Minerals最新文献

{"title":"Geochemical Discrimination of Agate in Diverse Volcanic Host Rocks Through Machine Learning Methods","authors":"Peng Zhang, Bo-Chao Wang, Xiaowen Huang, Xi Xi","doi":"10.3390/min15010032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min15010032","url":null,"abstract":"The formation of agate is related to syngenetic or epigenetic magmatic hydrothermal fluids. Trace elements incorporated during the alteration of host rocks caused by hydrothermal magmatic fluids precipitate during their crystallization, reflecting the characteristics of the host rocks. While prior research has yielded extensive trace element data to differentiate agate types found in volcanic rocks, there remains a need for a more efficient method to identify the host volcanic rock of alluvial agate. In this study, a two-stage Random Forest approach was employed to classify the chemical compositions of agate originating from rhyolite, andesite, and basalt, with the aim of facilitating the determination of the host volcanic rock for unknown alluvial agate samples. A dataset comprising 203 agate compositional analyses, sourced from 16 distinct locations, was compiled and labeled for the purpose of training the Random Forest model. The classification results indicate that the developed models exhibit high accuracy (0.9524) and an F1 score of 0.9512, demonstrating their superior performance and efficiency. The feature importance analysis of these models reveals that U, Sb, and Sr contents are particularly crucial for discriminating between different types of volcanic rocks hosting agate. Furthermore, this study introduces a novel discriminant plot utilizing linear discriminant analysis (LDA) to evaluate the host volcanic rock of agate based on trace element data. Verifying the trace element data of agate samples related to basalt based on actual measurements shows that both the Random Forest (with accuracy of 0.813) and LDA plot underscore the effectiveness of using the trace elements found in alluvial agate for the identification of the host volcanic rock.","PeriodicalId":18601,"journal":{"name":"Minerals","volume":"15 1","pages":"32-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-163X/15/1/32/pdf?version=1735551683","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147901900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of the Shear Strength of Iron Oxide-Kaolinite Cementing Materials in Granite Red Soil","authors":"Hualing Yan, Nanbo Cen, Qinmin Zheng, Jinshi Lin, Fangshi Jiang, Yanhe Huang, Yue Zhang","doi":"10.3390/min15010016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min15010016","url":null,"abstract":"Shear strength is the key index to determine the stability of a soil slope, and cementation between iron oxide and clay minerals is one of the internal factors affecting soil shear strength; however, the effects of the form of iron oxide on the shear strength of granite-weathered red soil are still unclear. Kaolinite, which is the main clay mineral of granite red soil, was selected as the research object, and the effects of three different forms of iron oxide (hematite: HT, goethite: GT, and amorphous iron oxide: AIO) on the soil microstructure, microscopic quantitative parameters, cohesion, internal friction angle, and shear strength were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and the shear strength test. The results revealed that the iron oxide promoted the cementation of soil particles, and the cementation characteristics differed with the different forms of iron oxide. Hematite mainly showed flocculent cementation, poor cementation, and simple soil microstructures. Goethite mainly exhibited acicular cementation and the best cementation effect. The degree of aggregation of the soil particles was increased by the coatings, thus forming larger aggregate particles. The cementation effect of amorphous iron oxide was between those of hematite and goethite but included both the flocculation cementation of hematite and acicular cementation of goethite. Amorphous iron oxide and goethite effectively increased the contact area and friction degree between soil particles, while hematite had the opposite effect. The addition of three kinds of ferric oxide reduced the fractal dimension of soil, increased the apparent porosity, and promoted the irregularity of particles to a certain extent, among which hematite had the most significant growth on the long and short axes of the particles. At a content of 10 g kg−1, the addition of AIO and GT increased the soil cohesion and internal friction angle, and therefore increased the soil shear strength, and it was mainly determined by the soil microstructure: the contact area, apparent porosity, and particle short axis. These results indicated that GT and AIO are the main cementing materials affecting soil mechanical properties, and the transformation of iron oxide should be paid attention to when predicting soil slope stability.","PeriodicalId":18601,"journal":{"name":"Minerals","volume":"15 1","pages":"16-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-163X/15/1/16/pdf?version=1735278581","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147902917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental Investigations on the Dissolution Process of Dolomite by Sulfate-Rich Geothermal Water: A Case Study of the Shuijing Hot Springs in Guizhou Province","authors":"Ke Yang, Li Zhou, Zhengshan Chen, Wei Zhang, Wenge Zhou","doi":"10.3390/min15010009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min15010009","url":null,"abstract":"The dissolution of dolomite can not only provide the chemical components in hot springs but also provide a high-quality reservoir for geothermal resources. However, there is still debate about the main controlling factors and mechanisms of the dissolution process of dolomite. The Shuijing hot springs in Guizhou Province are rich in SO42− and the geothermal reservoir is dolomite, which provides an excellent opportunity to understand the role of SO42− in the dissolution process of dolomite. In this paper, water–rock interaction experiments were conducted at different temperatures to study the effects of SO42−, pH, and CO2 on the dissolution of dolomite from the Shuijing hot springs geothermal reservoir. The results indicate that temperature is a significant factor affecting the chemical composition of hot springs water, with higher temperatures having a more pronounced effect on the dissolution of dolomite. At lower temperatures of 25 °C and 90 °C, the molar ratio of the released Ca2+ and Mg2+ during the dissolution of dolomite in the initial reaction stage generally approaches the Ca/Mg molar ratio of dolomite, exhibiting congruent dissolution. However, at elevated temperatures of 150 °C, the released Ca/Mg molar ratio surpasses the Ca/Mg molar ratio of dolomite, demonstrating an incongruent dissolution characteristic with Ca2+ being preferentially released over Mg2+. Additionally, the relative importance of CO2, SO42− and pH on the dissolution degree of dolomite is CO2 > SO42− > pH = 4 > pH = 7 > pH = 10. The promotion effect of SO42− on dolomite dissolution indicates that the greater the SO42− concentration, the stronger the dissolution of dolomite, and its dissolution ability is enhanced with the increase in temperature. Furthermore, the effect of CO2 on the dissolution of dolomite is stronger than that of SO42−, leading to the oscillating fluctuation trend of the released Ca2+ and Mg2+.","PeriodicalId":18601,"journal":{"name":"Minerals","volume":"15 1","pages":"9-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-163X/15/1/9/pdf?version=1735204994","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147897608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Case Studies of Magnetic and Electromagnetic Techniques Covering the Last Fifteen Years","authors":"Marc A. Vallée, Mouhamed Moussaoui, Khorram Khan","doi":"10.3390/min14121286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min14121286","url":null,"abstract":"Magnetic and electromagnetic techniques have a long history of application in mineral exploration to detect deposits and their surroundings. Their implementation over the last fifteen years has been affected by strong variations in the mining market in parallel with important technological developments. During this period, both methods were the subject of numerous documented case studies all over the globe, which is a sign of popularity and longevity of these techniques. Through a review of case histories from the main geophysical journals, we analyze the principal usage of these methods when applied to mineral exploration, while the majority of documented cases originate from North America, Asia, and Australia. There are more case studies describing the use of the magnetic method and we attribute this popularity to direct and indirect use of this method for mineral exploration. In particular, there is an increasing number of magnetic surveys conducted with drones. Combining magnetic and electromagnetic techniques is also common. The number of magnetic and EM technique case histories range by descending order from gold, porphyry copper, polymetallic, massive sulfides, uranium, Ni-Cu-PGE, iron ore, kimberlite, and iron-oxide copper-gold, with a number of single continent-specific applications.","PeriodicalId":18601,"journal":{"name":"Minerals","volume":"14 12","pages":"1286-1286"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-163X/14/12/1286/pdf?version=1734516147","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147884916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insights on the Flotation Separation of Hematite from Quartz with a 4-Tert-butyl-catechol Collector","authors":"Chenglong Du, Yu Jiang, Guangyi Liu","doi":"10.3390/min14121255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min14121255","url":null,"abstract":"Iron ore is the main raw material of the iron and steel metallurgy industry, but quartz in iron ore reduces metallurgical efficiency and increases metallurgical costs. Therefore, iron ore desiliconization by flotation plays an important role in the iron and steel metallurgy industry. In this study, 4-tert-butyl-catechol (TBC) was designed as a collector to directly float out hematite from quartz. The micro-flotation tests demonstrated that under pH ~9.0, 1 × 10−5 mol·L−1 TBC recovered 98% hematite from its mixture with quartz, while the recovery of quartz was only about 17%. Zeta potential and contact angle results inferred that the adsorption affinity of TBC toward hematite was greater than that to quartz. The results of FTIR and XPS inferred that TBC adsorbed on the Fe3+ sites of hematite interfaced via the O atom of its two adjacent hydroxyl groups to form a stable five-membered chelating ring at pH 9.0. This study offered new research insight on the development of novel collectors for hematite flotation through bionics technology.","PeriodicalId":18601,"journal":{"name":"Minerals","volume":"14 12","pages":"1255-1255"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-163X/14/12/1255/pdf?version=1733846219","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147890466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the Preparation of High-Quality Quartz and Its Mechanism by Combining Pretreatment with Metallurgy","authors":"Hongjun Huang, Ning Zhang","doi":"10.3390/min14121229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min14121229","url":null,"abstract":"As a strategically important resource with stable properties, high-purity quartz plays a crucial role in various fields such as high-purity quartz crucibles, semiconductors, and electronics. Currently, the availability of high-quality quartz resources is gradually diminishing, and there are no high-quality quartz deposits in some areas, making the improvement of low-quality quartz essential. This study focuses on the quartz sand produced through river dredging in Yueyang. The detected SiO2 content is 92.31%, which enables the secondary utilization of waste resources and provides significant environmental benefits. In this study, the iron oxide removal efficiency achieved through magnetic separation pretreatment can reach 87.24%. Following flotation, calcination, and leaching processes, high-purity quartz products with a total impurity content of less than 100 ppm were successfully obtained. In addition, the factors affecting magnetic separation and calcination effect were studied, and the process parameters for reference were obtained. The mechanism of microwave impurity removal was investigated using SEM, TG-MS, and in-situ XRD, demonstrating the feasibility of producing high-purity quartz from low-quality quartz.","PeriodicalId":18601,"journal":{"name":"Minerals","volume":"14 12","pages":"1229-1229"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-163X/14/12/1229/pdf?version=1733152003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147913392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Solvent Extraction of Gallium and Germanium Using a Novel Hydroxamic Acid Extractant","authors":"Zong Guo, Zhixing Qin, Sanping Liu, Wei Zhang, Chaozhen Zheng, Haibei Wang","doi":"10.3390/min14111147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min14111147","url":null,"abstract":"The rare metals gallium and germanium are key strategic metals that are widely used in emerging industries. In this work, a novel hydroxamic acid extractant, BGYW, with low toxicity, was used for the selective solvent extraction of Ga ions and Ge ions from Zn, As, Cu, and Al ions in the solution from zinc smelting. The gallium and germanium ions were extracted efficiently under optimized conditions. Gallium ions were preferentially stripped using sulfuric acid, and germanium ions were stripped using an ammonium fluoride solution. Compared with the commercial extractant YW100, the dissolution loss of BGYW was reduced by 10 times. After 15 cycles, the germanium solvent extraction efficiency of BGYW remained at 100%, and the solvent extraction efficiency of gallium was about 98.7%, while the solvent extraction efficiency of both Ga ions and Ge ions using YW100 decreased to 20% after five cycles. This novel solvent extraction system exhibits considerable promise for application in zinc smelting processes for gallium and germanium solvent extraction.","PeriodicalId":18601,"journal":{"name":"Minerals","volume":"14 11","pages":"1147-1147"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-163X/14/11/1147/pdf?version=1731472758","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147909083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reply to Hosseini Monjezi, B.; Lützenkirchen, J. Comment on “Zhou et al. Adsorption Behaviors of Lanthanum (III) and Yttrium (III) Ions on Gibbsite. Minerals 2023, 13, 1530”","authors":"Zongke Zhou, Quan Wan, Wenbin Yu, Xin Nie, Shuguang Yang, Shuqin Yang, Zonghua Qin","doi":"10.3390/min14111138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min14111138","url":null,"abstract":"The interaction between aluminum (hydr)oxides and inorganic substances has received widespread attention in the fields of ore deposit geochemistry, mineral processing, and environmental protection [...]","PeriodicalId":18601,"journal":{"name":"Minerals","volume":"14 11","pages":"1138-1138"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-163X/14/11/1138/pdf?version=1731309551","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147895458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulated Experimental Study on the Removal of Methylene Blue-Cu(II) Composite Pollution by Magnetized Vaterite","authors":"Xiaodan He, Mingyang Hu, Yuhong Cui, Xingxing Wang, Bin Lian","doi":"10.3390/min14111142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min14111142","url":null,"abstract":"The combined pollution of organics and heavy metals represents a significant environ-mental problem that has attracted widespread attention. This explores the treatment of methylene blue (MB) and Cu(II), which are common pollutants in dye wastewater, and the recycling of Cu. A magnetized vaterite (V-M) was synthesized using Bacillus velezensis, and its structure and magnetic performance were investigated. The effects and mechanisms of removing MB-Cu(II) composite pollution using V-M and H2O2 in combination were estimated. The results indicated that V-M is a combination of organic and inorganic substances, with 21.5 wt% organic matter and multiple organic functional groups, including O-H, -SH, and others. The combination of V-M and H2O2 can achieve a maximum removal percentage of 90% for MB-Cu(II) pollution. The analysis showed that MB was oxidized by the ·OH generated from the H2O2-based Fenton-like reaction, and was catalyzed by the Fe3O4 in V-M. The immobilization of Cu(II) by V-M was mostly realized through the binding of the organic substances on the surface of the V-M, multilayer adsorption, and a replacement reaction with Ca(II). Magnetic separation and the addition of diluted HCl were used for the recycling of the Cu(II) enriched by V-M, with a recycling percentage reaching 85%. This study introduced a novel approach to the remediation of MB-Cu(II) composite pollution, and the recycling of Cu(II).","PeriodicalId":18601,"journal":{"name":"Minerals","volume":"14 11","pages":"1142-1142"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147905245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Closed-Loop Process of Extracting and Separating Zinc Impurities from Industrial Cobalt Products—Pilot Test Study","authors":"Xiaoping Zou, Xiaofei Meng, Yingping Jiang, Xulong Dong, Shili Li","doi":"10.3390/min14111127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min14111127","url":null,"abstract":"The cobalt-containing products of an enterprise were selected as the object of this study. The separation effect of Cyanex 272 on Zn and Co was studied through a pilot test. The results showed that Cyanex 272 had a high extraction rate for Zn at pH 3–3.4, up to 99.8%. The extracted Zn2+ was enriched in the organic phase, and the Zn2+ in the organic phase was extracted back into the aqueous phase in the stripping stage by adding strong acid. Addition amounts of strong acid of 50 g·L−1, 80 g·L−1, and 100 g·L−1 were set. The results showed that the addition amounts of 80 g·L−1 and 100 g·L−1 could significantly reduce the pH of the back-extraction solution and effectively enrich Zn2+ in the solution. There was a large amount of Zn2+ in the back-extraction solution, which could be used twice to prepare zinc carbonate products through neutralization and precipitation. By comparing the extraction effect, economic cost, and resource loss under different strong acid addition amounts, it was found that the 80 g·L−1 strong acid addition amount was more suitable for the actual production process. This study provides data support and practical evidence for the selection of industrial extraction process parameters for Zn2+ separation in actual cobalt products.","PeriodicalId":18601,"journal":{"name":"Minerals","volume":"14 11","pages":"1127-1127"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-163X/14/11/1127/pdf?version=1731029810","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147885181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}