Mini reviews in medicinal chemistry最新文献

{"title":"Therapeutic Potential of Underexplored Phytoconstituents Targeting Molecular Pathways in Breast Cancer Subtypes.","authors":"Shruthi Laya S, Jubie Selvaraj, Prisil Naveentha X, Megha Sanjay, Antony Justin","doi":"10.2174/0113895575417244250905072102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0113895575417244250905072102","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease consisting of several molecular subtypes, such as Hormone Receptor-positive (HR+), Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2-positive (HER2+), and Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC). Although a lot of success has been realized in targeted agents, there still remain significant problems, including resistance to drugs, toxicity related to treatment, and few therapeutic possibilities for aggressive subtypes. Confronting such limitations requires complementary treatment approaches with better efficacy and safety profiles. Phytoconstituents from natural sources have emerged as potential therapeutic agents due to their multitargeting activity, good safety profile, and capacity to evade drug resistance. These bioactive molecules, such as flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and saponins, possess various mechanisms of action, including modulation of cell cycle regulators, induction of apoptosis, inhibition of angiogenesis, suppression of metastasis, and regulation of critical oncogenic signaling pathways. Their interference with several cancer pathways gives them a holistic strategy for breast cancer therapy. This review offers an in-depth examination of new phytoconstituents that target the molecular basis of various subtypes of breast cancer. It also highlights their scope for integration into traditional paradigms either as monotherapy or in combination with current therapies to increase therapeutic impact with the least adverse effects. Through the clarification of their mechanisms of action and therapeutic advantages, this review promotes the ongoing pursuit of phytoconstituents as potential contenders in contemporary oncology, providing novel targets for the control of breast cancer and enhanced patient care.</p>","PeriodicalId":18548,"journal":{"name":"Mini reviews in medicinal chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145086445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revolutionizing Diabetes Treatment with Insulin-loaded Nanoparticles.","authors":"Jatin Vats, Anjali Rana, Ajesh Chauhan, Shivam Rajput, Rishabha Malviya, Chetan Vashist, Arun Mittal, Sathvik Belagodu Sridhar","doi":"10.2174/0113895575398397250827102455","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0113895575398397250827102455","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diabetes mellitus is a disease characterised by elevated blood glucose levels, with its major subtypes being type 1 (immune-mediated) and type 2 (lifestyle-related) diabetes. Medical treatment for diabetes requires patients to perform subcutaneous insulin injections since oral insulin faces problems with gastric breakdown. Nano-sized insulin delivery systems show great potential for oral usage because they protect the insulin molecule from enzymatic breakdown and enhance its absorption rates through the digestive system. The review article investigates the utilisation of insulin- loaded nanoparticles as an advanced treatment method for diabetes management. The data evaluates insulin-loaded nanoparticles for their impact on stability enhancement as well as their protective functions and improved oral bioavailability potential. The research reviewed the relevant literature on insulin-loaded nanoparticles as a treatment method for diabetes. The research articles were obtained through databases including ScienceDirect, Scopus, PubMed and Google Scholar. Studies about incorporating insulin with nanoparticles and their bioavailability features and therapeutic potential were analysed. The review demonstrates that insulin-loaded nanoparticles markedly improve insulin stability, bioavailability, and absorption, overcoming the challenges associated with oral insulin delivery. Diverse nanoparticle compositions, encompassing polymeric and lipid-based carriers, exhibit encouraging outcomes in preclinical investigations. Despite existing limitations in large-scale production and clinical application, nanotechnology presents a revolutionary method for diabetes treatment. Additional research and clinical studies are necessary to validate insulin-loaded nanoparticles as a feasible, patient-friendly substitute for traditional insulin therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":18548,"journal":{"name":"Mini reviews in medicinal chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145081015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quinoxalines in Oral Health: From Antimicrobials to Biomaterials.","authors":"Marc Montana, Patrice Vanelle","doi":"10.2174/0113895575415392250904071753","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0113895575415392250904071753","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Quinoxalines are a versatile class of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds that have been extensively studied for their diverse pharmacological properties. Recently, interest has grown in exploring quinoxaline derivatives for applications in oral health, driven by their unique mechanisms of action and potential to address major challenges in dental medicine. This review comprehensively examines the recent progress in the development of quinoxaline-based compounds targeting oral pathogens responsible for dental caries, periodontitis, and other biofilm-associated diseases. Beyond their antimicrobial effects, quinoxalines also exhibit anti-inflammatory properties by modulating key molecular pathways implicated in periodontal inflammation, thereby offering a dual therapeutic potential. Moreover, their incorporation as functional additives in restorative dental materials is emerging, aiming to enhance antimicrobial efficacy and improve material performance. Despite promising in vitro and in vivo data, several critical barriers must be overcome before clinical translation can be realized. These include ensuring biocompatibility with oral tissues, achieving formulation stability under the dynamic conditions within the oral environment, and optimizing delivery systems to ensure targeted, sustained release at the site of action. This review highlights current strategies to address these challenges and proposes directions for future research, including advanced formulation technologies and comprehensive preclinical evaluations. Ultimately, quinoxaline derivatives hold significant promise as multifunctional agents capable of integrating antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and biomaterial-enhancing properties to improve oral health outcomes. This synthesis of current knowledge supports continued investigation into quinoxalines as novel therapeutics and functional components for dental care.</p>","PeriodicalId":18548,"journal":{"name":"Mini reviews in medicinal chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145081051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Roles, Mechanisms, and Clinical Significance of Long Non-coding RNA MSC-AS1 in Cancer.","authors":"Jingjie Yang, Fan Peng, Kexing Liu, Haodong He, Haoran Liu, Li Li, Qianqian Yao, Ning Yang, Gang Zhou, Chengfu Yuan","doi":"10.2174/0113895575398488250831213920","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0113895575398488250831213920","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Musculin antisense RNA 1 (MSC-AS1) is a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) located on human chromosome 8q13.3-q21.11. Emerging evidence shows that MSC-AS1 is either upregulated or downregulated in 16 types of human cancers, and is associated with clinical pathological features and patient prognosis in 12 of these cancers. It is widely believed that the dysregulation of MSCAS1 contributes to tumor cell growth, metastasis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) progression, metabolic reprogramming, and drug resistance formation. Mechanistically, MSC-AS1 can act as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) by sponging 14 miRNAs to affect the expression of downstream mRNAs, or it may directly interact with proteins, both of which contribute to the activation of the PI3K/AKT and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways. Our review study suggests that MSC-AS1 is a potential cancer biomarker and therapeutic target. In summary, we have explained the research on MSC-AS1 related to cancer treatment, its expression patterns, functional characteristics, and molecular mechanisms in malignant tumors. We have further emphasized its significance in clinical prognosis and therapeutic applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":18548,"journal":{"name":"Mini reviews in medicinal chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145081034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extraction, Physicochemical Properties, and Biomedical Applications of Locust Bean Gum: A Comprehensive Review.","authors":"Deepak Kumar, Rishabha Malviya, Sathvik Belagodu Sridhar, Javedh Shareef, Tarun Wadhwa","doi":"10.2174/0113895575403772250824151020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0113895575403772250824151020","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Locust bean gum (LBG), a naturally derived polysaccharide from Ceratonia siliqua, exhibits high biocompatibility, degradability, and gel-forming capability, making it a potential contender for pharmaceutical applications. It has wide applications in drug delivery as well as wound healing because of its physicochemical characteristics, including mucoadhesive properties, swelling capability, and controlled release. This study explores the role of LBG-based composites in controlled drug release and wound dressing applications. LBG has been broadly used for drug delivery by oral, transdermal, and mucosal routes. Its mucoadhesive properties increase drug uptake, while gelation facilitates controlled and sustained drug release. Crosslinking and carboxymethylation have been used to improve its functional properties, and it has been utilised in targeted and responsive delivery systems. LBG-based hydrogels and films have also been developed for wound healing and have shown moisture retention, antimicrobial activity, and biocompatibility. Smart wound dressings with LBG and bioactive agents have enabled real-time infection monitoring with enhanced tissue regeneration. Studies have proven that LBG can improve the mechanical strength and drug-loading capacity of composite materials and is hence a potential candidate for next-generation biomedical applications. LBG-based composites hold significant potential in pharmaceuticals, particularly in wound healing and drug delivery.</p>","PeriodicalId":18548,"journal":{"name":"Mini reviews in medicinal chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145080989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving Drug Solubility with Polymer-Drug Conjugation: Recent Insights.","authors":"Sourav Kumar Prusty, Kumari Rani Bhakat, Akash Padhy, Manoj Kumar Lenka, Rasmita Dash","doi":"10.2174/0113895575399202250904091749","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0113895575399202250904091749","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Poor water solubility limits the bioavailability, absorption, and efficacy of many drugs, especially BCS class II and IV compounds. Polymeric drug conjugation (PDC) is a promising strategy to overcome these challenges by chemically linking hydrophobic drugs with hydrophilic polymers via covalent or non-covalent bonds. This enhances aqueous solubility, stability, and bioavailability, leading to improved therapeutic effects and reduced adverse reactions. PDC prolongs drug circulation, ensuring consistent absorption at lower doses. This article focuses on how this strategy can address solubility issues and enhance drug delivery effectiveness, it also brings spotlight to investigate current advancements in the field of polymer drug conjugates. Following a structured approach guided by PRISMA, relevant research on polymeric conjugation strategies were identified by screening literature from PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar etc. Key polymers such as PEG, PLGA, HPMA, chitosan, and dextran etc were investigated for their solubility-enhancing capability. Clinical studies validate its success, making it a novel approach to addressing solubility related pharmaceutical challenges.</p>","PeriodicalId":18548,"journal":{"name":"Mini reviews in medicinal chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145080994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Homometallic Polynuclear Rhodium Complexes in Anticancer Drug Development.","authors":"Irena Kostova","doi":"10.2174/0113895575416558250822093008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0113895575416558250822093008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>After cisplatin discovery in anticancer treatment, many metals have been studied as potential antitumor agents, especially group IXB elements, such as rhodium, iridium, palladium, and their complexes. The design of polymetallic complexes containing different metal centers with diverse pharmacological characteristics has raised considerable interest in the field of drug development research. This approach aims to exploit the synergistic effect of distinct metal cations, which could contribute to enhancing biological activity. The basic rationale is that the combination of two or more metal ions with the same or different cytotoxic profiles and modes of action may significantly modify the anticancer potential of the resulting complexes, thus enlarging the biological targets and improving the biodistribution properties compared to mononuclear fragments. Among the reported multinuclear anticancer complexes, rhodium-based compounds have attracted considerable attention despite their relatively limited history. The current article presents the results obtained in the field of rhodium complexes, highlighting the recent advances of polynuclear homometallic rhodium compounds as promising antineoplastic candidates. While widespread studies have focused on mononuclear rhodium complexes, the potential of polynuclear Rh-based compounds with structural and functional diversity remains rather understudied. This low interest is most likely due to the typical kinetic inertness and chemical stability of most rhodium complex compounds. These complexes have garnered considerable attention due to their enhanced cytotoxic effects, intracellular distribution, and selectivity, thereby holding promising prospects for the further development of multifunctional drug candidates with desired activity. Recent developments of polynuclear rhodium-based antitumor agents have been summarized in the current review.</p>","PeriodicalId":18548,"journal":{"name":"Mini reviews in medicinal chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145065187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optical Biosensors: A Comprehensive Review of Their Applications in Photoplethysmography, Environmental Monitoring, and Medical Diagnostics.","authors":"Bonthu Varunteja, Nayan Gupta, Anjali Kumari, Satyajit Mohanty, Tuhin Mukherjee, Nikita Nayak, Mahendra Pratap Chopra, Ashok Pattnaik","doi":"10.2174/0113895575403525250822093011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0113895575403525250822093011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Medical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and food safety are key domains being transformed by the ongoing revolution in optical biosensors. These light sensors are highly sensitive and specific for detecting specific biological interactions, allowing for real-time, label-free detection. Biorecognition elements (such as enzymes, antibodies, or nucleic acids), following interaction with the target analyte, generate optical signals based on the same key principles as optical biosensors. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR), fluorescence-based sensors, and fiber optic sensors offer a wide range of biosensors capable of detecting a broad spectrum of biological and chemical agents at trace concentrations. Diagnostic capability has become efficient and rapid with advances in nanotechnology and microelectronics, particularly in nanopores. Monitoring of cardiovascular health using wearable optical biosensors, such as photoplethysmography (PPG), is a non-invasive method. It has also been recently improved to better track heart rate and blood pressure, as well as evaluate mental and vascular health. Wearable optical biosensors support technologies, such as continuous monitoring and early detection of anomalies, which help in personalized healthcare. Optical biosensors are particularly suitable for detecting pathogens, biomarkers, and pollutants in clinical settings, as well as for environmental monitoring and food safety assessments. These applications range from biopharmaceuticals to biotechnology and personalized care, which are used to monitor diseases, discover drugs, and detect pathogens. Despite progress, matrix interference with the sample matrix, sensor stability, and miniaturization remain challenges to be overcome. However, with future progress in materials science, nanotechnology, and increased integration with the Internet of Things (IoT), the potential for optical biosensors will continue to rise as portable, cost-effective, real-time data-analyzing diagnostic tools that expand accessibility to those in underserved regions. Developed using optical and electrochemical approaches, the biosensors reviewed in this article are discussed in terms of their principles, types, applications, and prospects, including their roles in healthcare and environmental sectors.</p>","PeriodicalId":18548,"journal":{"name":"Mini reviews in medicinal chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145065238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Overview of the Association of the Urinary Tract Microbiome with Various Diseases and Implications for Therapeutics.","authors":"Calvin R Wei, Zarrin Basharat, Muhammad Osama, Karmen Mah, Yasir Waheed, Syed Shah Hassan","doi":"10.2174/0113895575398906250825113635","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0113895575398906250825113635","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The urinary tract (UT) was once considered sterile, but now it is known to host a diverse community of microorganisms, known as the urinary microbiome. The collective microbiota is made up of bacteria, fungi, and viruses, necessary for maintaining UT health. This review aims to synthesize current knowledge on the urinary microbiome and clarify its emerging role as a key modulator in both health and a wide spectrum of UT disorders. Dysbiosis within this microbial community has been linked to conditions such as urinary tract infections (UTIs), interstitial cystitis/ bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS), urinary incontinence, urolithiasis, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and even urinary tract malignancies. Advances in methodologies, such as expanded quantitative urine culture and metagenomics, have provided valuable insights into microbial variability influenced by factors like age, sex, and disease conditions. Additionally, this review explores the therapeutic potential of probiotics and bacteriophages, as well as the association of urinary microbiota with autoimmune and inflammatory conditions. Special emphasis is placed on translational relevance, including emerging microbiome-targeted therapies and personalized interventions for UTIs. Ethical considerations allied with UT microbiome research, such as data privacy, informed consent, and equitable access to emerging therapies, are also discussed. Despite substantial progress, challenges such as methodological heterogeneity, a lack of longitudinal data, and unresolved causal relationships persist. The study concludes by identifying key knowledge gaps and proposing future directions for multidisciplinary research to advance therapeutic innovation in urological health.</p>","PeriodicalId":18548,"journal":{"name":"Mini reviews in medicinal chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145065235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent Development of CXCR4-Targeted Nuclear Medicine Research in Adrenocortical Tumors.","authors":"Ming Wang, Qiusong Chen, Shaobo Yao, Haonan Yu","doi":"10.2174/0113895575408753250904112417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0113895575408753250904112417","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The diagnosis of adrenocortical tumors remains clinically challenging due to overlapping morphological and functional features between benign, malignant, and hormonally active lesions. Malignant and functional tumors are frequently associated with poor prognosis. Traditional morphological imaging methods, such as CT and MRI, cannot reliably distinguish lesion types. Recent evidence suggests that molecular imaging targeting C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), a biomarker overexpressed in functional adenomas and adrenocortical carcinomas (ACC), offers enhanced diagnostic precision. For instance, 68Ga-pentixafor, a CXCR4-targeted radiotracer, demonstrates high accuracy in distinguishing functional from nonfunctional lesions and unilateral from bilateral subtypes in primary aldosteronism. Depending on the level of tracer uptake, it may also be possible to guide therapeutic decisions and assess treatment response. For Cushing's syndrome, particularly cortisol-producing adenomas, CXCR4 imaging facilitates the localization of adrenal lesions, reducing dependency on invasive techniques. In ACC, overexpression of CXCR4 enables metastasis detection, and its complementary use with 18F-FDG PET/CT improves lesion detection. Furthermore, the theranostic agent 177Lu/90Y-Pentixather demonstrates considerable promise for CXCR4-directed Endoradiotherapy (ERT) in advanced ACC. This review aimed to summarize the advancements of CXCR4-targeted molecular imaging in adrenocortical tumors and ERT in ACC.</p>","PeriodicalId":18548,"journal":{"name":"Mini reviews in medicinal chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145030150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}