MicrobiologyOpen最新文献

{"title":"Modulation of Early-Life Calf Gut Microbiota by Bacteriocin-Producing Lactiplantibacillus pentosus AA86 and Pediococcus pentosaceus AA94","authors":"Adewale A. Adetoye,&nbsp;Ayorinde O. Afolayan,&nbsp;Isaac O. Olatoye,&nbsp;Adedayo O. Faneye,&nbsp;Funmilola A. Ayeni","doi":"10.1002/mbo3.70438","DOIUrl":"10.1002/mbo3.70438","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Early-life gut microbiota plays a critical role in livestock health and productivity. Probiotic interventions, particularly those employing bacteriocin-producing lactic acid bacteria (LAB), may contribute to modulation of microbial development during this critical period. This study evaluated <i>Lactiplantibacillus pentosus</i> AA86 (formerly <i>Lactobacillus pentosus</i>) and <i>Pediococcus pentosaceus</i> AA94 for genomic safety, bacteriocin potential, and their effects on calf gut microbiota. Whole-genome sequencing assessed antimicrobial resistance genes, virulence determinants, plasmid-associated elements, and bacteriocin-encoding genes. Both strains lacked detectable antimicrobial resistance genes, virulence determinants, and plasmid-related elements, while harboring pediocin-encoding genes consistent with potential antimicrobial functionality. In a 30-day feeding trial, eight calves (50 ± 10 kg) were assigned to a control group (sterile skimmed milk, <i>n</i> = 2) or a probiotic group (milk supplemented with both strains at ~8.6 × 10¹⁰ CFU/day, <i>n</i> = 6). Gut microbiota was evaluated at baseline, mid-, and post-intervention using 16S rRNA gene (V3/V4) sequencing and QIIME2. Alpha diversity and overall community structure did not differ significantly between groups. However, supplementation was associated with selective temporal compositional shifts, particularly in Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. At the genus level, <i>Lactobacillus</i> showed significant temporal changes within treatment group, although the treatment-by-time interaction was not significant. <i>L. pentosus</i> AA86 and <i>P. pentosaceus</i> AA94 exhibited favorable genomic safety profiles and bacteriocin-associated antimicrobial potential. Their supplementation was associated with selective temporal modulation of the developing calf gut microbiota without substantial alteration of overall community structure. These findings provide a foundation for larger and longer-term studies incorporating strain-resolved, functional, metabolomic, and host health analyses.</p>","PeriodicalId":18573,"journal":{"name":"MicrobiologyOpen","volume":"15 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13662625/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149182820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Insights Into Hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae: Identification and Correlation of Virulence Determinant","authors":"Fathy M. Elkady,&nbsp;Nosiba S. Basher,&nbsp;Mohammed S. Abdulrahman,&nbsp;Amr H. Hashem,&nbsp;Rafik Abdellatif Metwally,&nbsp;Ahmed Abdel Tawab,&nbsp;Ebrahim Saied,&nbsp;Nasir A. Ibrahim,&nbsp;Mohammed Aufy","doi":"10.1002/mbo3.70433","DOIUrl":"10.1002/mbo3.70433","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> is an increasingly important opportunistic pathogen worldwide, particularly due to the emergence and spread of hypervirulent <i>K. pneumoniae</i> (hvKP), a clinically significant pathotype first identified in Taiwan. This study aimed to molecularly identify hvKP isolates screened for coexisting virulence determinants and evaluate the association between specific virulence genes and hypervirulence. Clinical specimens were collected from hospitalized patients, and <i>K. pneumoniae</i> isolates were identified phenotypically using microscopic culture characteristics and biochemical assays and genotypically confirmed by PCR targeting the <i>khe</i> gene. Hypermucoviscosity regulators _p<i>rm</i>pA and _p<i>rmp</i>A2, siderophore-encoding genes <i>iuc</i>A and <i>iro</i>N, and other virulence-associated genes including <i>wzi</i>, <i>mag</i>A, <i>wzy</i>K2, <i>wab</i>G, and <i>peg-</i>344 were investigated. Eighty-two capsulated non-motile <i>K. pneumoniae</i> isolates were confirmed with _p<i>rm</i>pA and _p<i>rmp</i>A2 detected in 42 and 29 isolates, respectively, whereas <i>iuc</i>A was identified in 31 isolates and <i>iro</i>N in 6 isolates only. Based on the molecular criteria, 34 isolates were classified as hvKP and 48 as classical <i>K. pneumoniae</i> (cKP). A strong association was observed between the <i>peg-</i>344 gene and hypervirulence (<i>p</i> = 0.0001), whereas hypermucoviscosity showed a weaker correlation. However, low-speed sedimentation assay (LSSA) analysis demonstrated a significant relationship between the hypermucoviscous phenotype and genotypic hypervirulence (<i>p</i> = 0.041). These findings highlight the molecular determinants of hvKP and identify <i>peg</i>-344 as the gene most strongly associated with hypervirulence; however, its moderate sensitivity (58.8%) and absence in over 40% of hvKP isolates indicate that it is better suited as a supportive confirmatory marker than a standalone diagnostic biomarker for hvKP</p>","PeriodicalId":18573,"journal":{"name":"MicrobiologyOpen","volume":"15 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13667796/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149182923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Amplicon Characterization of Fungal Diversity and Functional Prediction of Glycine max L. Rhizosphere Microbiome Under Different Organic Fertilization","authors":"Ijeoma Emelda Osuji,&nbsp;Akinlolu Olalekan Akanmu,&nbsp;Olubukola Oluranti Babalola","doi":"10.1002/mbo3.70437","DOIUrl":"10.1002/mbo3.70437","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The rhizosphere microbiome is extremely important for soil health and plant productivity, with fungi primarily acting as the drivers of soil ecosystem functions. This study explores the fungal diversity and predicted functional potential of the soybean (Glycine max L.) rhizosphere under different organic fertilization treatments, including cattle dung, poultry waste, untreated control, and bulk. Fungal communities were profiled using ITS rRNA gene amplicon sequencing on the Illumina NovaSeq. 6000 platform following DNA extraction from rhizosphere soil. Raw sequences were processed and analyzed using QIIME 2 version 2019.1. Significant differences in fungal richness were observed among treatments. Bulk soil and cattle dung-amended soils showed the highest richness (Chao1 = 1603.33 and 1456.64, respectively), whereas poultry waste-amended soil exhibited the lowest richness (Chao1 = 957.93) and the lowest evenness (Pielou's index = 0.560), and the untreated control showed intermediate richness (Chao1 = 1242.11). The dominant phyla include Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Zygomycota, with enrichment in organic matter degradation and plant symbiosis. Beta-diversity analysis showed the greatest compositional divergence between cattle dung and poultry waste (ANOSIM <i>R</i> = 0.74), none of the pairwise comparisons reached conventional statistical significance (<i>p</i> &gt; 0.05), indicating ecologically relevant but statistically subtle shifts in community structure. LEfSe identified Hypocreales as a significant biomarker of cattle dung and Onygenales of poultry waste, consistent with FUNGuild predictions of enriched dung/wood-saprotrophic and keratinolytic functions, respectively. FUNGuild predictions showed increased saprotroph and symbiotroph diversity in organically amended soils. Organic fertilizers enrich beneficial fungi, enhancing ecosystem functions in sustainable soybean cultivation.</p>","PeriodicalId":18573,"journal":{"name":"MicrobiologyOpen","volume":"15 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/mbo3.70437","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149137472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable Overproduction of the Bacterial Pigment Indigoidine as a Natural Colorant: Stability Evaluation, Inhibition of Obesity-Diabetes-Related Digestive Enzymes, and Activation of AMPK–AKT","authors":"Tahani Ali Asseri","doi":"10.1002/mbo3.70429","DOIUrl":"10.1002/mbo3.70429","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The increased focus on bacterial pigments can be attributed to their greater safety and eco-friendliness when compared to artificial food colorants, which can lead to severe health problems. This research was designed to optimize IND production at varying growth conditions, to assess its chemical stability, and to study its possible biological activities associated with diabetes, obesity, and insulin resistance. Medium types played an important role in both BL21-DE3 cell growth and IND production. The BL21-DE3 cell growth was maximum in PGB medium (2.76 g/L/24 h), then in LB-O medium (1.29 g/L/24 h), LB medium (1.14 g/L/24 h), and NB medium (0.94 g/L/24 h). The IND production was 75.8, 49.8, and 38.9 mg/L/24 h in LB, NB, and PGB media, respectively, while the experimental maximum IND production was achieved in LB-O medium (177.4 mg/L/24 h), which closely resembled the theoretical IND production of 180 mg/L/24 h. IND exhibited high cellular absorption properties, low cytotoxicity, and dose-dependent inhibition of α-amylase and lipase enzymes at IC₅₀ values of 0.69 and 0.37 µg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, IND enhanced 5′-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathways at EC₅₀ values of 1.36 and 4.59 µg/mL, respectively. The binding affinity of IND was also observed towards α-amylase, lipase, AMPK, and AKT enzymes via molecular docking with binding energies (BE) of −7.4, −8.1, −6.9, and −5.5 kcal/mol, respectively. All these findings were confirmed through human spermatozoa culture, where IND stimulated glucose metabolism and AMPK and AKT signaling pathways.</p>","PeriodicalId":18573,"journal":{"name":"MicrobiologyOpen","volume":"15 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13644912/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149128231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Serial-Passage Assessment Shows No Confirmed Resistance Development to Norway Spruce (Picea Abies) Resin in Bacterial Species Relevant to Wound Infection","authors":"Kamilla Yamileva,&nbsp;Simone Parrotta,&nbsp;Maryam Ghanbarirad,&nbsp;Evgen Multia","doi":"10.1002/mbo3.70436","DOIUrl":"10.1002/mbo3.70436","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The search for antimicrobials with a low propensity to select resistance has intensified in response to the global antimicrobial resistance crisis. Norway spruce resin (<i>Picea abies</i>) has long been used in Northern European wound care traditions and has shown broad antimicrobial activity in earlier microbiological studies. In the present study, we evaluated whether prolonged exposure to medical-grade spruce resin promotes reduced susceptibility in reference strains of three bacterial species relevant to wound infection. A 20-day serial-passage experiment was performed with <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, and <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> using sub-inhibitory resin concentrations and broth microdilution readouts at baseline, Day 10, and Day 20. Resistance development was predefined as a ≥ 4-fold increase in inhibitory concentration. Baseline inhibitory concentrations were 1.25% for <i>S. aureus</i>, 5.0% for <i>P. aeruginosa</i>, and 2.5% for <i>E. faecalis</i>. After 20 days, inhibitory concentrations were 2.5%, 10.0%, and 2.5%, respectively, corresponding to at most twofold changes and remaining below the predefined threshold for resistance development. Validation and vehicle-control arms indicated that these shifts were not attributable to medium transfer or solvent-related bias. These findings suggest that medical-grade Norway spruce resin has a low short-term tendency to select for reduced susceptibility under serial-passage conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":18573,"journal":{"name":"MicrobiologyOpen","volume":"15 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13643647/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149128142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Iran's Escherichia coli AMR Landscape (2010–2025): A One Health Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","authors":"Arezoo Dehghan,&nbsp;Mina Arabian,&nbsp;Zahra Tahmasebi,&nbsp;Aliasghar Fakhri-Demeshghieh,&nbsp;Neda Baseri,&nbsp;Ehsan Mostafavi,&nbsp;Farzad Badmasti,&nbsp;Faranak Abnaroodhelleh,&nbsp;Arash Seifi,&nbsp;Fahimeh Bagheri Amiri","doi":"10.1002/mbo3.70420","DOIUrl":"10.1002/mbo3.70420","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Escherichia coli</i> (<i>E. coli</i>) has developed resistance to multiple antibiotic classes, complicating treatment in both human and veterinary medicine. This study assesses the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance and antimicrobial resistance genes in <i>E. coli</i> in Iran, within a One Health framework encompassing humans, animals, foods, and the environment. We systematically searched Scopus, Google Scholar, Magiran, PubMed, Scientific Information Database Library (SID), and Web of Science, using keywords related to AMR and <i>Escherichia coli</i>, restricting to English and Persian publications from 2010 to January 2025. The risk of bias was evaluated using the JBI checklist for prevalence studies. Pooled prevalence and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for each antibiotic using random-effects models. A total of 368 studies were included in the meta-analysis. The highest resistance was observed in the Classes of Penicillins (71.7, 95% CI: 65.6–76.6) and the lowest for Fosfomycins (6.8, 95% CI: 5.2–8.5). Resistance to Ceftizoxime, Ertapenem, Streptomycin, Piperacillin-Tazobactam, and Colistin increased over time. Phenotypically, 47.2%, 20.2%, and 14.1% of <i>E. coli</i> isolates were identified as extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing (ESBL), AmpC, and metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) producing, respectively. Among ESBL-producing isolates, the prevalence of <i>bla</i>_CTX-M, <i>bla</i>_TEM, and <i>bla</i>_SHV genes was 68.2%, 58.5%, and 24.4%, respectively. The high prevalence of AMR highlights the critical need for robust antimicrobial stewardship within a One Health framework to preserve antibiotic efficacy. Our study provides essential baseline data across human, animal, and environmental sectors in Iran, forming a basis for future One Health strategies and policy-making.</p>","PeriodicalId":18573,"journal":{"name":"MicrobiologyOpen","volume":"15 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13635689/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149112145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dual Antiviral and Immunomodulatory Effects of Phytochemicals in Influenza A Virus Infection: Targeting Key Host Signaling Pathways.","authors":"Dibakar Chowdhury, Hillary A Vanderven, Phurpa Wangchuk, Subir Sarker","doi":"10.1002/mbo3.70424","DOIUrl":"10.1002/mbo3.70424","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Influenza A virus (IAV) remains a major public health threat due to its high genetic variability and ability to evade host immune responses. While antiviral drugs and vaccines remain the key measures against influenza infection, their limited efficacy and the emergence of resistant viral strains have prompted growing interest in exploring complementary therapeutic approaches. In this review, we critically evaluate current evidence on how plant-derived compounds modulate innate immune signaling networks, including toll-like receptor, retinoic acid-inducible gene I, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and nuclear factor kappa B pathways during IAV infection. We further address the pathway cross-talk that underpins this broad immunomodulatory activity, the translational barriers including bioavailability, metabolic transformation, and standardization that currently limit clinical progression, and the mechanistic gaps that future studies must resolve. Collectively, this review argues that phytocompounds should be understood as modulators of an integrated innate immune network, an insight that reframes both their therapeutic potential and the experimental standards required to advance them.</p>","PeriodicalId":18573,"journal":{"name":"MicrobiologyOpen","volume":"15 5","pages":"e70424"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13620208/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149075181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Rhizosphere to Resistance: Microbe-Plant Interactions in Eco-Smart Biocontrol.","authors":"Shilpy Singh, Varun Kumar Sharma, Dharmsheel Shrivastav, Jayant M Kushwaha, Manoj Kumar Mishra, Mirza Masroor Ali Beg","doi":"10.1002/mbo3.70398","DOIUrl":"10.1002/mbo3.70398","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The increasing limitations of chemical pesticides such as environmental pollution, pathogen resistance, and threats to human and ecosystem health have increased the demand for sustainable, biologically based crop protection methods. Eco-smart biocontrol has emerged as a game-changing paradigm that uses beneficial microorganisms associated with plants to suppress phytopathogens, boost plant immunity, and make agroecosystems more resilient over time. Moving beyond traditional single-strain biocontrol, eco-smart biocontrol integrates multi-omics discovery, artificial intelligence-assisted predictive microbiome design, and dynamic rhizosphere ecology. This review brings together ecological, molecular, and technological dimensions of eco-smart biocontrol, focusing on the rhizosphere as a dynamic hotspot for plant-microbe interactions. We investigate rhizosphere microbiome assembly and demonstrate the preferential recruitment of beneficial bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, and mycorrhizal symbionts by plant root exudates. Moreover, the review highlights the impact of innovations in multi-omics techniques (metagenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics), systems biology, and artificial intelligence on microbial biocontrol agent discovery, functional validation, and predictive design. Examples from cereal crops, legumes, and horticulture crops indicate that the application of beneficial microbial inoculants can significantly lower the burden of pests and diseases, enhance crop productivity, and fit perfectly within an integrated pest management system. Lastly, we critically analyze the main challenges preventing large-scale adoption, such as inconsistent field performance, limited microbial survival and competitiveness, and comparative regulatory frameworks across global markets. Ultimately, eco-smart microbial biocontrol combines mechanistic insights with omics-driven discovery, artificial intelligence (AI)- assisted prediction, advanced formulation strategies, and field-level validation, creating a strong, scalable, and environmentally friendly framework for resilient, low-input agricultural systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":18573,"journal":{"name":"MicrobiologyOpen","volume":"15 5","pages":"e70398"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13620205/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149075163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global Prevalence of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis Isolated From Clinical and Environmental Sources: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Negar Narimisa, Tahereh Navidifar, Tuqa T Hameed, Roghayeh Mohammadzadeh, Faranak Abdoli, Mahsa Ghamari, Delaram Nourollahi, Fatemeh Ansari, Arefeh Ansari, Narjess Bostanghadiri","doi":"10.1002/mbo3.70434","DOIUrl":"10.1002/mbo3.70434","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are an increasing public health concern. However, the contribution of environmental reservoirs to the global epidemiology of vancomycin resistance remains unclear. This meta-analysis estimated the prevalence of Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis (VREfs) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm) from clinical and environmental specimens worldwide. We conducted a systematic literature search in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Scopus up to 26 April 2025. Statistical analysis was performed using the meta and metaphor packages in R, and heterogeneity was evaluated using I². We assessed potential publication bias using Egger's test. A total of 349 eligible studies were included. The pooled prevalence of VREfm was 25%, and VREfs was 5%. The prevalence of both VREfs and VREfm increased significantly during the last two decades. The highest prevalence of VREfm and VREfs was found in rectal swabs (76%), hospital environmental samples (74%), environmental water (26%), and animal stool (40%). By integrating clinical and environmental data, the present study highlights the possible role of non-clinical reservoirs in the persistence and dissemination of VRE. Our results support the One Health approach for VRE surveillance and emphasize the need for environmental surveillance in infection prevention and antimicrobial resistance control strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":18573,"journal":{"name":"MicrobiologyOpen","volume":"15 5","pages":"e70434"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13662538/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149182777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Post-Microbial Therapeutics for the Next Generation of Medicine.","authors":"Mohammad Nazrul Islam Bhuiyan, Maliha Momtaj","doi":"10.1002/mbo3.70427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mbo3.70427","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Post-microbial therapeutics is proposed here as an integrative, function-centered framework rather than a new therapeutic class. It asks whether a defined microbial perturbation can produce a reproducible change in a microbial function, biochemical output, and clinically relevant host phenotype. Bacteriophages provide a perturbation model because their host dependence permits strain-selective intervention, but the framework also distinguishes between whole phages and engineered phages, lysins, depolymerases, delivery systems, and combination products. A central requirement is that a microbial module must be defined by experimentally testable functional contribution rather than by statistical co-occurrence alone. Computationally inferred modules are therefore treated as hypotheses until supported by perturbation, reconstruction, removal/add-back, flux, or rescue experiments. Evidence reviewed across infection, gastrointestinal, biofilm, and cardiometabolic contexts shows a recurring pattern: phage exposure can alter bacterial abundance, resistance phenotypes, community interactions, and metabolism, but the strength of evidence diminishes as claims shift from bacterial killing to ecosystem restoration and host benefit. Engineering and delivery technologies can improve targeting or exposure, yet they introduce additional constraints in genetic stability, resistance, formulation, pharmacology, and regulation. The framework is consequently best viewed as a testable translational architecture that connects intervention to function and outcome while separating established evidence from emerging hypotheses.</p>","PeriodicalId":18573,"journal":{"name":"MicrobiologyOpen","volume":"15 5","pages":"e70427"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13627251/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149110732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}