Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry最新文献

{"title":"Multilevel risk and protective factors for self-harm, suicidal ideation and suicide attempt in adolescents.","authors":"Alison L Calear,Philip J Batterham,Aliza Werner-Seidler,Kate Maston,Michelle Torok,Bridianne O'Dea,Mark E Larsen,Helen Christensen","doi":"10.1111/jcpp.70024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.70024","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUNDBetter characterising risk and protective factors for suicidal distress and self-harm in adolescents may facilitate better targeting of interventions that address underlying vulnerabilities. However, few previous longitudinal studies have: (1) sufficient power to identify key risk and protective factors, (2) limited representativeness to the community and (3) accounted for multilevel factors (individual, family, community). This study aimed to assess prevalence and identify risk and protective factors for self-harm, suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in a large cohort of Australian adolescents.METHODSData from 4,122 adolescents from 134 Australian schools were collected as part of the Future Proofing Study, a prospective cohort study of adolescent mental health and wellbeing. Generalised linear mixed models were used to assess the effect of baseline mental health, lifestyle, social and school-level factors on self-harm, suicidal ideation and suicide attempt at 12-month follow-up.RESULTSAt 12-month follow-up, 17.7% of adolescents reported self-harming behaviour, 18.6% reported suicidal ideation and 3.0% reported a suicide attempt. In addition to mental health history, female and gender-diverse identities, LGBTQA+ identity and greater levels of prosocial behaviour were significantly associated with self-harm and suicidal ideation. Peer problems were associated with suicidal ideation and suicide attempt.CONCLUSIONSRates of suicidal distress and self-harm remain high in Australian adolescents. Reducing symptoms of depression, improving peer relationships, mitigating online bullying and providing social support for families may be suitable targets for future prevention and early intervention programs.","PeriodicalId":187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144769779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Competition between the positive youth development and the psychopathological system among adolescents: less vulnerability or more scarring?","authors":"Shunsen Huang,Hanning Lei,Zhengqian Yang,Xiaoxiong Lai,Xia Wang,Cai Zhang,Yun Wang","doi":"10.1111/jcpp.70015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.70015","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUNDThe alleviating effect of positive youth development (PYD) on psychopathological symptoms (PS) represents the less vulnerability hypothesis, while the damaging effect of PS on PYD represents the competitional hypothesis or the scar hypothesis. This study aims to explore which hypothesis is more dominant and which component of PYD plays the central role across developmental stages and environmental adversity.METHODTwo longitudinal waves of 40,473 Chinese adolescents (48.4% girls, Mage = 12.67 ± 2.28) were analysed via a cross-lagged network panel model.RESULTSThe results showed that competition indeed exists between the PYD and PS systems, while the alleviating effect of the PYD is greater than the damaging effect of the PS system, but less than the self-loop effect within the PS system. The PYD components with the most alleviating effects are self-esteem, emotion regulation and self-regulation. With adolescents maturing (early, middle and late adolescence), the alleviating effect surpasses the damaging effect and self-loop effect in the PS system. When adversity (low, moderate and high) increases in severity, the alleviating effect also surpasses the damaging effect and self-loop effect in the PS system. In addition, resilience plays a central role in alleviating the PS system only when adversity is high.CONCLUSIONSCompared with the scar hypothesis, the less vulnerability hypothesis showed a more powerful impact. Early and adversity-aimed interventions aimed at promoting adolescents' positive attributes are the most beneficial. The central PYD components should be treated as core targets in future intervention programs.","PeriodicalId":187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144769743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Youth psychotic experiences: psychometric evaluation and diagnostic associations of the CAPE-16 in adolescents from the Norwegian Mother, Mather and Child Cohort.","authors":"Viktoria Birkenæs,Pravesh Parekh,Laura Hegemann,Nora R Bakken,Evgeniia Frei,Piotr Jaholkowski,Olav B Smeland,Ezra Susser,Katrina M Rodriguez,Markos Tesfaye,Ole A Andreassen,Alexandra Havdahl,Ida E Sønderby","doi":"10.1111/jcpp.70007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.70007","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUNDAdolescent self-reported psychotic experiences are associated with mental illness and could help guide prevention strategies. Youth report substantially more experiences than adults. However, with large societal changes like the digital revolution and COVID-19 pandemic, existing questionnaires may no longer accurately capture youth experiences. We aimed to determine the ability of the CAPE-16 questionnaire in capturing psychotic experiences across contexts (biological sex and COVID-19 response) and generations, thereby validating important psychometric aspects of the tool in modern adolescents.METHODSWe used data from the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Study (MoBa), a population-based pregnancy cohort. Adolescents responded to the CAPE-16 questionnaire (n = 18,835). For a comparison between age groups, we included adult men from the parent generation who responded to the CAPE-9 (n = 28,793). We investigated the psychometric properties of CAPE-16 through confirmatory factor analyses, measurement invariance testing across biological sex, response before/during the COVID-19 pandemic, and generations (adolescents and fathers), and examined subscale and item-level associations with subsequent registry-based psychiatric diagnoses (average time between CAPE and last registry update: 3.68 ± 1.34 years).RESULTSOut of 18,835 adolescents, 33.2% reported lifetime psychotic experiences. We confirmed a three-factor structure (paranoia, bizarre thoughts, and hallucinations) and good subscale reliability (ω = .86 and .90). CAPE-16 scores were stable across biological sex and pandemic status. CAPE-9 response patterns were non-invariant across adolescents and adult men, with an item related to digital technology particularly prone to bias. CAPE-16 subscales were associated with subsequent psychiatric diagnoses, especially psychotic disorders.CONCLUSIONSCAPE-16 is a reliable measure of psychotic experiences across sex and a major societal stressor in adolescents. More frequent and distressing experiences increase the risk of subsequent psychiatric diagnoses. Different response patterns between adults and adolescents for items related to digital technology suggest differences in interpretation. Hence, certain items may benefit from revisions.","PeriodicalId":187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144778027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of social context information on neural face processing in youth with social anxiety disorder.","authors":"Anna-Lina Rauschenbach,Vera Hauffe,Jakob Fink-Lamotte,Brunna Tuschen-Caffier,Julian Schmitz","doi":"10.1111/jcpp.70026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.70026","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUNDSocial anxiety disorder (SAD) in youth is associated with significant psychosocial impairments; however, the cognitive and neural mechanisms that maintain it, particularly during childhood and adolescence, remain underexplored. Cognitive models emphasize the role of altered face processing, and neutral facial expressions may be perceived as threatening. Due to their ambiguous nature, contextual cues may play a particularly important role in interpretation.METHODSWe presented neutral child faces paired with social context information varying in valence (negative, neutral, positive) while continuous EEG was recorded. Subjective valence ratings and neural responses (P100, N170, and LPP) were assessed in children and adolescents aged 10-15 years with SAD (n = 53), clinical controls with specific phobias (SP; n = 41), and healthy controls (HC; n = 61).RESULTSOverall, context information affected both the subjective and neural responses to neutral faces in all children and adolescents, for example, more negative ratings for negatively contextualized faces. Further, participants with SAD generally rated all faces as more negative compared to HCs. Neurally, they showed lower N170 amplitudes compared to both control groups in response to all neutral faces, independent of the context valence. However, only younger children (aged 10-12 years) with SAD showed higher LPP amplitudes than younger HCs.CONCLUSIONSProcessing biases seem to be already present in children and adolescents with SAD, both at the subjective and neural level. Social context information influences neutral face processing but is independent of psychopathology. Future studies examining age effects are needed to investigate whether childhood reflects a particularly sensitive period for the development of processing biases.","PeriodicalId":187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144769739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The longitudinal role of sleep on self-harm during adolescence: A birth cohort study.","authors":"Michaela Pawley,Isabel Morales-Muñoz,Andrew P Bagshaw,Nicole K Y Tang","doi":"10.1111/jcpp.70018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.70018","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUNDSleep problems and self-harm during adolescence are both highly common and major public health concerns, yet the nature of their relationship remains poorly understood. This study examined the cross-sectional and long-term effects of several sleep phenotypes on self-harm and whether decision-making moderated this relationship.METHODSData was utilised from the Millennium Cohort Study (n = 10,477, Female = 5,314 [50.72%]) when individuals were approximately 9 months, 14 years and 17 years of age. Sleep variables available were measured at 14 years and included sleep duration on weekdays and weekends, social jetlag, sleep onset latency and night awakenings. Self-harm was measured at 14 and 17 years. The Cambridge Gambling Task assessed rational decision-making at 14 years.RESULTSCross-sectionally, shorter sleep duration on school days (AOR = 0.875; 95% CI = 0.820, 0.933; p < .001), longer sleep onset latency (AOR = 1.005; 95% CI = 1.002, 1.007; p < .001) and more frequent night awakenings (AOR = 1.140; 95% CI = 1.086, 1.197; p < .001) were significantly associated with self-harm at 14, even when controlling for demographic and clinical covariates. Longitudinal results indicated that shorter sleep duration on school days (AOR = 0.926; 95% CI = 0.874-0.982; p = .010), longer sleep onset latency (AOR = 1.003; 95% CI = 1.001-1.005; p = .008) and more frequent night awakenings (AOR = 1.090; 95% CI = 1.043-1.139; p < .001) also had a direct prospective effect on self-harm at 17 when controlling for demographic and clinical factors. Rational decision-making as measured by the Cambridge Gambling Task did not significantly contribute to this relationship.CONCLUSIONSThese findings highlight the prospective association between short sleep duration, increased sleep onset latency, fragmented sleep and self-harm during adolescence. Ensuring adolescents obtain enough good quality, uninterrupted sleep appears critical to prevent engagement with self-harm.","PeriodicalId":187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144769740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Issues for DSM 6 - an Alternative Model for Neurodevelopmental Disorders to enhance nosological validity and clinical utility.","authors":"Michele Poletti,Antonio Preti,Andrea Raballo","doi":"10.1111/jcpp.70017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.70017","url":null,"abstract":"The categorical diagnostic approach in the DSM-5 for Neurodevelopmental Disorders often reveals significant limitations, as high rates of comorbidity are common across conditions such as ADHD, autism spectrum disorder, and developmental coordination disorder. This co-occurrence aligns with a neuroconstructive dimensional perspective of neurodevelopment, which emphasizes the interconnectedness of cognitive, motor, and social impairments evolving throughout development. This perspective challenges modular and categorical views of neurodevelopmental phenotypic manifestations. Envisioning the DSM-6, a proposed dimensional Alternative Model for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (AMND) could integrate functioning severity and pathological traits, drawing inspiration from DSM-5 innovations, such as the Autism Spectrum Disorder severity levels. Such a model could facilitate nuanced profiling of individual strengths, needs, and developmental risks, accommodating both categorical and dimensional diagnostic approaches. This framework could also improve early identification of vulnerabilities to severe mental illnesses and clarify the developmental antecedents of adult-onset psychiatric conditions, offering pragmatic insights for clinical interventions and prognosis.","PeriodicalId":187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144777961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evocative effects of children's education-associated genetics on maternal parenting: results from the Norwegian mother, father and child cohort study.","authors":"Chloe Austerberry,Tetyana Zayats,Angelica Ronald,Elizabeth Corfield,Dinka Smajlagic,Alexandra Havdahl,Ole A Andreassen,Per Magnus,Pål R Njølstad,Mona Bekkhus,Pasco Fearon","doi":"10.1111/jcpp.70025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.70025","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUNDIt has long been hypothesized that increasing heritability with age of cognitive and educational performance is partly attributable to evocative gene-environment correlation. However, this hypothesis has not been widely tested.METHODSWe addressed this gap by examining whether children's education polygenic scores (PGSedu) were associated with maternal self-reported positive and literacy-focused parenting when children were 5 years old, and if evoked parenting differences mediated genetic effects on children's educational outcomes (mother-reported at 6-8 years of age), while controlling for parental PGSedu. We also investigated whether maternal reports of children's language at 5 years old were associated with parenting and mediated genetic effects on educational performance. These questions were addressed in a sample of 83,627 parent-offspring trios from the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study, a longitudinal population-based pregnancy cohort.RESULTSChildren's PGSedu were significantly associated with maternal literacy-focused (β = .03, 95% CI [0.01, 0.05], p = .021) but not positive parenting (β = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.05], p = .410), and literacy-focused parenting significantly mediated the effects of children's PGSedu on their educational performance (β = 0.01, 95% CI [1 × 10-3, 0.01], p = .023). Children's language was associated with maternal parenting and mediated the effects of children's PGSedu on their educational performance (β = 0.01, 95% CI [3 × 10-3, 0.02], p = .002).CONCLUSIONSThese findings support our hypotheses and suggest early language and parenting may be mechanisms implicated in the pathways from children's genetics to their educational outcomes.","PeriodicalId":187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144769742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impaired sensory-motor integration in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder during visual search.","authors":"Dongwei Li,Xiangsheng Luo,Chen Dang,Yuanjun Kong,Yiwen Li,Yu Zhu,Jing Huang,Yufeng Wang,Jialiang Guo,Li Sun,Yan Song","doi":"10.1111/jcpp.70004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.70004","url":null,"abstract":"OBJECTIVEAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder in school-age children. Abnormal sensory-motor integration, such as concurrent visuomotor selection, is a prominent feature of ADHD. However, underlying pathophysiological substrates of impaired sensory-motor integration in childhood ADHD remain unclear. Identifying neural markers of cognitive impairment in children with ADHD is vital for the early assisted diagnosis and the selection of intervention targets.METHODSWe collected electroencephalography (EEG) signals from 70 children with ADHD and 65 matched typically developing (TD) children while performing a visual search task. Oscillation-based multivariate pattern decoding was used to investigate visuomotor coordination during spatial attention.RESULTSCompared with TD children, children with ADHD showed impairments in accuracy, response time, and response time variability. Multivariate machine learning revealed that the ADHD group showed deficits in alpha (visual-related) and beta (motor-related) power-based decoding accuracy, indicating the impaired sensory orienting and motor preparation. Importantly, children with ADHD exhibited a delay between alpha and beta decoding, suggesting a deficit of concurrent visuomotor coordination. However, this visuomotor asynchrony was absent in TD children. Furthermore, the degree of visuomotor asynchrony between alpha and beta decoding was predictive of behavioral impairments and symptom severity in children with ADHD.CONCLUSIONSThese observations reveal that impaired concurrent visuomotor coordination might be a potential neural marker of impaired sensory-motor integration in children with ADHD, further advancing the understanding of cognitive deficits, and providing potential research directions for the early diagnosis and optimization of intervention in neurodevelopmental disorders.","PeriodicalId":187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144778024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parental income and psychiatric disorders from age 10 to 40: a genetically informative population study","authors":"Hans Fredrik Sunde, Espen Moen Eilertsen, Jonas Minet Kinge, Thomas H. Kleppesto, Magnus Nordmo, Avshalom Caspi, Terrie E. Moffitt, Fartein Ask Torvik","doi":"10.1111/jcpp.70022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.70022","url":null,"abstract":"BackgroundLower parental income is associated with more psychiatric disorders among offspring, but it is unclear if this association reflects effects of parental income (social causation) or shared risk factors (social selection). Prior research finds contradictory results, which may be due to age differences between the studied offspring.MethodsHere, we studied psychiatric disorders in the entire Norwegian population aged 10 to 40 years between 2006 and 2018 (<jats:italic>N</jats:italic> = 2,468,503). By linking tax registries to administrative health registries, we described prevalence rates by age, sex, and parental income rank. Next, we grouped observations into age groups (adolescence, ages 10–20 years; early adulthood, 21–30 years; adulthood, 30–40 years) and applied kinship‐based models with extended families of twins and siblings to decompose the parent–offspring correlation into phenotypic transmission, passive genetic transmission, and passive environmental transmission.ResultsWe found that lower parental income rank was associated with higher prevalence of nearly all psychiatric disorders, except for eating disorders, for both men and women at all ages from 10 to 40 years. Comparing the top with the bottom paternal income quartile, the prevalence ratio of any psychiatric disorder was 0.47 among 10‐year‐olds and decreased to 0.72 among 40‐year‐olds. The parent–offspring correlation was −.15 in adolescence, −.10 in early adulthood, and −.06 in adulthood. The kinship‐based models indicated that phenotypic transmission could account for 39% of the parent–offspring correlation among adolescents (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &lt; .001), but with no significant contribution in early adulthood (<jats:italic>p =</jats:italic> .181) or adulthood (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = .737). Passive genetic and environmental transmission contributed to the parent–offspring correlation in all age groups (all <jats:italic>p</jats:italic>'s &lt; .001).ConclusionsOur findings are consistent with a significant role of social causation during adolescence, while social selection could fully explain the parent–offspring correlation in adulthood.","PeriodicalId":187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144769877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Motor stereotypies in toddlers with and without autism: A transdiagnostic dimension.","authors":"Katarzyna Chawarska,Thomas V Fernandez,Anna Milgramm,Fred Volkmar,Mariana Torres-Viso,Kelly Powell,Angelina Vernetti,Suzanne Macari,Chelsea Morgan","doi":"10.1111/jcpp.70023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.70023","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUNDMotor stereotypies (MS) represent one of the transdiagnostic symptom dimensions identified by the NIMH Research Domain Criteria work group as relevant to psychopathology. MS are common in neurodevelopmental conditions, but they remain poorly understood, particularly in early childhood. The present study examined MS in 648 toddlers with autism spectrum disorder (autism, n = 455) and other neurodevelopmental conditions (non-autism, n = 193) and their concurrent and prospective links with other phenotypic characteristics.METHODSToddlers were recruited between February 2000 and October 2018 and evaluated at 24 +/- 5 months (Time 1, N = 648) and 41 +/- 6 months (Time 2, N = 455). The presence of MS was determined based on the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule assessment. The phenotypic measures included adaptive socialization skills, severity of social symptoms of autism, and verbal, nonverbal, and motor skills. The analysis was conducted using the general linear models while controlling for age, sex, visit year, group, and other relevant covariates.RESULTSMS were present in both groups, but were more common and intense in autism, and their prevalence did not vary by sex in either group. Regardless of group, MS was associated concurrently with higher social-affective symptoms [p < .001, η p 2 $$ {eta}_{mathrm{p}}^2 $$  = .034], lower socialization [p = .001, η p 2 $$ {eta}_{mathrm{p}}^2 $$  = .017], expressive language [p = .008, η p 2 $$ {eta}_{mathrm{p}}^2 $$  = .011], visual reception [p = .002, η p 2 $$ {eta}_{mathrm{p}}^2 $$  = .015], fine motor [p < .001, η p 2 $$ {eta}_{mathrm{p}}^2 $$  = .020] and gross motor [p < .001, η p 2 $$ {eta}_{mathrm{p}}^2 $$  = .032] scores, and prospectively with higher social-affective symptoms [p = .011, η p 2 $$ {eta}_{mathrm{p}}^2 $$  = .014], lower socialization [p = .039, η p 2 $$ {eta}_{mathrm{p}}^2 $$  = .009], and lower verbal scores [p < .014, η p 2 $$ {eta}_{mathrm{p}}^2 $$  = .013].CONCLUSIONSMotor stereotypies are present in toddlers with and without autism and may represent a distinct transdiagnostic dimension expressed early in development, associated with core developmental skills and, putatively, characterized by shared pathophysiology across neurodevelopmental conditions.","PeriodicalId":187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144769741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}