Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry最新文献

{"title":"Gaze behavior, facial emotion processing, and neural underpinnings: A comparison of adolescents with autism spectrum disorder and conduct disorder.","authors":"Antonia Tkalcec,Alessandro Baldassarri,Alex Junghans,Vithusan Somasundaram,Willeke M Menks,Lynn V Fehlbaum,Réka Borbàs,Nora Raschle,Gudrun Seeger-Schneider,Bettina Jenny,Susanne Walitza,David M Cole,Philipp Sterzer,Francesco Santini,Evelyn Herbrecht,Ana Cubillo,Christina Stadler","doi":"10.1111/jcpp.14172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.14172","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUNDFacial emotion processing deficits and atypical eye gaze are often described in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and those with conduct disorder (CD) and high callous unemotional (CU) traits. Yet, the underlying neural mechanisms of these deficits are still unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate if eye gaze can partially account for the differences in brain activation in youth with ASD, with CD, and typically developing youth (TD).METHODSIn total, 105 adolescent participants (NCD = 39, NASD = 27, NTD = 39; mean age = 15.59 years) underwent a brain functional imaging session including eye tracking during an implicit emotion processing task while parents/caregivers completed questionnaires. Group differences in gaze behavior (number of fixations to the eye and mouth regions) for different facial expressions (neutral, fearful, angry) presented in the task were investigated using Bayesian analyses. Full-factorial models were used to investigate group differences in brain activation with and without including gaze behavior parameters and focusing on brain regions underlying facial emotion processing (insula, amygdala, and medial prefrontal cortex).RESULTSYouth with ASD showed increased fixations on the mouth compared to TD and CD groups. CD participants with high CU traits tended to show fewer fixations to the eye region compared to TD for all emotions. Brain imaging results show higher right anterior insula activation in the ASD compared with the CD group when angry faces were presented. The inclusion of gaze behavior parameters in the model reduced the size of that cluster.CONCLUSIONSDifferences in insula activation may be partially explained by gaze behavior. This implies an important role of gaze behavior in facial emotion processing, which should be considered for future brain imaging studies. In addition, our results suggest that targeting gaze behavior in interventions might be potentially beneficial for disorders showing impairments associated with the processing of emotional faces. The relation between eye gaze, CU traits, and neural function in different diagnoses needs further clarification in larger samples.","PeriodicalId":187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144146039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Large-scale cohort studies in mental health research - strengths and limitations.","authors":"Isabel Morales-Muñoz","doi":"10.1111/jcpp.14176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.14176","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, the use of longitudinal studies in mental health research has grown, particularly in the United Kingdom. These studies provide numerous benefits and improvements in mental health research, such as facilitating the early detection of risk factors for mental health problems. Nevertheless, they also come with drawbacks, including their high financial costs and the complexity involved in their implementation. Although significant efforts have been made in the United Kingdom to fund large longitudinal cohorts for mental health research, most existing longitudinal cohort studies tend to cover a broad range of factors across large sample sizes, often providing only limited information on each individual factor. To address this, future longitudinal studies should prioritise more focused and in-depth evaluations of key variables and mechanisms, rather than broad but less detailed assessments. In other words, it is essential that future longitudinal studies are specifically designed to test well-defined hypotheses. Overall, this could play a major role in guiding the design of more precise and effective early interventions for mental health.","PeriodicalId":187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry","volume":"136 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144097752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Each unhappy family is unhappy in its own way† – a call for clearer conceptualization of adverse family factors in biosocial research on child and adolescent mental health problems","authors":"Lucres M.C. Jansen,&nbsp;Patty Leijten","doi":"10.1111/jcpp.14174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.14174","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Child and adolescent mental health problems stem from an interaction between biological and environmental factors. In the past decades, conceptualizations of genetic and neurobiological factors have become increasingly detailed. Development of our conceptualizations of environmental factors, in contrast, is lacking behind. Environmental adversity is usually conceptualized as one rather global factor, including, for example, both structural factors (e.g. poverty and racism) and psychosocial factors (e.g. parental violence or neglect). Or, as Chow et al. (2025) in this issue put it ‘There is not yet a consensus on the best way to conceptualise adverse childhood experience’. In this Editorial, we call for clearer, more specific conceptualizations of family adversity in biosocial research. This development is essential for unravelling the mechanisms that shape child and adolescent mental health problems.</p>","PeriodicalId":187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry","volume":"66 6","pages":"771-774"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jcpp.14174","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143925844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Childhood trauma, adolescent risk behaviours and cardiovascular health indices in the 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort.","authors":"Megan Bailey,Graeme Fairchild,Gemma Hammerton,Ina S Santos,Luciana Tovo-Rodrigues,Joseph Murray,Alicia Matijasevich,Sarah L Halligan","doi":"10.1111/jcpp.14173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.14173","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUNDChildhood trauma has been associated with increased risk of substance use and poor sleep, with these factors linked to subsequent poor cardiovascular health. However, there has been little longitudinal research exploring these associations in adolescence, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). To address this, we investigated longitudinal pathways from trauma to risk behaviours and cardiovascular health indices among adolescents in the 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort, Brazil.METHODSLifetime cumulative trauma was assessed via caregiver reports up to age 11, and combined adolescent/caregiver reports at ages 15 and 18. At age 18, current problematic alcohol use, smoking, illicit drug use and sleep duration were measured via self-report and resting heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) were assessed. We tested for trauma risk behaviour-HR/BP associations using multivariable regression, population attributable fractions and counterfactual mediation.RESULTSOf 4,229 adolescents (51.9% boys), 81.9% were trauma-exposed by age 18. Cumulative trauma up to ages 15 and 18 increased the odds of age 18 alcohol, smoking and drug use (adjusted ORs: 1.25-1.44). Sleep duration was unrelated to childhood trauma. Population attributable fractions indicated that childhood trauma explained ≥28% of age 18 substance use. Unexpectedly, greater trauma exposure was associated with lower resting HR and BP. Substance use partially mediated the effect of trauma on cardiovascular health indices.CONCLUSIONSTrauma is associated with substance use in LMIC adolescents. Prevention and intervention strategies targeting trauma are critical given this significant burden. Our finding that trauma predicts lower HR/BP warrants further exploration given well-established associations between trauma and poorer cardiovascular health in adulthood.","PeriodicalId":187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143893090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial: Beyond the usual suspects – broadening the scope of environmental influences in child and adolescent mental health research","authors":"Jasmin Wertz,&nbsp;Angelica Ronald","doi":"10.1111/jcpp.14165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.14165","url":null,"abstract":"<p>When we think about which environmental influences affect children and young people's mental health, answers that are ‘close to home’ tend to come to mind, such as relationships, screen time, bullying, stressful life events and poverty. These same factors are also often prioritised in child and adolescent mental health research. More distal factors receive less attention, such as the air we breathe, the materials in our built environment, and the cultural and social norms of the societies in which we live. These factors are embedded in the very structure of our built and social environments, but may be harder to ‘imagine’ as being important, perhaps because they feel less tangible. Findings in this issue of the journal highlight the relevance of these factors for child and adolescent mental health. This editorial will reflect on the importance of these findings and then turn to consider how physical and sociocultural factors can be better integrated in research on child and adolescent mental health, by incorporating novel data sources, diversifying samples and by capturing multiple levels of analysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry","volume":"66 5","pages":"609-611"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jcpp.14165","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143865965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research Review: Assessment of early‐life adversity and trauma – cumulative risk and dimensional approaches","authors":"Laura Machlin, Margaret A. Sheridan, Angelina Pei‐Tzu Tsai, Katie A. McLaughlin","doi":"10.1111/jcpp.14170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.14170","url":null,"abstract":"In this research review, we present approaches and recommendations for assessing early‐life adversity and childhood trauma aligned with two leading conceptual models of adversity: cumulative risk and dimensional models. We summarize the measurement implications of each conceptual model and common approaches for assessing early‐life adversity in studies utilizing each of these models. We consider other critical components in the assessment of early‐life adversity and trauma, including retrospective and prospective reporting, objective and subjective measurement, and caregiver and child reporting. Finally, we briefly summarize the existing interview and questionnaire measures that are widely used to assess early‐life adversity and trauma using both cumulative risk and dimensional approaches. This work suggests that there is greater heterogeneity in measures used to assess the dimensional model relative to those used to assess the cumulative risk model, which allows for more flexibility in the assessment of early‐life adversity. In addition, we observed that more detailed measures were available to assess experiences of threat compared to experiences of deprivation. Measures that assess adversity experiences in terms of frequency and severity across multiple dimensions of experience within a single measure are needed to facilitate consistent and reliable assessment of early‐life adversity and trauma, particularly when applying dimensional models.","PeriodicalId":187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143819000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The roles of parental verbal communication and child characteristics in the transmission and maintenance of social fears.","authors":"Selin Zeytinoglu,Lauren K White,Santiago Morales,Kathryn Degnan,Heather A Henderson,Koraly Pérez-Edgar,Daniel S Pine,Nathan A Fox","doi":"10.1111/jcpp.14169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.14169","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUNDAlthough social anxiety runs in families, little is known about how parents and children contribute to the intergenerational transmission of social fears. We examined whether mothers transfer social fear beliefs to their children through verbal communication and how children's behavioral inhibition and social anxiety contribute to this transmission. The associations of children's social fear beliefs with peer avoidance and interpretation bias were also examined.METHODSParticipants (N = 291, 54% female) were followed from toddlerhood to middle childhood. Behavioral inhibition was assessed at ages 2 and 3. At the 10-year assessment, mother-child dyads participated in a conversation task. Mothers received ambiguous information about hypothetical peers and then talked to their children about vignettes involving these peers. Mothers' positive and negative statements were coded. Prior to the conversation, dyads reported their own social fear beliefs. Post-conversation, children rated their social fear beliefs and completed symbolic peer avoidance and social interpretive bias tasks. Children self-reported their social anxiety.RESULTSMothers' positive statements mediated the paths from maternal social fear beliefs and behavioral inhibition to children's post-conversation social fear beliefs. Mothers' negative statements also mediated the link between mothers' fear beliefs and children's post-conversation fear beliefs, but only among children with heightened anxiety. Children's post-conversation social fear beliefs were, in turn, associated with children's peer avoidance and interpretation bias.CONCLUSIONSFindings suggest that maternal verbal communication serves as a mechanism in the relation between parent and child social fear beliefs, and children's fear beliefs, in turn, predict their symbolic peer avoidance and interpretative biases. Children with heightened anxiety were particularly impacted by their mothers' negative statements, whereas behavioral inhibition predicted fewer maternal positive statements. Targeting mothers' social fear beliefs and verbal communication patterns may help prevent the intergenerational transmission of social fear.","PeriodicalId":187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143822477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maternal caregiving moderates relations between maternal childhood maltreatment and infant cortisol regulation.","authors":"Miriam Chasson, Jennifer Khoury, Michelle Bosquet Enlow, Karlen Lyons-Ruth","doi":"10.1111/jcpp.14171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.14171","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Children of maltreated mothers are at increased risk for adverse physical and psychological health. Both prenatal and postnatal alterations in offspring biological stress systems have been proposed as mechanisms contributing to such transmission. The aim of the current study was to assess whether maternal postnatal care of the infant moderated any effect of maternal childhood maltreatment on infant cortisol output during a mild stressor at 4 months of age.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Participants included 181 mother-infant dyads, screened at recruitment to result in 57.4% reporting one or more forms of childhood maltreatment. Mothers were assessed for quality of caregiving, and infants were assessed for infant salivary cortisol output during the Still-Face Paradigm at infant age 4 months. Maternal childhood maltreatment was assessed using the Maltreatment and Abuse Chronology of Exposure (MACE) self-report scales.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Greater severity of maternal childhood neglect interacted with higher levels of maternal disoriented caregiving to predict higher infant cortisol output over the course of the Still-Face Paradigm. In contrast, maternal childhood abuse interacted with higher levels of maternal negative-intrusion to predict lower infant cortisol output. Greater maternal role confusion was linked to greater infant cortisol output regardless of maternal maltreatment history.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Maternal caregiving may moderate the effects of risk factors existing prior to the infant's birth. Disoriented caregiving in the context of maternal childhood neglect and negative-intrusive behavior in the context of maternal childhood abuse were associated with opposite directions of effect on infant stress hormone output. The results suggest that interventions addressing risks from both prenatal and postnatal periods may be most effective in mitigating intergenerational effects of maltreatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143802046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Complex, low-intensity, individualised naturalistic developmental behavioural intervention in toddlers and pre-schoolers with autism spectrum disorder: The multicentre, observer-blind, parallel-group randomised-controlled A-FFIP trial.","authors":"Christine M Freitag, Marietta Kirchner, Lukas D Sauer, Solveig K Kleber, Leonie Polzer, Naisan Raji, Christian Lemler, Ulrike Fröhlich, Tomasz Jarczok, Julia Geissler, Franziska Radtke, Melanie Ring, Veit Roessner, Regina Taurines, Michelle Noterdaeme, Karoline Teufel, Ziyon Kim, Janina Kitzerow-Cleven","doi":"10.1111/jcpp.14162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.14162","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Naturalistic developmental behavioural interventions (NDBI) may improve social communication in toddlers/pre-school aged children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Here, we study efficacy of the low-intensity, complex NDBI 'Frankfurt Early Intervention Program for ASD' (A-FFIP) over 1 year by a confirmatory phase-III, prospective, randomised, controlled, parallel-group study with two treatment arms over four centres.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Main inclusion criteria: ASD (DSM-5), age 24-66 months, developmental quotient >30.</p><p><strong>Intervention: </strong>Manualised A-FFIP intervention. Control intervention: Early intervention as usual (EIAU).</p><p><strong>Primary outcome: </strong>Change in core ASD symptoms from baseline (T2) to immediate intervention endpoint at 12 months (T6) based on the blindly rated Brief Observation for Communication Change (BOSCC) total score.</p><p><strong>Statistical analysis: </strong>Mixed model for repeated measures with covariates baseline BOSCC-total, chronological age and centre.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Between July 2018 and October 2021, N = 134 children with ASD were randomly allocated to intervention (A-FFIP: n = 68, EIAU: n = 66). Groups did not differ at baseline, with a mean age of 49 (SD 10) months, a mean developmental age of 23.3 (SD 13.6) months and 26 (19.4%) females. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic interfered severely with trial procedures. Intention-to-treat analysis in the primary analysis set, with at least one postbaseline BOSCC measure (A-FFIP n = 64, EIAU n = 60), did not find differences in the primary outcome by group (adjusted ES -0.06, 95% CI to -0.24 to 0.11). SARS-CoV2-related lockdown led to less improvement across groups. Secondary outcomes showed stronger improvements in parent-rated repetitive behaviour as well as parent- and teacher-rated executive functions for A-FFIP versus EIAU. Adverse events were comparable between groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The manualised NDBI program A-FFIP, which allows individually targeting six core basic abilities and five developmental domains related to longitudinal development in ASD, did not improve social communication, cognitive or behavioural outcomes beyond EIAU after 1 year, but may improve repetitive behaviour and executive function.</p>","PeriodicalId":187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143707933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex differences and implications in outcome in children and adolescents at clinical high risk for psychosis.","authors":"Jordina Tor, Inmaculada Baeza, Xavier Alvarez-Subiela, Marta Rodriguez-Pascual, Daniel Muñoz-Samons, Anna Sintes-Estevez, Elena de la Serna, Olga Puig, Gisela Sugranyes, Daniel Ilzarbe, Josep Maria Haro, Montserrat Dolz","doi":"10.1111/jcpp.14148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.14148","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Sex differences have been identified in young adults along the psychosis continuum, but studies in children and adolescents are scarce. This study aimed to evaluate possible sex differences in clinical characteristics and outcomes in children and adolescents with clinical high risk for psychosis (CHR).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A naturalistic longitudinal cohort study assessed sociodemographics, CHR symptoms, functioning, and mood at baseline and at 18 months' follow-up in 221 CHR participants (154 females and 67 males) and 159 controls (93 females and 66 males). Regression analyses were performed to test baseline differences, and multinominal regression was used to test the implication of sex in outcome.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Despite initial pairwise differences in attenuated positive symptoms, regression analyses failed to show sex differences in CHR symptoms when control group was added to the analyses. The interaction between sex and group significantly predicted depressive symptoms (B = -2.907, p = .040, 95% CI: [-5.681, -0.133]) and caffeine use lifetime (OR = 0.36, 95% CI: [0.138, 0.924], p = .034). A significant interaction between age and sex showed that the older the age in females, the greater the probability of non-remission of CHR at follow-up, as compared to males (B = 0.338, IC 95%: [0.123, 0.933], p = .036), but no relevant associations with sex were found in psychosis outcome.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>No sex-related differences in CHR symptoms were observed in a CHR children and adolescent population. Outcomes related to non-remission of CHR state in older females could reflect the greater prevalence of psychosis-like experiences in adolescent females. These results invite us to reconsider the usefulness of the current CHR criteria in young populations, especially if we do not take into account a gender perspective and how age might affect it.</p>","PeriodicalId":187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143717815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}