{"title":"Zymography for the Detection of Bacterial Proteases.","authors":"Mary E Marquart","doi":"10.1007/978-1-0716-4482-9_16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-4482-9_16","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Proteases serve important functions for eukaryotes and bacteria, such as processing other proteins to activate them or degrading other proteins to create smaller peptides or eliminate malformed proteins. Proteases in pathogenic bacteria can also act as virulence factors by virtue of degradation of host proteins, activating other proteins that then enhance virulence, or eliciting bystander inflammatory damage through stimulation of the host immune response, to name a few functions. Zymography of a bacterial protein preparation is a powerful tool for visualizing and identifying the protease profile of a given bacterial strain. A sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel is impregnated with a protease substrate such as gelatin. Following electrophoresis, removal of SDS, incubation in buffer favoring protease activity, and staining, the substrate within the gel will retain the stain while clear bands will emerge where the protease activity degrades the gelatin. This method can be modified with different substrates, buffers, and other variables as detailed in the notes.</p>","PeriodicalId":18490,"journal":{"name":"Methods in molecular biology","volume":"2918 ","pages":"201-210"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144021663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"ELISA for Detection of Total IgG Against YF 17DD.","authors":"Ana Carolina R A Cajaraville","doi":"10.1007/978-1-0716-4458-4_3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-4458-4_3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The ELISA technique has attracted widespread interest as a sensitive, efficient, safe, and inexpensive way to measure antigen-antibody reactions since its description in 1971 to current days. Here it is described an indirect ELISA protocol to detect anti-YF 17DD antibodies as an important tool to evaluate immunogenicity to yellow fever vaccine candidates.</p>","PeriodicalId":18490,"journal":{"name":"Methods in molecular biology","volume":"2913 ","pages":"29-38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144064151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Feng Gu, Ralf Fliegert, Andreas Bauche, Andreas H Guse
{"title":"An Improved Two-Dimensional HPLC Method for Endogenous 2'-Deoxy-ADPR and 2'-Deoxy-NAD.","authors":"Feng Gu, Ralf Fliegert, Andreas Bauche, Andreas H Guse","doi":"10.1007/978-1-0716-4414-0_6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-4414-0_6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Transient receptor potential melastatin 2 (TRPM2) is a multifunctional non-selective Ca<sup>2+</sup>-permeable cation channel expressed in numerous immune cells. 2'-Deoxy-adenosine diphosphoribose (2d-ADPR) has been identified as a superagonist of TRPM2 channels that induces higher whole-cell currents and requires a lower intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> concentration for activation. 2d-ADPR can be produced from 2'-deoxy-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (2d-NAD) by the enzyme CD38 in vitro under physiological conditions.Here, we describe a two-dimensional HPLC method, suitable for the quantification of endogenous 2d-ADPR and 2d-NAD. The results demonstrated that 25 million Jurkat T cells per sample were sufficient to quantify endogenous 2d-ADPR and 2d-NAD.</p>","PeriodicalId":18490,"journal":{"name":"Methods in molecular biology","volume":"2904 ","pages":"79-89"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144018035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Yellow Fluorescent Protein Quenching Assay for Analyzing Odorant Receptor Activity.","authors":"JiWoo Choi, JaeHyung Koo","doi":"10.1007/978-1-0716-4466-9_11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-4466-9_11","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Odorant receptors (ORs), recognized as the largest subfamily of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), are increasingly identified as membrane proteins crucial not only in nasal but also in various extra-nasal biological processes. However, researching the functions of these extra-nasal ORs is challenging due to the limited availability of ligands, posing a significant barrier to comprehensive studies. Large-scale screening with in vitro assays, such as the halide-sensitive yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) quenching assay, is crucial for deorphanizing ORs. This protocol employs the YFP quenching assay to identify OR-ligand interactions, thereby advancing OR deorphanization research.</p>","PeriodicalId":18490,"journal":{"name":"Methods in molecular biology","volume":"2915 ","pages":"169-177"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144018645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kotb Abdelmohsen, Krystyna Mazan-Mamczarz, Dimitrios Tsitsipatis, Martina Rossi, Rachel B Munk, Myriam Gorospe
{"title":"Dissecting the Heterogeneity of Senescent Cells Through CITE-seq Integration.","authors":"Kotb Abdelmohsen, Krystyna Mazan-Mamczarz, Dimitrios Tsitsipatis, Martina Rossi, Rachel B Munk, Myriam Gorospe","doi":"10.1007/978-1-0716-4434-8_7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-4434-8_7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cellular senescence, a state of persistent growth arrest following cell damage, is associated with aging and age-related diseases. Understanding cell heterogeneity within senescent populations is crucial for developing therapies to mitigate senescence-associated pathologies. The protocol described here outlines an integrated approach to exploit the presence of cell surface proteins on subsets of senescent cells to study their heterogeneity at the single-cell level. After identifying senescence-associated surface proteins by mass spectrometry (MS) and then performing cellular indexing of transcriptomes and epitopes sequencing (CITE-seq) single-cell analysis, we were able to identify unique transcriptomic programs associated with specific surface protein markers expressed in some senescent cells but not in others. We illustrate the utility of this approach by investigating the complex heterogeneity of senescent cell populations. However, this methodology can be applied to other biological scenarios where cells with unique transcriptomic profiles can be studied individually, thanks to the presence of specific cell surface proteins that distinguish them from other cells within the same population.</p>","PeriodicalId":18490,"journal":{"name":"Methods in molecular biology","volume":"2908 ","pages":"99-109"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143990074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Nanoparticles-Assisted Peptide Cancer Vaccine Delivery.","authors":"Lanqing Luo, Rui Kuai","doi":"10.1007/978-1-0716-4542-0_10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-4542-0_10","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Efficient delivery of tumor antigen peptides and adjuvants to dendritic cells in lymphoid organs is critical for eliciting potent tumor antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses. However, soluble antigens and adjuvants often suffer from rapid clearance and fail to induce strong T-cell responses. Synthetic high-density lipoproteins (sHDL) nanodiscs, which are 10-nm discoidal nanoparticles, have been shown to facilitate the co-delivery of peptide antigens and adjuvants to lymph nodes and induce strong and durable antigen presentation by dendritic cells, which markedly improve the overall magnitude of antigen-specific T cell responses. Here we summarize the methods for preparing sHDL-based peptide cancer vaccines and protocols for analyzing the T cell responses against different tumor antigens. We envision that these methods will be helpful in developing and assessing other nanoparticle-based peptide cancer vaccines in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":18490,"journal":{"name":"Methods in molecular biology","volume":"2926 ","pages":"129-141"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144027445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adriana de Souza Azevedo, Nathalia Dos Santos Alves
{"title":"Micro-Focus Reduction Neutralization Tests (mFRNT) for Neutralizing Antibody (Nab) Quantification Against Yellow Fever Virus.","authors":"Adriana de Souza Azevedo, Nathalia Dos Santos Alves","doi":"10.1007/978-1-0716-4458-4_17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-4458-4_17","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although the plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) is considered the reference for measuring neutralizing antibodies for Yellow fever virus (YFV), the micro-focus reduction neutralization test (mFRNT) presents many advantages including a higher throughput, a reduced incubation time, and allows the automatic foci count. So, here we describe a detailed mFRNT method that provides a faster neutralization test essential for non-clinical and clinical studies and vaccine design.</p>","PeriodicalId":18490,"journal":{"name":"Methods in molecular biology","volume":"2913 ","pages":"193-200"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144032737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Method for H2A.Z/H2B Dimer Exchange Within Nucleosomes In Vitro.","authors":"Benoit Guillemette, Liette Laflamme, Luc Gaudreau","doi":"10.1007/978-1-0716-4486-7_3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-4486-7_3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>H2A.Z is a highly conserved variant of H2A that is incorporated in genomic regulatory regions and contributes to control gene expression and genomic stability. H2A.Z variant exchange involves the removal of H2A-H2B dimers from a pre-assembled nucleosome and their replacement with H2A.Z-H2B dimers. A specific family of chromatin remodeling complexes, homologous to the yeast Swr1 complex, has been shown to be capable of this histone exchange activity both in vivo and in vitro. Here, we describe an assay to measure the histone exchange activity of recombinant human p400 expressed in insect Sf9 cells on immobilized mononucleosomes in vitro, using Flag-tagged H2A.Z/H2B dimers. Histone exchange is then measured with a simple Western blot assay. The assay can be adapted to other histone exchange complexes/catalytic subunits purified from any species.</p>","PeriodicalId":18490,"journal":{"name":"Methods in molecular biology","volume":"2919 ","pages":"47-66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144031464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anna S van den Bosch, Melinda Farkas, Frederique M Kemme, Matthea M Stoop, Paul P M van Zuijlen, Annebeth Meij-de Vries, Esther Middelkoop, Anouk Pijpe
{"title":"Standardized Outcome Measures for the Clinical Application of Tissue Engineered Products.","authors":"Anna S van den Bosch, Melinda Farkas, Frederique M Kemme, Matthea M Stoop, Paul P M van Zuijlen, Annebeth Meij-de Vries, Esther Middelkoop, Anouk Pijpe","doi":"10.1007/978-1-0716-4510-9_26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-4510-9_26","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The clinical application of tissue engineered products aims to regenerate skin and enhance the appearance, texture, sensation, and functionality of affected skin or scars. To evaluate the efficacy and effectiveness of novel products, level 1 randomized controlled trials are required. However, currently a significant challenge in this field is the clinical and statistical heterogeneity of trial designs and outcome measures for tissue engineered products. To address this challenge and improve clinical outcomes, it is essential to standardize high-quality outcome measures. These measures are clinimetrically developed tools designed to reliably and validly assess specific health outcomes across diverse patient populations, clinical settings, and studies. This chapter proposes a core set of outcome measurements designed to evaluate the most relevant, feasible, reliable, and valid parameters in the clinical application of tissue engineered products. For routine clinical practice, we recommend the inclusion of photography, graft take, re-epithelialization, and scar quality assessment using the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale. For clinical trials, additional measures such as colorimetry and elasticity assessment are advised. Detailed protocols for these methods are provided, resulting in a standardized core outcome set. High-quality outcome assessment also necessitates specialized training and the presence of trained personal at all assessment points. The chapter further addresses specific considerations for outcome assessment in pediatric patients, remote assessment strategies, and additional recommendations for optimizing clinical and research practices in this field. The implementation of standardized outcome measurement is essential for improving the outcomes of patients treated with tissue engineered products.</p>","PeriodicalId":18490,"journal":{"name":"Methods in molecular biology","volume":"2922 ","pages":"335-354"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144001497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Raquel Curtinhas de Lima, Nieli Rodrigues da Costa Faria, Amanda Torrentes de Carvalho
{"title":"Flow Cytometry as Immunoassay Tool for Research on Yellow Fever Virus.","authors":"Raquel Curtinhas de Lima, Nieli Rodrigues da Costa Faria, Amanda Torrentes de Carvalho","doi":"10.1007/978-1-0716-4458-4_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-4458-4_1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Flow cytometry is a sensitive and practical technique that can be applied in both basic and clinical research. It allows extracting quantitative and multiparametric valuable information to assist in the study of cell immunophenotyping, morphological complexity, location and/or expression of extra and intracellular molecules involved in metabolic and proliferative pathways, inflammation, viability, and cell death, among others. The parameters are analyzed by labeling antigens of yellow fever virus and/or cells with fluorescent specific monoclonal antibodies or dyes for immunophenotyping and data acquisition using a flow cytometer. In translational research, flow cytometry is a useful tool in tracking and monitoring the etiology, evolution, and outcome of several infectious diseases, such as yellow fever (YF), with the aim of benefiting human health through detection of intracellular viral antigen and vaccine efficacy trials, as well as characterization, quantification, and monitoring of immune cells subpopulations and their biological functions quality. In the last 10 years we have been facing the re-emergence of YF, considered an endemic disease caused by arbovirus in continents including South America. Unfortunately, severe forms of the disease are still associated with increased mortality. Even with the availability of effective vaccines, gaps about understanding the immune pathophysiology and clinical management are still considered a huge challenge for the scientific community. Therefore, such tool has the potential to aggregate in flavivirus setting, being effective in tracking infection in different biological culture systems, animal and human models, as well as in searching for new antiviral drugs and vaccine efficacy.</p>","PeriodicalId":18490,"journal":{"name":"Methods in molecular biology","volume":"2913 ","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144044066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}