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The Oxford Handbook of International Environmental Law最新文献

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Part III Conceptual Pillars, Ch.16 Harm Prevention 第三部分概念支柱，第16章预防伤害
The Oxford Handbook of International Environmental Law Pub Date : 2021-08-11 DOI: 10.1093/law/9780198849155.003.0016
Brunnée Jutta
{"title":"Part III Conceptual Pillars, Ch.16 Harm Prevention","authors":"Brunnée Jutta","doi":"10.1093/law/9780198849155.003.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198849155.003.0016","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter addresses how international environmental law originates from and revolves around the harm prevention rule. It focuses on three points of contention, each related to the role of due diligence in harm prevention, and each highlighted by recent judicial engagements with the harm prevention rule. First, it is generally accepted that a state's obligation to prevent environmental harm is not absolute, but requires due diligence in the face of risk of significant harm. However, it is unclear whether a failure to act diligently to avert harm on its own—absent actual harm—can amount to a breach of the harm prevention rule. Second, the relationship between the procedural and substantive dimensions of the harm prevention rule remains ambiguous. Third, there is some uncertainty as to where the line runs between the harm prevention obligation and the precautionary principle, given the focus of both notions on risk. These inter-related conceptual questions affect the harm prevention rule's function as a reference point for international environmental law.","PeriodicalId":184658,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of International Environmental Law","volume":"518 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123114779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Part III Conceptual Pillars, Ch.18 Precaution 第三部分概念支柱，第18章预防措施
The Oxford Handbook of International Environmental Law Pub Date : 2021-08-11 DOI: 10.1093/law/9780198849155.003.0018
P. Jacqueline
{"title":"Part III Conceptual Pillars, Ch.18 Precaution","authors":"P. Jacqueline","doi":"10.1093/law/9780198849155.003.0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198849155.003.0018","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter describes the concept of precaution in international environmental law, which concerns anticipatory action in response to scientifically uncertain threats of environmental harm. Its most frequently referenced formulation can be found in Principle 15 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development. The Rio Declaration's endorsement of precaution in Principle 15 introduced to international environmental law a new discourse over the appropriate evidentiary foundations of global environmental regulation. The chapter then focuses on four key questions (and attendant debates) regarding precaution that have been critical in understanding its role in international environmental law. These questions concern the meaning of precaution as a conceptual pillar of international environmental law; the legal status of precaution as a principle of international environmental law; the formulation and understanding of precaution evident from international environmental treaties and case law; and the consequences of applying precaution in decision-making concerning threats of environmental damage.","PeriodicalId":184658,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of International Environmental Law","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113938029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Part VIII Compliance, Implementation, and Effectiveness, Ch.56 Non-Compliance Procedures 第八部分合规、实施和有效性，第56章不合规程序
The Oxford Handbook of International Environmental Law Pub Date : 2021-08-11 DOI: 10.1093/law/9780198849155.003.0056
Doelle Meinhard
{"title":"Part VIII Compliance, Implementation, and Effectiveness, Ch.56 Non-Compliance Procedures","authors":"Doelle Meinhard","doi":"10.1093/law/9780198849155.003.0056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198849155.003.0056","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter reflects on non-compliance procedures, which have emerged in multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs) as they have in other areas of international law. While the focus of international treaty negotiation may, at one point, have been the substantive issues, the scope has, over time, shifted to include efforts to ensure the effective implementation of the substantive commitments and obligations negotiated. Along with other elements, such as dispute settlement procedures, education, and capacity-building, non-compliance procedures have become a key element of the overall effort to ensure the effective implementation of MEAs. The chapter considers the role of compliance systems in MEAs, with a brief survey of the debate over the respective role of facilitation and enforcement, followed by an exploration of the relationship between the primary rule system and elements of the compliance system. It then looks at the key elements of compliance systems before studying a selection of MEA compliance systems.","PeriodicalId":184658,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of International Environmental Law","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133217288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Part VI Actors, Ch.37 Regional Organizations the European Union 第六部分行动者，Ch.37区域组织:欧洲联盟
The Oxford Handbook of International Environmental Law Pub Date : 2021-08-11 DOI: 10.1093/law/9780198849155.003.0037
Maljean-Dubois Sandrine
{"title":"Part VI Actors, Ch.37 Regional Organizations the European Union","authors":"Maljean-Dubois Sandrine","doi":"10.1093/law/9780198849155.003.0037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198849155.003.0037","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter addresses the European Union (EU) as a preeminent example of a regional organization and its role in international environmental law. It first examines the progressive affirmation of EU competence in the environmental field and its development of a distinctive environmental policy. The chapter then turns to the external dimension of EU environmental competence, discussing the EU's participation in and enforcement of international environmental law, as well as the general question of whether the EU can be said to have an external environmental policy. The EU internal environmental policy expands on the international stage. Even if it lacks the internal structures and resources fully and effectively to assume a role as a global environmental leader, the EU participates in environmental negotiations, concludes and implements international treaties, and exercises its ‘soft power’ to promote the development and implementation of international environmental law. The chapter concludes with some brief reflections on other regional organizations and their distinctions from the largely sui generis EU example.","PeriodicalId":184658,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of International Environmental Law","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121462405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Part VI Actors, Ch.35 The State 第六部分行动者，Ch.35国家
The Oxford Handbook of International Environmental Law Pub Date : 2021-08-11 DOI: 10.1093/law/9780198849155.003.0035
Marauhn Thilo
{"title":"Part VI Actors, Ch.35 The State","authors":"Marauhn Thilo","doi":"10.1093/law/9780198849155.003.0035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198849155.003.0035","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter assesses the role of the state in international environmental law. The starting point is the Westphalian notion of states' unimpaired freedom of action, increasingly revealed as a ‘myth’. The chapter then considers ideas of contemporary statehood—an element of a global system of environmental governance. Contemporary statehood and its relevance for international environmental law can best be illuminated by focusing on the roles assumed by states as authors, addressees, and guardians of international law. Finally, the chapter discusses the changing role of states in light of ongoing transformations in the international legal system, including the growing plurality of actors, norms, and institutions, as well as the growth of inter-linked networks of states and other actors.","PeriodicalId":184658,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of International Environmental Law","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114300037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Part II Analytical Approaches, Ch.13 Ethical Considerations 第二部分分析方法，第13章伦理考虑
The Oxford Handbook of International Environmental Law Pub Date : 2021-08-11 DOI: 10.1093/law/9780198849155.003.0013
G. Alexander
{"title":"Part II Analytical Approaches, Ch.13 Ethical Considerations","authors":"G. Alexander","doi":"10.1093/law/9780198849155.003.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198849155.003.0013","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter focuses on the dominant philosophical values currently operating within international environmental law. Collectively, international environmental law operates in a maze of anthropocentric and non-anthropocentric values. Often these values overlap both within and between regimes, and conflicts are relatively rare. Although anthropocentric values are more common than non-anthropocentric ones, there is no one dominant philosophical value that towers above others in international environmental law. Non-anthropocentric values are also becoming particularly noticeable across a large range of topics. However, what is obvious in international environmental law is that the debates about the philosophical value of the environment are not novel. In the space of twenty years, debates which were once the exclusive province of philosophy journals have moved to the core of many of the most high-profile international regimes which are seeking to resolve some of the most pressing difficulties of the twenty-first century.","PeriodicalId":184658,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of International Environmental Law","volume":"120 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114504022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Part V Subject Matter, Ch.28 Transboundary Air Pollution 第五部分主题，第28章越境空气污染
The Oxford Handbook of International Environmental Law Pub Date : 2021-08-11 DOI: 10.1093/law/9780198849155.003.0028
O. Phoebe
{"title":"Part V Subject Matter, Ch.28 Transboundary Air Pollution","authors":"O. Phoebe","doi":"10.1093/law/9780198849155.003.0028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198849155.003.0028","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter investigates the causes of transboundary air pollution. Much of the experience and knowledge comes from the context of the global North, with far less known about problems of transboundary air pollution across Africa, Asia, and Latin America. The chapter then discusses the role of customary law rules in the field before turning to a discussion of the main treaty regimes addressing transboundary air pollution in Europe and North America, as well as the more recent 2002 Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) Transboundary Haze Pollution Agreement. As yet, there is no global treaty addressing air pollution and this seems unlikely to emerge. The chapter concludes that further regulation will likely come through regional efforts, as well as intersection with the climate regime.","PeriodicalId":184658,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of International Environmental Law","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127486708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Part IX International Environmental Law in National/Regional Courts, Ch.64 India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan 第九部分国家/区域法院的国际环境法，印度、孟加拉国和巴基斯坦
The Oxford Handbook of International Environmental Law Pub Date : 2021-08-11 DOI: 10.1093/law/9780198849155.003.0064
Ghosh Shibani
{"title":"Part IX International Environmental Law in National/Regional Courts, Ch.64 India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan","authors":"Ghosh Shibani","doi":"10.1093/law/9780198849155.003.0064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198849155.003.0064","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter focuses on international environmental law (IEL) in the courts of India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan. Review of the case law reveals that Indian courts have led the adoption of the IEL principles in this region, with occasional references to IEL by Bangladeshi and Pakistani courts. This appears to follow the trend of non-environmental cases, where also the Bangladeshi and Pakistani judiciary is more reluctant than the Indian courts to turn to international law. Although courts in the three countries have engaged with IEL, it has mostly been at a superficial level. Their reliance on IEL is not always accompanied by strong judicial reasoning, making it difficult to determine their content and scope, and even their relevance in particular scenarios. Given development imperatives in these countries, courts are often faced with the ‘economy/development versus environment’ question. In such situations, the courts rely on IEL in an instrumental fashion in support of the final outcome of the case, rather than engaging with the substantive content of the IEL principle.","PeriodicalId":184658,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of International Environmental Law","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133109221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Part VI Actors, Ch.42 Indigenous Peoples 第六部分演员，Ch.42土著人民
The Oxford Handbook of International Environmental Law Pub Date : 2021-08-11 DOI: 10.1093/law/9780198849155.003.0042
R. Jacinta
{"title":"Part VI Actors, Ch.42 Indigenous Peoples","authors":"R. Jacinta","doi":"10.1093/law/9780198849155.003.0042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198849155.003.0042","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter highlights Indigenous peoples and international environmental law. There is a myriad of international instruments and commitments that presently incorporate some recognition of Indigenous peoples. The chapter provides a broad overview of some of these milestones in international environmental law to demonstrate the general tenor of how these instruments are purporting to encompass (or not) Indigenous peoples' aspirations for self-determination in caring for the environment. It first reflects on Indigenous peoples' law. The chapter then considers the development of rights of Indigenous peoples at international law, focusing on the International Labour Organization's (ILO) 1989 Convention concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries and the 2007 United Nations (UN) Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. It concludes that international environmental law is simply at the early stages of recognizing the aspirations of Indigenous peoples.","PeriodicalId":184658,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of International Environmental Law","volume":"115 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132801948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Part VIII Compliance, Implementation, and Effectiveness, Ch.52 Transparency Procedures 第八部分合规、实施和有效性，第52章透明度程序
The Oxford Handbook of International Environmental Law Pub Date : 2021-08-11 DOI: 10.1093/law/9780198849155.003.0052
Sparks Tom, P. Anne
{"title":"Part VIII Compliance, Implementation, and Effectiveness, Ch.52 Transparency Procedures","authors":"Sparks Tom, P. Anne","doi":"10.1093/law/9780198849155.003.0052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198849155.003.0052","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores how information obligations on states—to collect, report, or publish—are an important aspect of most modern multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs). These have developed both alongside and as part of a wider ‘turn to transparency’ in international law, resulting in traditional forms of reporting, monitoring, and verification being incorporated into a more extensive set of transparency relationships. The chapter examines transparency as an increasingly important aspect of international environmental law, both as an end in itself and as a means of achieving other substantive goals. It frames transparency in international environmental law within the wider transparency turn. The chapter then looks at the techniques that are employed in customary and conventional environmental law to realize transparency, focusing on the compliance-centred, emancipatory, and advocative functions it performs.","PeriodicalId":184658,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of International Environmental Law","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127268372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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