Mutation research. Genetic toxicology and environmental mutagenesis最新文献

{"title":"What are the effects of whole blood storage conditions on comet assay in terms of DNA damage and repair?","authors":"Eren Ozcagli ,&nbsp;Esma Soylemez Yesilcimen ,&nbsp;Gulden Zehra Omurtag","doi":"10.1016/j.mrgentox.2025.503851","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mrgentox.2025.503851","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The comet assay is a rapid, simple and sensitive method for the detection of DNA damage and repair at the level of individual cells, with a wide range of applications in human biomonitoring and molecular epidemiology. It is common practice to perform the comet assay on fresh samples to preserve the integrity of the DNA and to obtain reliable results, which is why most published studies have been designed using fresh blood samples. There are limitations associated with the use of fresh samples for this assay and the need for appropriate storage for some studies. The aim of this study was to determine changes in DNA damage and DNA repair kinetics during medium- and long-term storage of human whole blood (WB) samples without adding cryopreservatives. Whole blood samples were divided into small portions and tested after overnight storage at + 4 °C. Frozen samples were stored at −20 and −80 °C for 3 different time points: 30, 90 and 180 days. Frozen samples were compared with fresh samples stored at + 4 °C in terms of DNA damage and repair. For WB samples stored at −80 °C, showed an increase in purine base damage (PBD) and DNA repair alterations were determined while no increase in basal DNA damage was observed. According to the results of our study, storage of WB samples for comet assay in small portions at −20 °C for up to 90 days does not cause any additional damage and does not cause any alter DNA repair kinetics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18799,"journal":{"name":"Mutation research. Genetic toxicology and environmental mutagenesis","volume":"902 ","pages":"Article 503851"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143152750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of polystyrene nanoplastics on human lymphocytes: A comprehensive analysis","authors":"Ahmet Ali Berber ,&nbsp;Nihan Akinci Kenanoğlu ,&nbsp;Şefika Nur Demi̇r ,&nbsp;Hüseyin Aksoy","doi":"10.1016/j.mrgentox.2025.503850","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mrgentox.2025.503850","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A growing amount of plastic waste is finding its way into natural ecosystems as a result of the widespread usage of plastics in modern society. These wastes degrade physically and biologically over time, transforming into microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs). MPs and NPs emissions from the terrestrial environment then mix with rivers and eventually the seas, forming garbage. The cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of 50 nm polystyrene nanoplastics (PsNP) on human lymphocytes were assessed using the in vitro mitotic index (MI), micronucleus (MN), and comet assays. Both 24 and 48-h applications were performed for MI, and it was determined that 50 nm PsNP provided a statistically significant decrease in MI compared to the control at all concentrations and application times (except 0.001 and 0.1 μg/mL at 24 h). According to the MN test results, the MN frequency increased significantly at all concentrations when compared to the negative control. In the comet test, a statistically significant increase of comet tail length was observed at 0.001, 10 and 100 μg/mL concentration with 50 nm PsNP exposure. Tail moment also showed a statistically significant increase at the lowest concentration of 0.001 μg/mL and the highest concentration of 1, 10, 100 μg/mL compared to the negative control. All test results show that PsNP has both genotoxic and cytotoxic potential.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18799,"journal":{"name":"Mutation research. Genetic toxicology and environmental mutagenesis","volume":"902 ","pages":"Article 503850"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143152747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of luteolin in modulation of acrylamide-induced genotoxicity and apoptosis in embryonic fibroblast cells","authors":"Burcu Keskin ,&nbsp;Banu Orta-Yilmaz ,&nbsp;Yasemin Aydin","doi":"10.1016/j.mrgentox.2025.503853","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mrgentox.2025.503853","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Acrylamide (Acr) is generated through cooking techniques such as frying and roasting, commonly employed in food preparation. The consumption of Acr is unavoidable due to its prevalence in frequently consumed food products. Awareness of the detrimental consequences of Acr has prompted researchers to undertake experiments aimed at mitigating these effects. Flavonoids, the secondary metabolites of plants, have been researched for their antioxidant properties. Luteolin (Lut) exhibits higher antioxidant potency compared to many other flavonoids and has also shown strong DNA-protective properties in the previous research. The study involved the administration of Acr (0.5, 1, and 2 mM) and Lut (10 µM) to Balb/c 3T3 embryonic fibroblast cells for 24 h. The cytotoxic effect of Acr and Lut on 3T3 embryonic fibroblast cells was assessed using cell viability and lactate dehydrogenase assays. Furthermore, the propidium iodide/Hoechst double fluorescence staining technique was employed to illustrate the apoptotic consequences. The genotoxicity of Acr and the cytoprotective properties of Lut against this genotoxicity were evaluated using cytokinesis-blocking micronucleus analysis and the comet test. The analysis of the results revealed that exposure of embryonic fibroblast cells to Acr concentrations led to a significant reduction in cell viability, along with an elevation in lactate dehydrogenase enzyme levels, an increase in the frequency of micronuclei, and the formation of comets. Additionally, Lut has been shown to suppress both cytotoxicity and genotoxicity when used in combination with Acr. Consequently, it has been revealed that Lut has ameliorative effects on genotoxicity caused by Acr.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18799,"journal":{"name":"Mutation research. Genetic toxicology and environmental mutagenesis","volume":"902 ","pages":"Article 503853"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143152751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comparative analysis of select P450 enzymes in uninduced and PB/BNF-induced hamster and rat liver S9","authors":"Kristie Evans ,&nbsp;Slaydon Boitnotte ,&nbsp;Errol Zeiger ,&nbsp;Jennifer Cheung ,&nbsp;Anthony Lynch","doi":"10.1016/j.mrgentox.2025.503855","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mrgentox.2025.503855","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The assessment of potentially carcinogenic <em>N</em>-nitrosamine impurities in drugs has become crucial for the pharmaceutical industry to ensure public safety. The <em>in vitro</em> Ames test, which uses rat or hamster liver S9 for metabolic activation, is an important component of regulatory test batteries for assessing mutagenicity and has been the traditional method for assessing the potential mutagenicity of chemicals, including <em>N</em>-nitrosamines. This test, however, has shown inconsistencies with some <em>N</em>-nitrosamines, raising concerns about the liver S9's ability to activate <em>N</em>-nitrosamines to their proximate mutagens. Assays from Vivid® CYP450 Screening Kits and the 7-benzyloxyquinoline assay were used to measure substrate activities of P450 enzymes involved in <em>N</em>-nitrosamine metabolism in rat and hamster liver S9. Both uninduced and induced rat and hamster liver S9 preparations were used. The results provide a comparative assessment of the metabolic competency of the rodent S9s to metabolize <em>N</em>-nitrosamines to their mutagenic forms. Hamster S9 consistently showed increased CYP activity compared to rat S9 under the same conditions. Induced rat S9 also displayed relatively high conversion levels, with the greatest increase in 7-benzyloxyquinoline conversion (CYP3A-like activity) over uninduced (15.7-fold). The highest increase observed with induced hamster S9 was for CYP2A6-like activity which was induced over 7.8-fold and was ∼60-fold higher in induced hamster S9 compared to induced rat S9. These results demonstrate that both rat and hamster S9 contain relevant P450 enzyme activities for <em>N</em>-nitrosamine bioactivation, but hamster S9 is recommended for nitrosamine <em>in vitro</em> tests due to its overall higher P450 activity levels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18799,"journal":{"name":"Mutation research. Genetic toxicology and environmental mutagenesis","volume":"902 ","pages":"Article 503855"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143395970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low dose X-radiation induced DNA damage and its association with Glandular dose in women undergoing mammography","authors":"Jivantika Daya Thejas ,&nbsp;Sanjna Vinod ,&nbsp;Divya K. Mohan ,&nbsp;Bhawna Dev ,&nbsp;Jai Prakash Srinivasan ,&nbsp;Venkateswarlu Raavi ,&nbsp;Venkatachalam Perumal","doi":"10.1016/j.mrgentox.2025.503856","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mrgentox.2025.503856","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mammography is a widespread X-ray-based tool used for screening as well as early diagnosis of certain diseases related to breast tissue. However, the use of X-rays in mammography raised concern as a series of low-dose radiation exposures received during this procedure might increase health risks similar to high doses of acute exposure. To understand the effects of low-dose X-irradiation, blood samples were drawn from healthy volunteers (n = 5), X-irradiated <em>in vitro</em> with a dose similar to that obtained during mammography (2.5–3 mGy/plane), and also from women undergoing digital breast tomosynthesis imaging (before and after 1–2 h) (n = 18) were used as models. The level of induced DNA damage was determined using γ-H2AX foci and micronucleus (MN) formation in blood lymphocytes. In the <em>in vitro</em> irradiated samples, the mean γ-H2AX foci frequency in unirradiated control was 0.12 ± 0.03, and in irradiated samples was 0.25 ± 0.02 (p &lt; 0.0001). A similar increase in mean γ-H2AX foci frequency of 0.13 ± 0.01 and 0.21 ± 0.05 was observed before and after mammography imaging respectively (p &lt; 0.0001). A similar trend was observed for <em>in vitro</em> MN where the frequency was 0.0008 ± 0.0008 in unirradiated control and 0.0046 ± 0.0018 in irradiated samples (p &lt; 0.01). Whereas, a heterogeneous increase in MN frequency was observed in women who underwent mammography (p &lt; 0.001). Pearson correlation revealed a strong correlation between Average Glandular Dose (AGD) and γ-H2AX frequency (r²=0.7820) and a weak correlation between AGD and MN frequency (r²=0.0008). The present study suggests that the low doses of radiation from mammography imaging have the potential to induce early DNA damage and residual DNA damage observed until 72 h post-exposure; it might result in an increased risk for stochastic health effects during their lifetime<em>.</em></div></div>","PeriodicalId":18799,"journal":{"name":"Mutation research. Genetic toxicology and environmental mutagenesis","volume":"902 ","pages":"Article 503856"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143420942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fibroblast-based radiosensitivity assays as a clinically valuable tool for (severe) combined immunodeficiency syndromes","authors":"Elien Beyls ,&nbsp;Somara De Beul ,&nbsp;Victoria Bordon ,&nbsp;Alina Ferster ,&nbsp;Filomeen Haerynck ,&nbsp;Anne Vral ,&nbsp;Ans Baeyens","doi":"10.1016/j.mrgentox.2025.503852","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mrgentox.2025.503852","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Genetic defects in one of the DNA double strand break (DSB) repair proteins lead to distinct human syndromes with severe clinical manifestations, including impaired neurological and immunological development, cancer proneness and sensitivity to ionizing radiation. Since diagnostic and therapeutic procedures frequently use DNA damaging agents, identification of radiosensitive individuals is imperative to optimize patient management. However, patients with a (severe) combined immunodeficiency (S)CID are often ineligible for lymphocyte-based radiosensitivity testing. Therefore, this study investigated the suitability of two fibroblast-based assays as alternative methods. DSB repair was evaluated following X-ray irradiation by an optimized cytokinesis-block micronucleus (MN) assay and the γH2AX focus test in fibroblasts from patients with a confirmed or suspected diagnosis of radiosensitive (S)CID. Using both assays, patients with a defect in Artemis were identified as radiosensitive while those with a RAG1/2 deficiency were not considered as radiosensitive. Although MN scoring was not feasible in irradiated fibroblasts deficient in XLF, LIG4 or NBS1, radiosensitivity could be readily demonstrated through impaired DNA DSB repair kinetics with the γH2AX focus assay in fibroblasts deficient in XLF or LIG4, but not in those deficient in NBS1. While both ATM defective fibroblasts clearly showed increased radiation-induced MN yields, one of the two fibroblast cell lines could not be identified as radiosensitive based on residual γH2AX focus levels. This study suggests that combining the fibroblast MN assay and γH2AX focus test can effectively exclude <em>in vitro</em> radiosensitivity in patients with a suspicion of radiosensitive (S)CID, particularly when lymphocyte-based radiosensitivity testing is not feasible.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18799,"journal":{"name":"Mutation research. Genetic toxicology and environmental mutagenesis","volume":"902 ","pages":"Article 503852"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143152749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Micronuclei as genotoxicity endpoint applied in the co-culture of two mammalian cell lines","authors":"Naji Said Aboud Hadi ,&nbsp;Helga Stopper","doi":"10.1016/j.mrgentox.2024.503839","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mrgentox.2024.503839","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>There has been a shift from traditional animal models towards alternative methods. While 2D cell culture has a decade long tradition, more advances methods like 3D cultures, organoids, and co-culture techniques, which better mimic in vivo conditions, are not yet well established in every research area. Genotoxicity assessment is an integral part of toxicological testing or regulatory approval of pharmaceuticals and chemicals. The micronucleus assay is now a standard method in this context. In this systematic literature review, we aim to describe the state of the art of the application of co-cultures of two mammalian cell lines for micronucleus assessment. We summarized the cell types used, methods for co-culture, disease models and agents, as well as the application of additional genotoxicity endpoints and viability tests. Airway system cells were the most frequent, followed by macrophage-like cells, liver cells, and various others. Co-culture techniques involve either direct physical contact or separation by porous membranes. Within a limited number of investigations using other genotoxicity assays like the comet and γH2AX assays in parallel, the micronucleus assay performed well. Overall, the micronucleus test demonstrating its suitability in disease models and for a more complex substance testing beyond simple 2D cultures, encouraging a more widespread use in co-culture systems in the future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18799,"journal":{"name":"Mutation research. Genetic toxicology and environmental mutagenesis","volume":"901 ","pages":"Article 503839"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143040311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells","authors":"Jovanna Vanessa Ramos Angulo ,&nbsp;Juliana Fernández Valenzuela ,&nbsp;Sofía Isabel Freire-Bernal ,&nbsp;Victoria Eugenia Niño-Castaño ,&nbsp;Jorge Enrique Rodríguez Paez ,&nbsp;Rosa Amalia Dueñas-Cuellar","doi":"10.1016/j.mrgentox.2024.503838","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mrgentox.2024.503838","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) are of interest in biomedical applications, environmental remediation, and agriculture. ZnO-NPs inhibit the growth of phytopathogenic fungi and bacteria. We have evaluated their effects on mitochondrial function and the induction of membrane damage, apoptosis, and DNA damage in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) <em>in vitro</em>. ZnO-NPs caused significant reduction in cell viability and LDH release, indicating damage to cell membranes. Late apoptosis was significant and necrosis was significant at higher concentrations tested. ZnO-NPs did not induce micronucleus formation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18799,"journal":{"name":"Mutation research. Genetic toxicology and environmental mutagenesis","volume":"901 ","pages":"Article 503838"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143040302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cytogenetic markers in newborns of mothers with comorbidities","authors":"Aline C.B. Pinho ,&nbsp;Ana Beatriz M Baston ,&nbsp;Rita de Cássia F B Fontes ,&nbsp;Raquel A. Santos ,&nbsp;Marisa A.A. Brunherotti","doi":"10.1016/j.mrgentox.2024.503840","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mrgentox.2024.503840","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We have studied the presence and frequency of micronuclei in exfoliated oral mucosa cells of full-term newborns and their association with maternal prenatal factors. We report an analytical, observational, cross-sectional, prospective study that includes 97 preterm infants (&lt;37 weeks), 37 newborns from mothers with comorbidities, and 60 newborns from mothers without comorbidities, in a tertiary public hospital. Oral mucosa cells were collected within 24 h after birth. The frequency of cells with micronuclei and karyolytic cells was significantly higher in the group whose mothers had some form of comorbidity. Mothers with comorbidities had a shorter gestational age; the number of cells with micronuclei was higher in mothers with preterm premature rupture of membranes; and there were fewer karyolytic cells.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18799,"journal":{"name":"Mutation research. Genetic toxicology and environmental mutagenesis","volume":"901 ","pages":"Article 503840"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143040301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The transgenic MutaMouse hepatocyte mutation assay in vitro: Mutagenicity and mutation spectra of six substances with different mutagenic mechanisms","authors":"Alina Göpfert ,&nbsp;David M. Schuster ,&nbsp;Claudia Rülker ,&nbsp;Michael Eichenlaub ,&nbsp;Bogdan Tokovenko ,&nbsp;Martina Dammann ,&nbsp;Dorothee Funk-Weyer ,&nbsp;Naveed Honarvar ,&nbsp;Robert Landsiedel","doi":"10.1016/j.mrgentox.2024.503836","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mrgentox.2024.503836","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mutagenicity testing is a component of the hazard assessment of industrial chemicals, biocides, and pesticides. Mutations induced by test substances can be detected by <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em> methods that have been adopted as OECD Test Guidelines. One of these <em>in vivo</em> methods is the Transgenic Rodent Assay (TGRA), OECD test guideline no. 488. An analogous <em>in vitro</em> TGRA has been described, but experience with this test method is limited. In this study, six <em>in vivo</em> TGRA positive mutagens were tested in the <em>in vitro</em> TGRA based on primary MutaMouse hepatocytes. In addition to the functional read-out of the lacZ reporter gene, induced mutations were analysed by next-generation sequencing (NGS). Five of the six <em>in vivo</em> TGRA positive mutagens (N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU), ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), mitomycin C (MMC), benzo[<em>a</em>]pyrene (B[<em>a</em>]P), and azathioprine (AZA), but not cyproterone acetate) mutated the lacZ gene <em>in vitro</em>. NGS identified mutations which matched the mutagenic mechanisms described in the literature. The alkylating agent ENU induced a greater proportion of A:T to T:A transversions than did the other alkylating agent, EMS, whereas EMS increased smaller deletions (1–4 bp). G:C to T:A transversions accounted for the majority of mutations identified after treatments with MMC and B[<em>a</em>]P, both of which form monoadducts at the guanine N2 position. AZA induced mainly G:C to A:T transitions, explained by the structural similarity of one of its metabolites to guanine. An increased proportion of mid-size changes (0.3–2.5 kb) was detected only for the crosslinking mutagen MMC. The <em>in vitro</em> TGRA based on primary MutaMouse hepatocytes is a promising <em>in vitro</em> assay for the assessment of mutation induction, reflecting many aspects of the corresponding <em>in vivo TGRA</em> and allowing for mutation spectra analysis to evaluate the induced mutations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18799,"journal":{"name":"Mutation research. Genetic toxicology and environmental mutagenesis","volume":"901 ","pages":"Article 503836"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143040313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}