. We claim, that safe automatic interpretation of industrial X-ray images, requires a robust confidence estimation with respect to out-of-distribution (OOD) data. In this work we have explored if such a confidence estimation can be achieved by comparing input images with a model of the accepted images. For the image model we derived an autoencoder which we trained unsupervised on a public dataset with X-ray images of metal fusion-welds. We achieved a true positive rate at 80–90% at a 4% false positive rate, as well as correctly detected an OOD data example as an anomaly.","PeriodicalId":189764,"journal":{"name":"2021 48th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130245051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Accurate Thickness Inversion of Corrosion Using A1 Lamb Wave 利用A1 Lamb波精确反演腐蚀厚度
2021 48th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation Pub Date : 2021-07-28 DOI: 10.1115/qnde2021-75313
Min Lin, Yang Liu
{"title":"Accurate Thickness Inversion of Corrosion Using A1 Lamb Wave","authors":"Min Lin, Yang Liu","doi":"10.1115/qnde2021-75313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/qnde2021-75313","url":null,"abstract":"Corrosion is one of the most critical issues in the oil and gas industry, leading to severe environmental and economic problems. Due to the high cost and serious safety risk of corrosion, it is essential to improve current corrosion testing techniques to detect corrosion damages at an early stage. Guided wave tomography (GWT) demonstrates its great potential to inspect and quantify the corrosion damage. GWT is capable of determining the residual life of corrosion structures by quantifying the remaining wall thickness. In this paper, an accurate guided wave tomography technique incorporating full waveform inversion (FWI) and higher-order Lamb waves (A1 mode) is presented for plate-like structures, which is able to get high-resolution reconstruction results. The technique consists of three steps: forward modeling, velocity inversion and thickness reconstruction. The forward modeling is computed by solving the elastic full-wave equations in 2-D time domain by using the finite difference method. High-resolution phase velocity inversion can then be obtained by minimizing the waveform misfit function between simulated and recorded data using a second order optimization method, which updates the velocity model from low to high frequencies iteratively. Finally, the velocity variations can be transformed into depth profiles by using the dispersive characteristics of ultrasonic guided waves; therefore, the thickness reconstruction can be obtained. The numerical simulations are performed on an aluminum plate with a complicated corrosion defect. By comparing the thickness reconstruction maps using both A1 and A0 modes, the results demonstrate that FWI with A1 mode can achieve significantly better resolution of corrosion imaging than that with A0 mode.","PeriodicalId":189764,"journal":{"name":"2021 48th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123296366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Assessment of Damage in Metallic Plates by Ultra-Wideband Guided Electromagnetic Waves 超宽带引导电磁波对金属板损伤的评估
2021 48th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation Pub Date : 2021-07-28 DOI: 10.1115/qnde2021-75123
V. Memmolo, J. Moll, D. H. Nguyen, V. Krozer, Jakob Holstein, Rohit Kapoor, J. Stindl
{"title":"Assessment of Damage in Metallic Plates by Ultra-Wideband Guided Electromagnetic Waves","authors":"V. Memmolo, J. Moll, D. H. Nguyen, V. Krozer, Jakob Holstein, Rohit Kapoor, J. Stindl","doi":"10.1115/qnde2021-75123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/qnde2021-75123","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Guided electromagnetic wave propagation using ultra-wideband signals is a barely new approach for damage detection. However, still many challenges are present, including the way to deal with the GHz domain signals and the physics behind the interaction phenomena enabled by any type of flaw. The present work proposes a feasibility analysis for a structural health monitoring system employing permanently integrated microwave sensors. This setup allows to interrogate the structure continuously using multiple transmitters and multiple receivers when the electromagnetic waveguide is established. To this end, a metallic plate is equipped with a dielectric waveguide patch attached to the structures’ surface. To validate the detectability of damage, a reversible defect is modeled through removable bolts accessible from the other surface of the plate. The experiments are carried out considering different bottom holes at different spatial locations of the plate. In addition, concurrent measurements are adopted to characterize the noise level within the signal. The characteristic changes of electromagnetic wave signals are caught using a damage index approach returning whether the defect can be detected sensitively or not. Different coupling conditions are used to let the guided electromagnetic waves propagate and interact with underlaying structure. The results show that this approach can be adopted for damage detection with a reasonable signal to noise ratio, especially when the waveguide is well coupled. In addition, both transmission and reflection loss can be monitored reliably.","PeriodicalId":189764,"journal":{"name":"2021 48th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation","volume":"130 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126657018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Coplanar Capacitive Sensing as a New Electromagnetic Technique for Non-Destructive Evaluation 共面电容感测作为一种新型电磁无损检测技术
2021 48th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation Pub Date : 2021-07-28 DOI: 10.1115/qnde2021-74739
farima abdollahi-mamoudan, S. Savard, C. Ibarra-Castanedo, T. Filleter, X. Maldague
{"title":"Coplanar Capacitive Sensing as a New Electromagnetic Technique for Non-Destructive Evaluation","authors":"farima abdollahi-mamoudan, S. Savard, C. Ibarra-Castanedo, T. Filleter, X. Maldague","doi":"10.1115/qnde2021-74739","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/qnde2021-74739","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Coplanar capacitive technique is a relatively novel electro-magnetic Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) method that could be applied to the evaluation of materials by moving a set of electrodes on the surface of the specimen. In addition to the design-related parameters such as electrode shape, size, and the separation distance between the main electrodes, the material of the specimen affects the coplanar capacitive probe performance. In this paper, a 3D Finite Element Modeling (FEM) was employed to assess and identify the electric field behaviour as a function of material under test for non-conducting and conducting specimens with/without defect. Physical experiments were carried out by a pair of rectangular coplanar electrodes on an aluminium specimen with surface defects covered by a 5 mm thick plexiglass insulation layer to verify the simulation results and evaluate the performance of the probe. A good qualitative agreement was observed between the numerical simulations and experimental results.","PeriodicalId":189764,"journal":{"name":"2021 48th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116158795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Linear and Nonlinear Analysis of Additively Manufactured Material With Different Porosity Induced by Varying Material Printing Speed Using Guided Acoustic Waves 利用导声波对不同打印速度下不同孔隙率增材材料的线性和非线性分析
2021 48th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation Pub Date : 2021-07-28 DOI: 10.1115/qnde2021-74686
Sehyuk Park, H. Alnuaimi, Anna Hayes, Madison Sitkiewicz, U. Amjad, K. Muralidharan, T. Kundu
{"title":"Linear and Nonlinear Analysis of Additively Manufactured Material With Different Porosity Induced by Varying Material Printing Speed Using Guided Acoustic Waves","authors":"Sehyuk Park, H. Alnuaimi, Anna Hayes, Madison Sitkiewicz, U. Amjad, K. Muralidharan, T. Kundu","doi":"10.1115/qnde2021-74686","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/qnde2021-74686","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Guided acoustic wave based techniques have been found to be very effective for damage detection, and both quantitative and qualitative characterization of materials. In this research, guided acoustic wave techniques are used for porosity evaluation of additively manufactured materials. A metal 3D printer, Concept Laser Mlab 200 R Cusing™, is used to manufacture 316L additively manufactured (AM) stainless steel specimens. Two levels of porosity are investigated in this study, which was controlled by a suitable combination of scan speed and laser power. The sample with lower level of porosity is obtained with a low scanning speed. Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) transducers are used to generate guided acoustic waves. The signal is excited and propagated through the specimens in a single sided transmission mode setup. Signal processing of the recorded signals for damage analysis involves both linear and nonlinear analyses. Linear ultrasonic parameters such as the time-of-flight and magnitude of the propagating waves are recorded. The nonlinear ultrasonic parameter, the Sideband Peak Count Index (SPC-I) is obtained by a newly developed nonlinear analysis technique. Results obtained for both specimens are analyzed and compared using both linear and nonlinear ultrasonic techniques. Finally, the effectiveness of SPC-I technique in monitoring porosity levels in AM specimens is discussed.","PeriodicalId":189764,"journal":{"name":"2021 48th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116558061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Preliminary Acoustic Study of 3D Localization of Buried Polyethylene Pipe 埋地聚乙烯管道三维定位的初步声学研究
2021 48th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation Pub Date : 2021-07-28 DOI: 10.1115/qnde2021-74945
William Xerri, G. Saracco, G. Gassier, Laurent Zomero, P. Picon
{"title":"Preliminary Acoustic Study of 3D Localization of Buried Polyethylene Pipe","authors":"William Xerri, G. Saracco, G. Gassier, Laurent Zomero, P. Picon","doi":"10.1115/qnde2021-74945","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/qnde2021-74945","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Acoustic waves are commonly used to locate buried polyethylene pipes. In this preliminary study we are particularly interested in pipes depth. To obtain depth information we are moving towards a multi-sensor solution. Several estimators are implemented and tested on real data. A depth estimator according to the relative delays between sensors is proposed. We compare two relative delays estimators : the method using the cross-correlation and the one using the coherence function. We will verify on real measurements that the second method is much more efficient than the first one. Before discussing the results we will present another approach which consists in adapting the MUSIC (MUltiple SIgnals Classification) algorithm to our problem.","PeriodicalId":189764,"journal":{"name":"2021 48th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131134894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Development of a Convolutional Neural Network Assisted Fiber Optics Based Passive Structural Health Monitoring System 基于卷积神经网络辅助光纤的被动结构健康监测系统的研制
2021 48th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation Pub Date : 2021-07-28 DOI: 10.1115/qnde2021-75192
Ainulla Khan, K. Balasubramaniam
{"title":"Development of a Convolutional Neural Network Assisted Fiber Optics Based Passive Structural Health Monitoring System","authors":"Ainulla Khan, K. Balasubramaniam","doi":"10.1115/qnde2021-75192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/qnde2021-75192","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The continuous Non-Destructive Evaluation of assets for long-term assurance of performance has led to several developments over the deployment of a Real-Time Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) system. Considering the challenges involved under the implementation of an SHM system for the applications working under harsh environmental conditions with limited access to power sources this work is aimed to contribute towards overcoming those challenges by using the noise from the structure’s machinery or any ambient source as an alternative energy source and employing Fiber Optics based sensing, for its applicability under harsh environments. The required SHM system is realized with the cross-correlation of a fully diffused noise field, sensed using the Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors at two random locations. With no control on the input received as noise, to this end, a method is developed based on a Deep Learning framework, which is aimed towards a Universal Deployment of the passive SHM system. The methodology is designed to perform the health monitoring of the system, independent of the input perturbations. The validation performed on simulation data has demonstrated the feasibility of the developed technique towards the required kind of passive SHM system.","PeriodicalId":189764,"journal":{"name":"2021 48th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133969553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Non-Destructive Tests for the Assessment of R.C. Buildings 钢筋混凝土建筑物无损检测评定
2021 48th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation Pub Date : 2021-07-28 DOI: 10.1115/qnde2021-74922
M. Diaferio, M. Vitti
{"title":"Non-Destructive Tests for the Assessment of R.C. Buildings","authors":"M. Diaferio, M. Vitti","doi":"10.1115/qnde2021-74922","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/qnde2021-74922","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 During the recent decades, the use of non-destructive tests has reached greater attention due to its high versatility and the possibility of extending the investigations on a great number of points. On the other side, the existence of a wide building stock realized in reinforced concrete, which is reaching the end of its service life, has increased the research on the assessment of their safety level.\u0000 In this field, one of the most important parameters for r.c. structure is the concrete compressive strength, which “classically” is evaluated by means of compression tests on drilled cores. However, usually the extension of such procedure to a high number of points is quite difficult due to logistic and economic reasons. The use of non-destructive tests may overcome these limits, but still needs further investigations to improve the calibration process of the relationship between the acquired data and the compressive strength. The present paper deals with this issue and discusses the results of the investigations on r.c. buildings in Bari (Italy) which make use of both destructive and non-destructive tests. The data are analyzed by considering several test scenarios and by evaluating the variability of parameters related to the calibration process.","PeriodicalId":189764,"journal":{"name":"2021 48th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation","volume":"126 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124449725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Results of a Virtual Round Robin Study to Estimate Probability of Detection for Dissimilar Metal Welds 估算不同金属焊缝检测概率的虚拟循环研究结果
2021 48th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation Pub Date : 2021-07-28 DOI: 10.1115/qnde2021-75055
R. Meyer, Aimee E. Holmes, Romarie Morales, I. Virkkunen, T. Seuaciuc-Osório, B. Lin
{"title":"Results of a Virtual Round Robin Study to Estimate Probability of Detection for Dissimilar Metal Welds","authors":"R. Meyer, Aimee E. Holmes, Romarie Morales, I. Virkkunen, T. Seuaciuc-Osório, B. Lin","doi":"10.1115/qnde2021-75055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/qnde2021-75055","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper presents efforts to overcome challenges with empirical probability of detection (POD) estimations in the nuclear power industry through the utilization of a novel virtual flaw method. A virtual round robin (VRR) study was conducted under the Program for Investigation Of NDE by International Collaboration (PIONIC), organized by the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) utilizing data generated by the virtual flaw method. Analysis of results from the VRR was performed by teams from Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), and Aalto University.\u0000 Empirically derived POD estimations are presented, and challenges associated with obtaining these estimations are discussed. The virtual flaw method is introduced and some details of its implementation for the VRR activity are described. Results from POD analysis of the VRR data by PNNL, EPRI, and Aalto University are presented and a discussion regarding differences in analysis results is provided. Finally, potential future efforts to improve the application of the virtual flaw method and its estimation of POD are discussed.","PeriodicalId":189764,"journal":{"name":"2021 48th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125950135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Research on Key Technologies of Precise Measurement of Geographic Coordinates of Subsea Pipelines 海底管道地理坐标精确测量关键技术研究
2021 48th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation Pub Date : 2021-07-28 DOI: 10.1115/qnde2021-74931
Li Jian, Wang Jialin, Zhao Jianyuan, L. Mingze, Huang Xinjing
{"title":"Research on Key Technologies of Precise Measurement of Geographic Coordinates of Subsea Pipelines","authors":"Li Jian, Wang Jialin, Zhao Jianyuan, L. Mingze, Huang Xinjing","doi":"10.1115/qnde2021-74931","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/qnde2021-74931","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 With the continuous increase of offshore oil and gas exploitation activities, the number of subsea pipelines is becoming larger and larger, which leads to frequent occurrence of subsea pipeline accidents. Long-term safe operation of subsea pipelines can be ensured by regular defect detection. The premise of locating and disposing defects is to accurately measure the geographic coordinates of subsea pipelines. Our research group has put forward a kind of pipeline spherical internal detector (SD), which has the advantages of convenient implementation, low risk to jam. For the SD, this paper has carried out research on the key technology of precise measurement of subsea pipelines’ geographic coordinates using the internal magnetic fields. The main work is as follows:\u0000 (1) Magnetic tensor invariant calibration method for magnetometer array has been studied and L-M algorithm is taken to solve the parameters, which is efficient and accurate. Field calibration experiment has proved this method is effective and has good robustness.\u0000 (2) A new method of measuring pipeline’s pitch angle is proposed. Under the experimental condition of using AC servo motor to drive the sensor instead of the SD to rotate, the pitch angle measurement error is less than 0.2°.\u0000 (3) Magnetic anomaly of spiral weld and buckling pipeline are used as new mark points to calibrate the geographic coordinates of subsea pipelines. Experimental results show that the newly designed SD can successfully identify spiral welds and buckling pipeline.","PeriodicalId":189764,"journal":{"name":"2021 48th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129531311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
0
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
确定
请完成安全验证×
相关产品
×
本文献相关产品
联系我们:info@booksci.cn Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。 Copyright © 2023 布克学术 All rights reserved.
京ICP备2023020795号-1
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:481959085
Book学术官方微信