Celia L Hartmann, Joachim L Schultze, Marc D Beyer, Caterina Carraro
{"title":"Laser-Capture Microdissection Followed by ATAC-Seq.","authors":"Celia L Hartmann, Joachim L Schultze, Marc D Beyer, Caterina Carraro","doi":"10.1007/978-1-0716-5154-4_12","DOIUrl":"10.1007/978-1-0716-5154-4_12","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Laser-capture microdissection (LCM) enables the collection of regions of interest from target tissues, making it compatible with a number of spatially resolved downstream omics applications. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for LCM coupled to ATAC-seq (LCM-ATAC-seq) for the spatial analysis of chromatin landscape based on the method published by Carraro et al. (Cell Rep Methods 3:100598, 2023). LCM-ATAC-seq allows the efficient capture down to single nuclei and can be combined with the morphological staining of target cell populations to characterize chromatin states in fresh-frozen tissue samples.</p>","PeriodicalId":18490,"journal":{"name":"Methods in molecular biology","volume":"3015 ","pages":"151-162"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146106045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Low-Input Proteomics Protocols for Laser-Captured FFPE Samples with Orbitrap Astral DIA-MS.","authors":"Daniele Musiani, Alessandro Cuomo","doi":"10.1007/978-1-0716-5154-4_8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/978-1-0716-5154-4_8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Laser microdissection (LMD) combined with high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS) has become a powerful approach for analyzing targeted regions of fixed tissues, enabling detailed investigation of their heterogeneity. Here, we present two protocols optimized for low-input samples: a solid-phase enhanced preparation method (SP3) and a detergent/organic solvent-based approach (DDM/ACN). Both workflows are designed to minimize sample loss and are suitable for manual processing when automation platforms are not available. We provide practical guidance to reduce input requirements down to 1500 μm<sup>2</sup> of 10 μm thick FFPE tissue while maintaining reproducibility and proteome depth. These protocols, when coupled with fast instruments such as the Orbitrap Astral mass spectrometer working in DIA acquisition mode, enable sensitive, high-resolution proteomic analysis of microdissected tissue regions. Together, they establish a robust approach for investigating spatial heterogeneity in clinical samples with high coverage and precision.</p>","PeriodicalId":18490,"journal":{"name":"Methods in molecular biology","volume":"3015 ","pages":"95-108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146106034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elvio Rodríguez Araya, Gonzalo Martínez Peralta, Lucila Attala, Victoria Boselli, Azul de Hernández, Julia Pinheiro Chagas da Cunha, Esteban Serra
{"title":"Exploring Protein Interactomes Using TurboID-Directed Proximity Labeling and Mass Spectrometry.","authors":"Elvio Rodríguez Araya, Gonzalo Martínez Peralta, Lucila Attala, Victoria Boselli, Azul de Hernández, Julia Pinheiro Chagas da Cunha, Esteban Serra","doi":"10.1007/978-1-0716-5142-1_17","DOIUrl":"10.1007/978-1-0716-5142-1_17","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Proximity labeling (PL) with TurboID provides a powerful alternative to traditional protein interaction mapping methods, allowing the capture of both stable and transient interactions in living cells. Here, we describe a standardized and optimized protocol for generating high-confidence proximity proteomes in Trypanosoma cruzi using a novel vector system, pTcTurboID. This vector allows the stable and regulatable expression of TurboID fusion proteins, ensuring minimal bait expression to preserve physiological function while maintaining sufficient biotinylation activity for protein detection. The protocol comprises eight steps, including the generation of spatial control and bait lineages, optimization of biotinylation conditions, and refinement of the purification process with magnetic streptavidin beads. Key features include the use of compartment-specific spatial controls to minimize nonspecific background and statistical analysis to identify true interactors. Our methodology has been validated with nuclear and cytoplasmic baits, yielding reproducible proximity interactomes. This protocol provides an efficient, reproducible, and robust framework for proximity proteomics in T. cruzi.</p>","PeriodicalId":18490,"journal":{"name":"Methods in molecular biology","volume":"3013 ","pages":"315-342"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146106120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Engineering Wax Ester Composition in Euglena gracilis Using Genome Editing.","authors":"Sakura Nagamine, Rikuto Oishi, Masami Nakazawa","doi":"10.1007/978-1-0716-5146-9_3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/978-1-0716-5146-9_3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Genome editing technologies have significantly expanded the potential for metabolic engineering in non-model organisms. In Euglena gracilis, genome editing methods using Cas9 and Cas12a were reported in 2019 and 2024, respectively, and are increasingly being applied to modify metabolic functions. This chapter provides a detailed protocol for CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing that enables stable modification of wax ester composition under anaerobic conditions. By targeting key enzymes in the reversed β-oxidation pathway, the method allows the generation of knockout mutants with altered wax ester chain lengths. Beyond this application, the protocol supports reproducible and stable genetic modification of E. gracilis metabolism. It can be extended to the engineering of other biosynthetic pathways and is compatible with future integration of knock-in strategies. The approach offers a practical basis for the broader use of E. gracilis as a green chassis organism in synthetic biology and biomanufacturing.</p>","PeriodicalId":18490,"journal":{"name":"Methods in molecular biology","volume":"3014 ","pages":"37-49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146106163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marie Zelená, Anežka Konupková, Vladimír Hampl, Vladimír Varga
{"title":"Expansion Microscopy in Euglenozoa.","authors":"Marie Zelená, Anežka Konupková, Vladimír Hampl, Vladimír Varga","doi":"10.1007/978-1-0716-5146-9_13","DOIUrl":"10.1007/978-1-0716-5146-9_13","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Expansion microscopy is a powerful technique, which increases the effective resolution of a fluorescence microscope by physically enlarging the specimen within a swellable polymer matrix. When combined with confocal microscopy, it enables affordable and easy-to-implement super-resolution imaging of protein localization in an entire cellular volume. Here, we describe in detail a protocol for the expansion of Euglenozoa, such as Trypanosoma brucei and Euglena gracilis, which achieves an average expansion factor of 4.6 in the case of T. brucei and 3.5 in the case of E. gracilis. This method is compatible with a broad range of available antibodies targeting endogenous proteins or small epitope tags. Additionally, we demonstrate the use of a fluorescent NHS ester for whole-proteome staining, BODIPY lipid stain, and the SYTOX nucleic acid stain for reproducible DNA labeling in expanded cells of these organisms. These reagents further increase the versatility of this simple yet robust super-resolution approach for studies of the cell biology of Euglenozoa.</p>","PeriodicalId":18490,"journal":{"name":"Methods in molecular biology","volume":"3014 ","pages":"199-214"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146106206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zeng Li, Andrés Álvarez-Rodríguez, Yann G-J Sterckx, Stefan Magez
{"title":"Standardized Recombinase Polymerase Amplification (RPA) Assay for Detecting Active Trypanosoma brucei evansi Infections.","authors":"Zeng Li, Andrés Álvarez-Rodríguez, Yann G-J Sterckx, Stefan Magez","doi":"10.1007/978-1-0716-5146-9_9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/978-1-0716-5146-9_9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The causative agent of \"Surra\", Trypanosoma brucei evansi (T. b. evansi), is thought to have originated from Trypanosoma brucei brucei (T. b. brucei) and primarily causes trypanosomosis in a wide range of wild and domesticated animals. The disease inflicts significant economic damage to farmers and the livestock industry. Additionally, T. b. evansi is considered a potential zoonotic pathogen, as atypical human infections have been reported. Unlike T. brucei, which requires the tsetse fly as a biological vector, T. b. evansi can be transmitted mechanically by various biting flies, leading to a broader and less predictable global distribution. The economic impact and the global presence of T. b. evansi increase the need for rapid, accurate, and field-deployable diagnostic tests. While polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based tests are widely used for direct pathogen detection, they generally require skilled personnel and a laboratory environment to ensure proper protocol execution. In contrast, recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) offers an alternative approach using isothermal nucleic acid amplification that is simple, fast, cost-effective, and well-suited for use in minimally equipped laboratories (and even in field settings). The results of RPA can be visualized using different methods, such as agarose gel electrophoresis (RPA-AGE), lateral flow assay (RPA-LFA), and real-time fluorescence (RPA-RT). In this chapter, we describe the procedures that are used for specifically detecting active T. b. evansi infections. The choice of procedure to be used is determined by several key factors, including the intended application, available resources, and the required sensitivity.</p>","PeriodicalId":18490,"journal":{"name":"Methods in molecular biology","volume":"3014 ","pages":"123-135"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146106249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Multi-Approach Workflows for Chromatin and Histone Isolation from Trypanosoma cruzi: From Basic Protein Extraction to Mass Spectrometry-Compatible Protocols.","authors":"Ana Paula Menezes, Julia Pinheiro Chagas da Cunha","doi":"10.1007/978-1-0716-5146-9_4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/978-1-0716-5146-9_4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This chapter presents a comprehensive set of protocols for isolating chromatin and histones from Trypanosoma cruzi, tailored for applications ranging from gel-based analyses to high-resolution mass spectrometry. It outlines optimized workflows for extracting basic nuclear proteins, histones, linker histone H1, and chromatin-associated proteins, adapted to different parasite life stages and cell cycle phases. By integrating multiple approaches, these methods address challenges posed by the parasite's unique biology and provide flexible tools for studying histone post-translational modifications and chromatin proteins. The inclusion of protocols compatible with proteomic workflows supports broader investigations into epigenetic regulation and nuclear processes in T. cruzi.</p>","PeriodicalId":18490,"journal":{"name":"Methods in molecular biology","volume":"3014 ","pages":"51-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146106283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Virus-Induced Gene Silencing for Identifying Autoimmune Regulators in Arabidopsis.","authors":"Suji Ye, Sung-Il Kim, Ping He","doi":"10.1007/978-1-0716-5138-4_12","DOIUrl":"10.1007/978-1-0716-5138-4_12","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) has been applied as a functional genomics tool across diverse plant species. Integrated with the Arabidopsis sequence-tagged T-DNA homozygous mutant library, VIGS enables an efficient screening approach that combines features of both forward and reverse genetics, facilitating the identification of novel regulators in plant immunity. Plant defense against pathogens relies on a two-layered immune system, classified as pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Dysregulation of key PTI or ETI components can lead to excessive or uncontrolled cell death. The cell death phenotype offers a unique avenue for genetic screens aimed at identifying suppressors of immune-related cell death. However, conventional genetic approaches face limitations due to seedling lethality and the consequent lack of viable seeds, restricting their efficiency. Here, we describe an Agrobacterium-mediated transient VIGS assay optimized for systematic gene silencing at seedling stages, leading to cell death phenotypes. This method enables high-throughput screening for cell death suppressors using T-DNA homozygous mutant collections. The platform provides a rapid, cost-efficient strategy for uncovering key regulators of plant immune signaling, offering new insights into mechanisms governing immune homeostasis and cell death suppression.</p>","PeriodicalId":18490,"journal":{"name":"Methods in molecular biology","volume":"3012 ","pages":"165-180"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146125528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Plant Biotic Stress: Tools and Techniques for Crop Protection.","authors":"Krishna Ramakrishnan Acharya, Aswin Reddy Chilakala, Muthappa Senthil-Kumar","doi":"10.1007/978-1-0716-4746-2_1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/978-1-0716-4746-2_1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As climate change continues to impact crop yields, developing strategies to enhance plant tolerance to biotic stress has become increasingly important. This requires a thorough evaluation of the tools and methodologies used to manipulate and study biotic stress tolerance. It is crucial to comprehensively understand both conventional and modern techniques, as well as their effectiveness in addressing the specific needs of the crop under study. Detecting diseases at the early stages of plant development can prevent significant losses in large-scale cultivations. Two broad approaches commonly used to mitigate biotic stresses are eliminating causative agents such as fungi, bacteria, nematodes, viruses, or pests, and imparting resistance to the plant. Although there are similarities in the tools and techniques used to address different biotic stresses, each scenario requires dedicated case studies. It is also essential to stay up to date with the latest developments in plant biotechnology to incorporate a cross-disciplinary approach in conducting and validating experiments. This chapter provides an overview of methods covered in this book ranging from molecular breeding to nondestructive techniques that help achieve the goal of safeguarding plant health.</p>","PeriodicalId":18490,"journal":{"name":"Methods in molecular biology","volume":"2966 ","pages":"1-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145200187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chengwei Yi, Stefanie S M Meier, Maria Kehr, Andreas Möglich
{"title":"Spectroscopic Analyses of Photoconversion in Phytochromes.","authors":"Chengwei Yi, Stefanie S M Meier, Maria Kehr, Andreas Möglich","doi":"10.1007/978-1-0716-4791-2_11","DOIUrl":"10.1007/978-1-0716-4791-2_11","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Phytochrome photoreceptors integrate red and far-red light to inform vital adaptations of physiology, development, and lifestyle in manifold plants, bacteria, and fungi. Once covalently assembled with bilin chromophores, phytochromes traverse their metastable Pr and Pfr states depending on light quality and intensity. This chapter provides protocols for the analyses of phytochromes by absorption spectroscopy to determine their molar extinction coefficients, their photostationary state assumed under constant illumination, and their quantum yields for the light-driven Pr ⇄ Pfr interconversion. Knowledge of these parameters pertains to the natural role of phytochromes and their deployment in optogenetics and biotechnology.</p>","PeriodicalId":18490,"journal":{"name":"Methods in molecular biology","volume":"2970 ","pages":"177-191"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145199934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}