Middle East Journal of Digestive Diseases最新文献

{"title":"Celiac Crisis: A Life-Threatening Complication of Celiac Disease.","authors":"Pooja Soni, Priya Gogia, Rajkumar Kundavaram","doi":"10.34172/mejdd.2024.393","DOIUrl":"10.34172/mejdd.2024.393","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Celiac disease (CD) is an immune-mediated enteropathy with varied systemic involvement and association with increased morbidity and mortality. Strong clinical suspicion is the key, and diagnosis is made using histopathology and serology. Though the consumption of a strict gluten-free diet can improve symptoms and limit mucosal damage, curative therapy is still lacking. Significant clinical improvement can be seen after treatment with immunosuppressive therapy; however, there is no definitive role of immunosuppression in preventing complications. Celiac crisis (CC), a serious and life-threatening complication of CD, is characterized by acute onset and rapid progression of gastrointestinal manifestations associated with metabolic and electrolyte disturbances and neurological and renal dysfunction. Management comprises urgent hospitalization, fluid resuscitation, correction of electrolyte imbalance, and albumin infusion. Early identification and diagnosis of CD and timely initiation of a gluten-free diet with proper compliance are of paramount importance in preventing complications, including CC. Regular follow-up after diagnosis is a good approach to assessing adherence to the gluten-free diet, disease activity, and screening for complications. With the advent of improved diagnostic facilities and access to the health care system, timely diagnosis, and efficient management, prognosis has improved significantly in recent years.</p>","PeriodicalId":18517,"journal":{"name":"Middle East Journal of Digestive Diseases","volume":"16 4","pages":"206-210"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11725022/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142979057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Outcome of selective non-diverting low anterior resection after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and curative surgery for proximal rectal cancer: A prospective case series.","authors":"Aidin Yaghoobi Notash, Ehsan Sadeghian, Ehsan Sobhanian, Behnam Behboudi, Seyed Mohsen Ahmadi Tafti, Zahra Moghimi, Amir Keshvari, Mohammad Sadegh Fazeli, Mohammad Reza Keramati","doi":"10.34172/mejdd.2024.396","DOIUrl":"10.34172/mejdd.2024.396","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Low anterior resection (LAR) is the gold standard for curative cancer treatment in the middle and upper rectum. In radically operated patients, the local recurrence rates with total mesorectal excision (TME) after 5 and 10 years was<10%, with 80% in 5 years survival. Anastomotic leakage (AL) affects 4%-20% of patients who underwent LAR. Based on some studies, there is a risk reduction of symptomatic AL after LAR and the need for reoperation in patients with a defunctioning stoma (DS), also known as diverting stoma. Ileostomy has many complications, such as skin irritation and leakage, dehydration, obstruction, and parastomal hernia. Considering the complications of defunctioning loop-ileostomy (DLI) we designed this study to evaluate noninserting stoma in a particular group of patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective cohort case series study utilized data of 20 patients with rectal adenocarcinoma with lesion>7 cm from anal verge in rectoscopy who underwent LAR after 28 sessions of chemoradiotherapy (CRT) and 6 weeks of rehabilitation. All of the patients matched our criteria, so DLI was not performed on any of them.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among our 20 patients, four AL were happened (20%). C-reactive protein (CRP) on post-operation day (POD) six was valuable. Computed tomography (CT) scan was not used as a reliable modality in our study. In all patients with positive AL, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was useful and reported correctly, and direct vision of the anastomosis site by rigid rectoscopy was not safe enough to make decisions about it.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The leakage rate was not far from the average leakage rate in other studies. Then it seems it is possible to forget about defunctioning loop stoma (DLS) in safe cases to reduce the stoma complications. Due to our restricted case selection and our close observation protocol, we had no significant complications compared to other studies. According to this study, not inserting stoma in suitable cases with restricted protocol selection is possible, and the leakage rate is not higher in comparison with patients with stoma.</p>","PeriodicalId":18517,"journal":{"name":"Middle East Journal of Digestive Diseases","volume":"16 4","pages":"225-229"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11725019/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142979168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy of Methotrexate and Anti-TNF Combination Therapy in Adults with Refractory Crohn's Disease.","authors":"Paria Boustani, Anahita Sadeghi, Sina Khayatian, Sudabeh Alatab, Amir Anushiravani, Ali Reza Sima, Homayoon Vahedi","doi":"10.34172/mejdd.2024.395","DOIUrl":"10.34172/mejdd.2024.395","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Biological medications have played a significant role in maintenance therapy for Crohn's disease (CD), but some cases become refractory to these agents. Methotrexate (MTX) appears to be a cost-effective and readily available drug for enhancing the effectiveness of maintenance therapy when used in combination with anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) therapy in such cases. However, its effectiveness is still to be established. We aimed to assess the efficacy of MTX and anti-TNF combination therapy in patients with refractory CD.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective cohort study was conducted on adult patients with CD who were refractory to anti-TNF therapy and were initiated on weekly intravenous MTX in addition to the anti-TNF therapy. These patients were then followed up for over a year. The primary outcome measured was the clinical response to treatment, based on the Harvey-Bradshaw Index. The secondary outcomes included assessing the adverse events and complications of MTX therapy.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 70 patients, 44 were included in the final analysis. Among them, 30 patients (68.2%) achieved complete remission, four patients (9.1%) had a partial clinical response, and 10 patients (22.7%) required surgery. The adverse events and complications of MTX therapy were mild and infrequent (9.1%). None of the demographic or clinical factors were significantly associated with response to treatment (<i>P</i>>0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Combining MTX with anti-TNF therapy appears to be an effective and safe treatment for patients with Crohn's disease, particularly those with severe disease who are less responsive to monotherapy. However, further studies are needed to confirm these findings.</p>","PeriodicalId":18517,"journal":{"name":"Middle East Journal of Digestive Diseases","volume":"16 4","pages":"221-224"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11725026/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142979131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Altered Cytokine Production in Patients with <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> Infection.","authors":"Abdollah Safikhani Mahmoodzadeh, Elham Moazamian, Seyedeh Azra Shamsdin, Gholam Abas Kaydani","doi":"10.34172/mejdd.2024.398","DOIUrl":"10.34172/mejdd.2024.398","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong><i>Helicobacter pylori</i> is a gram-negative pathogen. The infection caused by this pathogen may result in gastritis and can increase the risk of gastric cancer. This study investigated the relationship between <i>H. pylori</i> infection as the main risk factor for gastritis and changes in serum inflammatory cytokine levels.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Blood samples from 85 patients with stomach pain, including 46 <i>H. pylori</i>-positive (Hp⁺) and 39 H. pylori-negative (Hp^-) cases, were collected and referred to a gastroenterologist. After isolation and identification of <i>H. pylori</i>, the severity of gastritis was determined for each patient based on the histopathological findings. Finally, the serum levels of cytokines were measured using the multiplex kit and flow cytometry methods.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were significant differences in the levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-22, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) between the Hp^- and the Hp⁺ specimens (<i>P</i>≤0.05). The levels of IL-2, IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-22, TNF-α, and IFN-γ were significantly higher in patients with mild and moderate gastritis than Hp^- group (<i>P</i>≤0.05). In addition, IL-4 significantly increased in patients with moderate gastritis compared with Hp^- individuals (<i>P</i>=0.008).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Among the inflammatory cytokines evaluated in this study, IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-22 may play a crucial role in developing moderate gastritis in infected patients with <i>H. pylori</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":18517,"journal":{"name":"Middle East Journal of Digestive Diseases","volume":"16 4","pages":"235-241"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11725024/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142979054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlation between Autoimmune Hashimoto's Thyroiditis and <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> Infection: A Case-Control Study.","authors":"Mahla Shajari, Maryam Rezaei, Fereshteh Osmani, Ebrahim Shafaie, Zoya Tahergorabi","doi":"10.34172/mejdd.2024.397","DOIUrl":"10.34172/mejdd.2024.397","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Among environmental factors, infectious agents, including <i>Helicobacter pylori</i>, can act as triggers for autoimmune thyroid diseases. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the correlation between autoimmune Hashimoto's thyroiditis with <i>H. pylori</i> infection.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The participants in this case-control study were 74 individuals 17-62 years who were divided into two groups, including 38 diagnosed Hashimoto's thyroiditis patients from an outpatient clinic of endocrinology and 36 apparently healthy individuals that were selected from family members of cases group age-matched and sex-matched. For individuals in two groups, a questionnaire was completed, including demographic information. Then, they were referred to the laboratory for thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free T4 (FT4) in the control group and anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO-Ab) levels measurement in case and control groups. Stool samples were obtained from all individuals for <i>H. pylori</i> antigen detection using the ELIZA kit.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There was no significant difference in the mean age of case and control groups (<i>P</i>=0.96), and 81.1% of individuals were female. 58.6% of patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and 41.4% of the control group had positive <i>H. pylori</i>, but there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (<i>P</i>=0.34). Furthermore, there was a significant positive correlation between TPO-Ab levels and <i>H. pylori</i> infection (<i>r</i>=0.2, <i>P</i>=0.03).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>TPO-Ab levels were associated with <i>H. pylori</i> infection diagnosed by <i>H. pylori</i> antigen.</p>","PeriodicalId":18517,"journal":{"name":"Middle East Journal of Digestive Diseases","volume":"16 4","pages":"230-234"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11725020/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142979070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Hematological Parameters as Markers for Subclinical Inflammation in Adults with Familial Mediterranean Fever.","authors":"Mohamed Gamal Abd Rabou, Ali Mahmoud Ramadan, Ahmed Mohamed Mohsen, Marwa Shawky","doi":"10.34172/mejdd.2024.399","DOIUrl":"10.34172/mejdd.2024.399","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Repeated polyserositis, another name for familial Mediterranean fever (FMF), is an autoimmune disorder with an autosomal recessive nature primarily characterized by short-lived repeated periods of peritonitis, pleuritis, and arthritis, generally accompanied by fever.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Our participants were divided into two groups. Group I (patients): 100 individuals who were diagnosed as patients with FMF and were monitored. Group II (control): matched- healthy individuals (100 controls). They were compared and followed up as regards demographic, clinical, and laboratory data: routine investigations, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and mean platelet volume (MPV), red cell distribution width (RDW), C-reactive protein (CRP), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Group I: MPV mean was 12.03±2.89, whereas group II MPV mean was 7.74±0.57. MPV was significantly statistically greater in group I than in group II. RDW mean in group I was 17.07±1.39 and in group II was 12.92±0.63. RDW was also significantly statistically greater in group I compared with group II. Group I's NLR mean was 3.05±0.71, whereas group II's NLR mean was 1.75±0.2. PLR mean in group I was 164.8±122.8 and in group II was 111.26±29.16.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A statistically significant association was shown between the diagnosis of adult FMF and NLR, PLR, MPV, and RDW.</p>","PeriodicalId":18517,"journal":{"name":"Middle East Journal of Digestive Diseases","volume":"16 4","pages":"242-249"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11725023/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142979142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developing Mobile Health Applications for Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review of Features and Technologies.","authors":"Parvin Akbarian, Farkhondeh Asadi, Azam Sabahi","doi":"10.34172/mejdd.2024.394","DOIUrl":"10.34172/mejdd.2024.394","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) require lifelong treatment, which significantly impacts their quality of life. Self-management of this disease is an effective factor in managing chronic conditions and improving patients' quality of life. The use of mobile applications is a novel approach to providing self-management models and healthcare services for patients with IBD. The present systematic review aimed to identify the features and technologies used in the development of IBD disease management applications.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Sciences databases up to August 8, 2023, which included initial searches, screening studies, assessing eligibility and risk of bias, and study selection. The data extraction form was based on the study objectives, including bibliographic information from articles, such as the first author's name, year of publication, country of origin, and details related to mobile health applications, such as the name of the application, features and technologies used, advantages and disadvantages, main outcomes, and other results. The content of the research was analyzed according to the research objectives.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the initial review of four databases, a total of 160 articles were retrieved and subsequently entered into EndNote. After removing duplicates and irrelevant studies based on title, abstract, and full-text assessments, 12 articles were finally selected. The studies were conducted between the years 2015 and 2024. 100% of the applications designed for patients with IBD were aimed at treatment, 83% were for self-management of the disease, and 33% of the applications were intended for disease diagnosis. The features of IBD management applications were categorized into four groups: education, monitoring, counseling, and diagnosis and treatment.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Various mobile applications have been developed for the management of IBD, each differing in features and technologies used. While current IBD applications have limited capabilities in diagnosing disease severity, they still hold significant potential in empowering patients through education, counseling, and monitoring. The integration of artificial intelligence and decision support systems may enhance the effectiveness and reliability of these applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":18517,"journal":{"name":"Middle East Journal of Digestive Diseases","volume":"16 4","pages":"211-220"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11725021/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142979071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ulcerative and Cytomegalovirus Colitis Associated with Fournier's Gangrene: A Case Report.","authors":"Ali Berkcan Bozdogan, Gamze Sonmez, Erke Baytok, Goksel Guven, Bengi Ozturk","doi":"10.34172/mejdd.2024.401","DOIUrl":"10.34172/mejdd.2024.401","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fournier gangrene is a rare but severe complication of ulcerative colitis, characterized by necrotizing fasciitis affecting the genital and perineal regions. We present a case of a 53-year-old man with a history of ulcerative colitis and cytomegalovirus (CMV) colitis who developed Fournier gangrene, an exceptionally uncommon occurrence in this patient population. The patient initially presented with intense pain, swelling, and skin discoloration in the genital area, accompanied by systemic symptoms, including fever. Prompt recognition and intervention are critical due to the aggressive nature of Fournier gangrene, which often results in significant morbidity and mortality. This case underscores the importance of vigilance for unusual presentations of necrotizing infections in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), particularly those with complicating factors such as immunosuppression and concurrent infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":18517,"journal":{"name":"Middle East Journal of Digestive Diseases","volume":"16 4","pages":"253-255"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11725025/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142979105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multifocal Gastric Granular Cell Tumor: A Case Report.","authors":"Samira Saeian, Kamran B Lankarani, Mohammad Hossein Anbardar, Seyed Majid Ahmadi","doi":"10.34172/mejdd.2024.400","DOIUrl":"10.34172/mejdd.2024.400","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Granular cell tumors (GCTs) of the gastrointestinal tract are rare neoplasms often detected incidentally as subepithelial lesions during endoscopic examination. The occurrence of GCTs in the gastric cavity is even rarer. So far, there have been only four reports of multifocal gastric GCTs. Our study presents the fifth case involving a middle-aged lady with incidental multifocal gastric GCT. It is the first such case reported in West Asia.</p>","PeriodicalId":18517,"journal":{"name":"Middle East Journal of Digestive Diseases","volume":"16 4","pages":"250-252"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11725027/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142979147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Circulating MicroRNAs and Cytokines Associated with Celiac Disease.","authors":"Dargham Hammad, Fadyia Mahdi Muslim Alameedy","doi":"10.34172/mejdd.2024.388","DOIUrl":"10.34172/mejdd.2024.388","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The current research examines the molecular terrain of celiac disease (CD) through microRNA (miRNA) and cytokines as potential new diagnostic and therapeutic markers. Gluten-appropriate immune response is a key feature of an autoimmune clinical entity known as CD that leads to inflammation and degeneration of small intestine mucosa. However, the mechanisms responsible for this remain unclear.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR ) was carried out on serum samples obtained from patients with CD and control groups to unravel their pathogenesis. Assessing miR-155, miR-15b, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-7, IL-35and IL-37 levels in expression might be useful in diagnosing or treating the disorder.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A significant dysregulation of these molecular players in patients with CD compared with healthy controls has been evidenced by results from this study. For instance, miR-155 was up-regulated, whereas miR-15b was significantly down-regulated in CD, illustrating their roles in immune responses and inflammation-mediated processes. Besides, there was an over-expression of IL-2 and an under-expression of IL-37 in patients with CD, indicating these biomolecules' role in immuno-dysregulation and inflammatory process underlying CD. In addition, a positive correlation between IL-2 and miRNA 155 expression levels was observed in patients with CD, suggesting that they could be involved together with other cytokines, showing the interplay between immune response pathways and inflammatory cascades during CD pathogenesis.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These molecular signature discoveries might result in new and revolutionary diagnostic modalities and molecular-targeted therapies for CD pathogenesis. When used with the scientific understanding of miRNAs and cytokines associated with CD pathophysiology, it creates a basis for personalized medicine based on the individualized molecular profile of all patients. This will undoubtedly increase the efficacy of CD treatment strategies. In brief, more research on molecular pathways' workings should be done to harness their potential in CD diagnosis and treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":18517,"journal":{"name":"Middle East Journal of Digestive Diseases","volume":"16 3","pages":"185-192"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11459281/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142391721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}