Nematology最新文献

{"title":"Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker-assisted breeding of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora for improvement of reproductive potential and stress tolerance","authors":"Christopher Ogaya, Michelle Ann B. Diano, Innocent Hategekimana, Verena Dörfler, Carlos Molina, Ralf-Udo Ehlers","doi":"10.1163/15685411-bja10307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685411-bja10307","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The entomopathogenic nematode (EPN), Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, is an efficient biological control agent against several economically important insect pests. Recent research has assessed the possibility to correlate desired beneficial traits with genotype data to pave a way for marker-assisted breeding approaches. A collection of H. bacteriophora WT inbred lines has been phenotyped in this framework for stress- and virulence-related traits. However, these traits are rarely combined in a single line. Thus, unifying these traits in commercial strains is of high priority. This investigation unified beneficial traits in hybrid pools through marker-assisted breeding using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with reproductive potential, longevity, virulence and cold tolerance. Recombinant inbred lines (RILs) generated from a cross between a stress tolerant WT inbred line (XX21) and a line high in in vitro reproduction potential (IL3) were genotyped via SeqSNP and screened for SNP markers associated with beneficial traits. Thereafter, a genotypic pool (X21L3) comprising 22 ILs was formed. The X21L3 pool was subsequently evaluated for the target traits in comparison with the cross parents and a commercial strain HB4. An improvement of oxidative stress tolerance at 2°C (cold tolerance) was recorded with X21L3 surviving 1 day longer than the best performing parent (XX21). The hybrid pool also survived 1 day longer than the least performing parent IL3 for the trait longevity at 25°C under oxidative stress conditions. A higher dauer juvenile (DJ) recovery (58%) and DJ yield (209 000 DJ ml−1) than the least performing parent XX21 was recorded for the pool. The storage stability in diatomaceous earth formulation at 2°C and 7.5°C was also improved by 2 and 5 days, respectively, in comparison to the least performing parent XX21. This study depicts the potential of precision marker-assisted breeding for beneficial trait improvement of H. bacteriophora.","PeriodicalId":18928,"journal":{"name":"Nematology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139860222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Description of Deladenus tonekabonensis sp. n. from Iran with a key to species","authors":"F. Aliramaji, A. Taheri, E. Shokoohi","doi":"10.1163/15685411-bja10306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685411-bja10306","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Deladenus tonekabonensis sp. n. was isolated from dried wood of the Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima) from the Sehezar forests in Tonekabon city in Mazandaran Province. The new species is characterised by a body length of 655 (561-777) and 592 (488-735) μm for mycetophagous females and males, respectively, a short stylet (7.5-8.8 μm) with three knobs backward. Lateral field with ten incisures, and an excretory pore toward the anterior part of the neck, located at 27.5 (22.0-35.5) and 28.0 (21.0-38.0) μm from the anterior end of the mycetophagous females and males, respectively. The distance of the excretory pore to the hemizonid is 66.0 (59.0-71.0) and 61.0 (57.0-67.5) μm for the mycetophagous females and males, respectively. Adults have a long overlapping dorsal pharyngeal gland, lacking a post-uterine sac (PUS), and in some specimens a very short post-uterine sac, 2.4-5.1 μm long, and a conical tail, narrowing towards the tail tip. Males are frequent with slender tylenchoid spicules and a leptoderan bursa reaching the tail tip. Molecular phylogenetic analyses based on 28S rDNA placed the new species close to Deladenus and Anguillonema species in a clade with 0.99 posterior probability support. The measurements, line illustration and light microphotographs are given for the new species.","PeriodicalId":18928,"journal":{"name":"Nematology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139599146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sensitivity of stubby root nematodes (Trichodorus and Paratrichodorus spp.) to isothiocyanates associated with Brassicaceae in an in vitro assay","authors":"Nyambura G. Mwangi, Mark Stevens, Alistair Jd Wright, S. Edwards, Martin C. Hare, M. Back","doi":"10.1163/15685411-bja10302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685411-bja10302","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Brassicas contain glucosinolates (GSLs), which are converted into different isothiocyanates (ITCs) that possess biocidal activity. These different ITCs result in a range of toxicities to various target species. Laboratory assays were conducted to evaluate the sensitivity of stubby root nematodes (SRN), Trichodorus and Paratrichodorus spp., to three pure, commercially available ITCs, i.e., 2-phenylethyl (PEITC), allyl (AITC) and sulforaphane (SITC) at different concentrations (1.625, 3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25 and 50 μg ml−1). The effect on nematode mobility was assessed after 24, 48 and 72 h. Mortality of SRN was assessed after 48 h incubation of the nematodes in distilled water post ITC treatment. Mortality for all ITCs at all tested concentrations was significantly higher than the controls, distilled water and 1% DMSO. Concentration and type of ITC had a significant effect on SRN mobility and mortality, whilst increase in exposure time did not significantly increase the immobility of SRN. The average 24 h ED50 (dose that resulted in 50% immobility) for SRN were 7, 5 and 44 μg ml−1, and the average LD50 (dose that resulted in 50% mortality) after 48 h recovery in distilled water was 7, 11 and 24.3 μg ml−1 for PEITC, AITC and SITC, respectively. SITC was significantly less potent compared to PEITC and AITC, which had LD50 values that were four times and two times lower, respectively. These results indicate the potential use of brassica associated with the tested ITC in the process of biofumigation for SRN suppression.","PeriodicalId":18928,"journal":{"name":"Nematology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139623850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Steinernema yirgalemense (Steinernematidae) to control Phlyctinus callosus and Phlyctinus xerophilus (Curculionidae)","authors":"Steffan P. Hansen, A. Malan, J. Haran, M. Dunn, P. Addison","doi":"10.1163/15685411-bja10305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685411-bja10305","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Considerable progress has been made in the surveying, taxonomy, screening, mass production and formulation of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) and their associated symbiotic bacteria in South Africa. Steinernema yirgalemense isolate 157-C is one of the most promising native EPN candidates with regards to virulence, its broad insect-host spectrum, and can be readily mass-produced and formulated into a commercial product. The banded fruit weevils, Phlyctinus callosus sensu stricto and Phlyctinus xerophilus, previously grouped together under the Phlyctinus callosus sensu lato species concept, are native entimine weevils of economic importance to deciduous fruit, grapevine and berries in the Western Cape province of South Africa. This study investigated potential differences in baseline susceptibility of larvae and pupae of the two weevil species to S. yirgalemense in laboratory screenings. The test arena used was 24-well bioassay plates, with an inoculation concentration of 200 infective juveniles (IJ) insect−1 for larvae and 100 IJ insect−1 for pupae. Infection was determined 48 h and 96 h after inoculation. Field-efficacy of S. yirgalemense, applied at a concentration of 60 IJ cm−2, against larvae of the two weevil species was determined in an ecologically relevant semi-field trial. In all cases in vitro mass-produced IJ of S. yirgalemense were used. No baseline differential susceptibility between P. callosus and P. xerophilus larvae was obtained in laboratory screenings. Phlyctinus pupae were approximately twice as susceptible compared to larvae, with significant differences between bioassay batches. Approximately 45% control of P. xerophilus larvae was obtained after 96 h of exposure to S. yirgalemense in the field, differing significantly from the control and P. callosus treatment. Low levels of Phlyctinus larval infection by native EPN (confirmed as Heterorhabditis bacteriophora from one P. xerophilus cadaver) occurred in both control and EPN treatment groups under field conditions.","PeriodicalId":18928,"journal":{"name":"Nematology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139444710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nematodes as bioindicators of soil health in different land uses in the São Francisco River Valley, Brazil","authors":"Larissa de B. Caixeta, J. V. D. L. D. Silva, Nancy Eunice Niño Castañeda, J. M. D. C. Castro, J. Cares","doi":"10.1163/15685411-bja10303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685411-bja10303","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Brazilian Caatinga is one of the most diverse, seasonally dry, tropical forests of the world and is threatened by strong land use pressure and poor protection. One way of understanding changes in the soil conditions caused by anthropogenic activities is using the nematode assemblages as potential bioindicators. This study analysed changes in nematode communities in three different types of land use (natural forest-CA, natural area with accumulation of salts-SS, and agricultural growing areas, such as cover crops-CC for cattle and fruit trees-IC) in the Caatinga, in the sub-median region of the São Francisco River Valley (SFRV), Pernambuco, northeastern Brazil. We recorded a total of 63 262 nematode individuals, representing 42 genera, belonging to 23 families. Nematode abundance, diversity and maturity indices were highest in the CC and lowest in the SS. Among the nematode trophic groups, bacterivores, omnivores + predators and plant parasites were significantly affected by type of land use. Different soil properties were related to the differences in taxonomic composition among the natural and agricultural areas, accounting for 26.6% of the total variation. In general, our results indicate that soil salinisation and desertification in the natural areas, as well as soils subjected to cover crops and fruit tree production, significantly influenced the composition of nematode communities in the São Francisco River Valley.","PeriodicalId":18928,"journal":{"name":"Nematology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138953765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nematode population dynamics and plant steaming effects on strawberry cultivars under organic field conditions in Florida","authors":"Clemen J. Oliveira, Natalia A. Peres, Johan Desaeger","doi":"10.1163/15685411-bja10304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685411-bja10304","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Demand for Florida organic strawberries has significantly increased in recent years, yet this industry is threatened by pests and pathogens that often come with transplants from out-of-state nurseries. Plant steaming has been explored as an alternative to reduce those threats in transplants. This study evaluated the yield performance of seven strawberry cultivars and their impact on nematode densities and plant vigour after steaming was applied to transplants imported from California during two growing seasons (2020-2021 and 2021-2022). The cultivars used were ‘Sensation® Florida127’, ‘Florida Brilliance’, ‘Florida Radiance’, ‘Winterstar™ FL 05-107’, ‘Florida Elyana’, ‘Strawberry Festival’ and ‘Florida Beauty’. Plant steaming reduced plant vigour only 4 weeks after transplanting. Nevertheless, no negative effect was observed in total fruit yield. Differences among cultivars were observed for plant vigour, total fruit yield and abundance of root-knot nematodes. The plant vigour of each cultivar depended on the time of the year, which varied significantly throughout the season. Cultivars ‘Sensation® Florida127’ and ‘Florida Radiance’ attained the highest total yield in both seasons. There was an effect of the cropping system in the nematode community, which increased the bacterivores but drastically reduced omnivores and ring nematodes over time. No effect of cultivar was observed in plant-parasitic nematode populations. The cultivar ‘Winterstar™ FL 05-107’ was an exception since Meloidogyne javanica population densities were significantly higher in ‘Winterstar™ FL 05-107’s experimental plots. Overall, transplant steaming shows the potential to be a component of an integrated pest and disease management programme for the success of sustainable and profitable yields","PeriodicalId":18928,"journal":{"name":"Nematology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138957866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genotypic markers associated with cold storage survival of the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora","authors":"Christopher Ogaya, Yohannes Moges, Verena Dörfler, Mike Barg, R. Ehlers, Carlos Molina","doi":"10.1163/15685411-bja10295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685411-bja10295","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Limited shelf life is a major constraint to successful commercialisation of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN), and to extend shelf life, dauer juveniles (DJ) are formulated and stored at low temperatures (4-8°C). We evaluated the cold storage potential of strains of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora formulated in diatomaceous earth at storage temperatures between 5 and 9°C. When assessing DJ decline to reach 75% survival (MT75) in the formulation for the respective temperatures, H. bacteriophora strain HB4 had the highest survival of 25 days at 9°C, while strain D2D6 survived longest at 8°C for 28 days. A set of 22 H. bacteriophora wild type inbred lines was then phenotyped for cold tolerance in water under oxidative stress in 70 mM H2O2 at 2°C. The MT50 (time to 50% survival) ranged from 11 to 23 days. The phenotypic data were correlated with the respective genotypic data, identifying four single nucleotide polymorphic (SNP) markers associated with cold tolerance. The survival of two lines (PT11 and IR11) with opposite extreme cold tolerance pheno- and genotypes was evaluated in diatomaceous earth formulation at 2°C with the cold tolerant IR11 surviving 3 days longer than PT11. Our study yields a set of valuable SNP markers employable in rapid genotyping of cold tolerance and tracking this trait during the breeding process.","PeriodicalId":18928,"journal":{"name":"Nematology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138599386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tylenchodoroides Gagarin, 2001 is a junior synonym of Oostenbrinkia Ali, Suryawanshi & Ahmed, 1971 (Dorylaimida, Aulolaimoididae)","authors":"R. Peña‐Santiago","doi":"10.1163/15685411-bja10298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685411-bja10298","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18928,"journal":{"name":"Nematology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138600941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Automated classification and tracking of microscopic holographic patterns of nematodes using machine learning methods","authors":"R. D. P. E. S. Ribeiro, A. Sobieranski, Elaine C.D. Gonçalves, Rafael C. Dutra, Aldo von Wangenheim","doi":"10.1163/15685411-bja10301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685411-bja10301","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Analysing nematode behaviour helps estimate biomechanical parameters for applications like cellular biology, pharmacology and cognitive neuroscience. Portable holographic platforms offer cost-effective, high-resolution, high-frame-rate, wide-field imaging compared to conventional microscopy. Holographic methods can reconstruct original shapes using numerical diffraction, although this is computationally expensive. However, video holography remains challenging due to the fast motion and overlapping of holograms when nematodes swim in crowded environments. In this work we address this problem by focusing on automated detection and tracking of nematodes in densely populated environments, using machine learning methods. The main advantage of our approach is to present an automated computational flow to detect and analyse the behaviour of live nematodes in video directly from the raw holographic signals, without the requirement of phase-recovering methods for diffraction. For this purpose, we developed a three-step CNN-based approach consisting of: i) nematode hologram detection; ii) temporal tracking; and iii) behavioural analysis based on mobility parameters. In terms of precision, the obtained results show that using a two-stage detector, the Faster R-CNN architecture with the ResNet18 model as a backbone, presented the best Mean Average Precision (mAP) score with 86% for correct classification. For tracking, the best performing algorithm was IoU with a HOTA, resulting in 62.42% when applied on the individually tagged nematodes, which is comparable to the best current generic multi-tracking approaches available over the literature. Our obtained results show that the use of a convolutional neural network approach associated with a classic tracking algorithm is a very suitable approach for nematode detection and behavioural analysis for biological assays directly from holograms, even in densely populated environments. The proposed approach has been presented as a promising solution for automated inspection of free-living nematode individuals.","PeriodicalId":18928,"journal":{"name":"Nematology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138599698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of cover crops on hatching of and root penetration by Heterodera glycines","authors":"Kamal Neupane, Guiping Yan","doi":"10.1163/15685411-bja10299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685411-bja10299","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The use of non-host cover crops can be a viable strategy for managing soybean cyst nematode (SCN) Heterodera glycines. Cover crops may affect SCN biology and reduce populations by acting as trap crops that promote the hatching and/or penetration by second-stage juveniles (J2) without supporting their development. Two growth chamber experiments were conducted to assess ten cover crops for their impacts on SCN hatching and penetration into the roots. For each experiment, with four replications per treatment, crops were planted in naturally-infested soil in two separate sets to be harvested 15 and 30 days after planting (DAP). SCN susceptible soybean ‘Barnes’ and non-planted natural soil (fallow) were used as controls. Faba bean ‘Petite’, a non-host of SCN, induced the greatest hatching among the cover crops and was statistically similar to soybean. Winter rye ‘ND Dylan’ also induced significant hatching compared to fallow. Root staining revealed that the highest number of J2 penetrated the faba bean roots at 15 DAP, followed by soybean and winter rye. While J2 penetrated all tested crops, they completed their development to become adult females only in soybean and turnip. Soybean cyst nematode development to adult females did not occur in faba bean, and the number of SCN inside the faba bean roots 30 DAP was significantly lower than at 15 DAP and also lower than in soybean. These results suggest that the faba bean affects SCN biology and has the greatest potential to act as a trap crop for managing SCN.","PeriodicalId":18928,"journal":{"name":"Nematology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138598226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}