Microbial Physiology最新文献

{"title":"Microbiome: Friend or Friendly Foe.","authors":"Lakshmi B Reddy, Milton H Saier","doi":"10.1159/000548748","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000548748","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The human microbiome is a dynamic, polymicrobial ecosystem that plays an essential role in nutrition, immune development, barrier integrity, and host physiology, acting as a mutualistic partner under balanced conditions. However, its ecological complexity, genetic adaptability through horizontal gene transfer, and interactions with other prokaryotes as well as protozoan and metazoan parasites can transform commensals into pathobionts, resulting in weakened host's barriers, immunity declines with the progression of age, and community composition shifts toward dysbiosis. Factors such as diet, genetics, aging, immune-senescence, impaired autophagy, and environmental exposure, all influence this delicate balance, determining whether the microbiome remains protective or becomes an opportunistic source of inflammation and disease. This review focuses on the study of the intestinal microbiome in humans. Maintaining microbiome homeostasis is promoted through (a) dietary diversity, (b) limited antimicrobial use, (c) use of probiotics, (d) support for gut barrier function, and (e) healthy lifestyle improvements. These actions and considerations are critical to prevent the emergence of pathogenic states and preserving the microbiome's vital role in host health throughout life.</p>","PeriodicalId":18457,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145232885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A FocA variant incapable of formate import but retaining formic acid efflux highlights the distinct mechanisms governing bidirectional formate translocation.","authors":"Michelle Kammel, Oliver Trebbin, R Gary Sawers","doi":"10.1159/000548185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000548185","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>FocA belongs to the formate-nitrite transporter (FNT) superfamily of pentameric membrane proteins, which translocate small, monovalent anions across the cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria, archaea and certain protists. FocA translocates formate anions or formic acid bidirectionally through a hydrophobic pore present in each protomer. This pore has two highly conserved amino acid residues, threonine 91 and histidine 209 that are proposed to protonate the anion during the translocation process. Current evidence suggests that different mechanisms control efflux and influx of formate. Determination of changes in extracellular and intracellular formate levels were used to characterize new amino acid variants of FocA in which H209 was exchanged for cysteine or serine. While the FocAH209S mutant excreted formic acid very efficiently, the mutant synthesizing FocAH209C translocated formic acid out of the cell poorly. These different efflux efficiencies of formic acid through FocA clearly suggest that the reactivity of the sulfur atom in cysteine accounts for the inefficient translocation of formic acid by the FocAH209C variant. Mutants synthesizing the FocAH209S or FocAH209C variants were incapable to importing formate, or its toxic chemical analogue hypophosphite, a phenotype similar to previously identified H209-exchange variants. Notably, a mutant lacking a functional formate hydrogenlyase (FHL-1) complex, which under physiological conditions disproportionates formate to H2 and CO2, retained sensitivity to hypophosphite, but accumulated formate externally. Our findings indicate that, while coupling between FocA and FHL-1 controls formate import, the import of hypophosphite is not dependent on FHL-1. Further, our data support a model in which two mechanisms for formate import exist, depending on the external formate concentration: at low concentration, protonation of formate or hypophosphite by H209 facilitates anion translocation; at high concentration, formic acid is directed to FHL-1 where it is disproportionated to H2 and CO2.</p>","PeriodicalId":18457,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Physiology","volume":" ","pages":"1-24"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145033648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"L-Xylulose reductase A and B from Aspergillus niger have distinct biochemical properties and expression profiles.","authors":"Agata Terebieniec, Astrid Müller, Tania Chroumpi, Jiajia Li, Mao Peng, Miia R Mäkelä, Ronald P de Vries","doi":"10.1159/000547578","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000547578","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>D-Xylose and L-arabinose are major components of plant biomass and as such also important carbon sources for most fungi and attractive compounds for biotechnology. Most fungi use the pentose catabolic pathway to convert these sugars through several redox reactions. One of the steps in this pathway is the conversion of L-xylulose to xylitol, catalyzed by L-xylulose reductase (LXR). Genetic studies in Aspergillus niger revealed the involvement of two LXR-encoding genes, lxrA and lxrB. In this study, we compared the corresponding enzymes, LxrA and LxrB, with respect to substrate specificity and kinetic properties, which revealed significant differences between them. Evaluation of these genes and their homologs from A. niger and selected other fungi revealed high diversity at the level of number of homologs per species, phylogenetic relationship and expression profiles, suggesting species-specific adaptations in fungal sugar metabolism. This study therefore not only provides more detailed insights into an ecologically and biotechnologically important fungal metabolic pathway, but also demonstrates the high diversity of sugar metabolism in fungi. This is especially relevant when knowledge from one species is transferred to another, e.g., for the engineering of fungal cell factories.</p>","PeriodicalId":18457,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Physiology","volume":" ","pages":"1-19"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144775726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Y-complex architecture revisited: Super resolution microscopy to investigate differences in membrane localization for components in Y-complex.","authors":"Maximilian Greger, Paul Klemm, Felix Dempwolff, Marcus Lechner, Rebecca Hinrichs","doi":"10.1159/000547664","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000547664","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A key factor for the survival of an organism in its habitat is its ability to quickly adapt to changes in its environment on the protein level. One fast and efficient mechanism to influence protein abundance is the regulation of mRNA stability by ribonucleases. In the prokaryotic model organism Bacillus subtilis, the membrane-anchored RNase Y performs a crucial regulatory role by degrading and maturating mRNA. Previous studies have shown that RNase Y acts in concert with three proteins forming the Y-complex. In addition to its role as specificity factor for RNase Y, ribonuclease-independent functions have been proposed for the Y-complex during natural competence, biofilm formation, as well as sporulation. In previous work, using single-molecule tracking, we showed that the Y-complex is highly dynamic and present in multiple compositions in vivo. Using biochemical analysis, recruitment of the Y-complex to RNase Y was shown to be mediated by YaaT whereas YlbF and YmcA did not display any direct interactions. Here we employ 3D- structured illumination microscopy (SIM) super resolution and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) to further characterize RNase Y/ Y-complex localizations and interactions. By visualizing the Y-complex proteins and RNase Y using structured illumination microscopy (SIM), we provide additional evidence that YaaT localizes differently than YmcA and YlbF, in that the fraction of YaaT is localized membrane-proximal appears to be higher than the one observed for YmcA and YlbF. We also show that the strength of YaaT membrane association is culture medium dependent. Evidence for membrane-proximal interaction of the Y-complex proteins with RNase Y is provided through the use of bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC). Taken together, our data support a model where the Y-complex is exclusively tethered to RNase Y by YaaT and where the composition of the Y-complex is fluctuating potentially in a function-dependent manner (Figure1).</p>","PeriodicalId":18457,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Physiology","volume":" ","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144753783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diverse Metabolic Control of Phosphoglucomutases by Bisphosphorylated Sugars in Heterotrophic Bacteria.","authors":"Janette T Alford, Marina Borisova-Mayer, Christoph Mayer, Karl Forchhammer","doi":"10.1159/000547435","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000547435","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Phosphoglucomutases (PGM) are crucial for bacterial fitness, environmental survival, pathogenicity, and cell envelope stability, making them potential new targets for combating bacterial infection and transmission. PGM functionality relies on initial phosphorylation by the activator glucose-1,6-bisphosphate (glucose-1,6-BP). While the origin of glucose-1,6-BP in vertebrates is well investigated, a bacterial glucose-1,6-BP synthase was only recently identified in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis. In this photoautotroph, a secondary PGM (SynPGM2) efficiently catalyzes glucose-1,6-BP synthesis from fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (fructose-1,6-BP) and glucose-1-phosphate or glucose-6-phosphate . A homologous PGM from the heterotrophic Bacteroides salyersiae, belonging to the same conserved domain subfamily (cd05800) as SynPGM2, exhibited similar activity, suggesting that bacterial glucose-1,6-BP synthesis is a feature of this specific subfamily.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To investigate the specificity and regulation of various PGM enzymes from different heterotrophic bacteria, recombinant enzymes were purified and analyzed using enzymatic assays and HPLC-MS.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We demonstrate that glucose-1,6-BP synthesis extends beyond the cd5800 subfamily to the cd05801, cd05799, and cd03089 subfamilies. PGMs from Escherichia coli (cd05801 and cd03089), Enterococcus faecium (cd05799), Yersinia enterocolitica (cd05801), and Candidatus Gastranaerophilales (cd05800) catalyze the same fructose-1,6-BP-dependent synthesis reaction of glucose-1,6-BP as SynPGM2. Notably, fructose-1,6-BP, a known inhibitor of some PGM, does not inhibit these bacterial PGMs. Moreover, E. faecium PGM, belonging to the same subfamily as the mammalian glucose 1,6 BP synthase, efficiently catalyzes the mammalian-type 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate-dependent glucose 1,6-BP synthesis reaction.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>All investigated heterotrophic bacteria appear to use their primary PGM for both PGM activity and activator synthesis, suggesting a more versatile and less specialized role for PGMs in heterotrophic bacteria.</p>","PeriodicalId":18457,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Physiology","volume":" ","pages":"1-19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144649882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hub Metabolites Promote the Bioflocculant Production in a Biomass-Degrading Bacterium Pseudomonas boreopolis GO2.","authors":"Yijie Xu, Jiayin Feng, YuXuan Hu, Li Chen, Wensheng Qin, Chen Chen, Maocang Yan, Haipeng Guo","doi":"10.1159/000542892","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000542892","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The low yield of bioflocculants has been a bottleneck problem that limits their industrial applications. Understanding the metabolic mechanism of bacteria that produce bioflocculants could provide valuable insights and strategies to directly regulate their yield in future.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To investigate the change of metabolites in the process of bioflocculant production by a biomass-degrading bacterium, Pseudomonas boreopolis GO2, an untargeted metabolome analysis was performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results showed that metabolites significantly differed during the fermentation process when corn stover was used as the sole carbon source. The differential metabolites were divided into four co-expression modules based on the weighted gene co-expression network analysis. Among them, a module (yellow module) was closely related to the flocculating efficiency, and the metabolites in this module were mainly involved in carbohydrate, lipid, and amino acid metabolism. The top 30 metabolites with the highest degree in the yellow module were identified as hub metabolites for bioflocculant production. Finally, 10 hub metabolites were selected to perform the additional experiments, and the addition of L-rhamnose, tyramine, tryptophan, and glutaric acid alone all could significantly improve the flocculating efficiency of GO2 strain.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These results indicated that the hub metabolites were key for bioflocculant production in GO2 strain, and could help guide the improvement of high-efficiency and low-cost bioflocculant production.</p>","PeriodicalId":18457,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Physiology","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142770362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cooperation and Competition Were Primary Driving Forces for Biological Evolution.","authors":"Milton H Saier","doi":"10.1159/000544890","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000544890","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>For many years, scientists have accepted Darwin's conclusion that \"Survival of the Fittest\" involves successful competition with other organisms for life-endowing molecules and conditions.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>Newly discovered \"partial\" organisms with minimal genomes that require symbiotic or parasitic relationships for growth and reproduction suggest that cooperation in addition to competition was and still is a primary driving force for survival. These two phenomena are not mutually exclusive, and both can confer a competitive advantage for survival. In fact, cooperation may have been more important in the early evolution of life on earth before autonomous organisms developed, becoming large genome organisms.</p><p><strong>Key messages: </strong>This suggestion has tremendous consequences with respect to our conception of the early evolution of life on earth as well as the appearance of intercellular interactions, multicellularity and the nature of interactions between humans and their societies (e.g., social Darwinism).</p>","PeriodicalId":18457,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Physiology","volume":" ","pages":"13-29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11999638/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143502301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic Blueprint for Stringent Response in Betaproteobacterial Aromatoleum/Azoarcus/Thauera Cluster.","authors":"Patrick Becker, Jakob Ruickoldt, Petra Wendler, Barbara Reinhold-Hurek, Ralf Rabus","doi":"10.1159/000546200","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000546200","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The Aromatoleum/Azoarcus/Thauera (AAT) cluster comprises anaerobic degradation specialists (Aromatoleum, Thauera) and N2-fixing endophytes (Azoarcus). Omics-based and genetic studies with associated model strains implicate stringent response (SR) in adaptation to nutrient limitation and plant colonization. SR is well-studied in standard bacteria such as Escherichia coli and known as adaptive strategy to nutrient limitations by adjusting e.g., transcription and stress response. SR involves the alarmone (p)ppGpp, whose cellular level is controlled by the synthetases/hydrolases RelA/SpoT and the noncanonical transcription factor DksA, whose interaction with RNA polymerase (RNAP) binding of (p)ppGpp enhances.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>DksA-mediated SR occurs across Proteobacteria and other phylogenetic groups such as Myxococcia and Spirochaetia, mostly applying to pathogens. Furthermore, all three DksA variants (four, two or one cysteine residue(s) for Zn2+-binding) were found. Genes encoding SR components are present in all studied 37 genomes representing 31 species from the AAT cluster. Each genome encodes a synthesizing RelA, a hydrolyzing SpoT, a four cysteine-containing DksA, and mostly also a one cysteine-containing DksA. Opposing functions of RelA and SpoT in Aromatoleum aromaticum EbN1T, Aromatoleum sp. strain CIB, Azoarcus olearius BH72, and Thauera aromatica K172T (also entire AAT cluster) are implicated by full conservation of amino acids (E and D vs. 2H2D motif and ED diad) essential for catalysis by their synthetase versus hydrolase domains. Likewise, functionality of the predicted C4-type DksAs from these four model strains was visually assessed by structural modeling and comparison of key features (binding sites for Zn2+/(p)ppGpp; CC tip for RNAP interaction) to those of the available E. coli DksA cryo-EM structure.</p><p><strong>Key messages: </strong>SR as a global adaptation strategy should contribute to the success of the AAT cluster in its distinct habitats: complex and highly variable soils/sediments (high molecular and microbial diversity, fluctuating nutrient availabilities and redox states) of the free-living degradation specialists versus the defined endorhizosphere (more stable conditions, less complex community) of the endophytes. A noteworthy exception is Aromatoleum sp. strain CIB by combining degradation and endophytic features. Thus, future investigations into the role of SR in the habitat success of such bacteria reflecting their divergent environmental niches are needed as well as promising.</p>","PeriodicalId":18457,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Physiology","volume":" ","pages":"30-49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144031566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Virulence-related genes expression in planktonic mixed cultures of Candida albicans and non-albicans Candida species.","authors":"Melanie Soriano-Abarca,Juan Carlos Tapia,María José Cáceres-Valdiviezo,Gabriel Morey-León,Juan Fernández-Cadena,Linda Díaz-Cevallos,Derly Andrade-Molina","doi":"10.1159/000540991","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000540991","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTIONCandida albicans is the most common opportunistic pathogen causing fungal infections worldwide, especially in high-risk patients. Its pathogenicity is related to virulence factors gene expression, such as hyphal growth (HWP1), cell adhesion (ALS3), and protease secretion (SAP1) during infection spreading mechanisms. In recent years, an increase in non-albicans Candida infections has been reported, which may present co-infection or competitive interactions with C. albicans, potentially aggravating the patient's condition. This study aims to evaluate the expression of genes related to virulence factors of C. albicans and non-albicans Candida during planktonic stage.METHODSCandida albicans (ATCC MYA-3573) as well as with three clinical strains (C. albicans DCA53, C. tropicalis DCT6, and C. parapsilosis DCP1) isolated from blood samples, were grown in 24-well plates at 37°C for 20 hours, either in monocultures or mixed cultures. RT-qPCR was used to evaluate the expression levels of the genes HWP1, ALS3, and SAP1 in cells collected during the planktonic stage. In addition, hyphal filamentation was observed using a Scanning Electron Microscope Results. The overexpression of HWP1 and ASL3 genes in mixed growth conditions between C. albicans and non-albicans Candida species suggests a synergistic relationship as well as an increased capacity for hyphal growth and adhesion. In contrast, C. parapsilosis vs C. tropicalis interaction shows an antagonistic relationship during mixed culture, suggesting a decreased virulence profile of C. parapsilosis during initial co-infection with C. tropicalis.CONCLUSIONThe expression of HWP1, ALS3 and SAP1 genes associated with virulence factors varies under competitive conditions among species of the genus Candida during planktonic stage.","PeriodicalId":18457,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Physiology","volume":"23 1","pages":"1-20"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142252901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multifaceted Dinoflagellates and the Marine Model Prorocentrum cordatum.","authors":"Jana Kalvelage, Ralf Rabus","doi":"10.1159/000540520","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000540520","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Dinoflagellates are a monophyletic group within the taxon Alveolata, which comprises unicellular eukaryotes. Dinoflagellates have long been studied for their organismic and morphologic diversity as well as striking cellular features. They have a main size range of 10-100 µm, a complex \"cell covering\", exceptionally large genomes (∼1-250 Gbp with a mean of 50,000 protein-encoding genes) spread over a variable number of highly condensed chromosomes, and perform a closed mitosis with extranuclear spindles (dinomitosis). Photosynthetic, marine, and free-living Prorocentrum cordatum is a ubiquitously occurring, bloom-forming dinoflagellate, and an emerging model system, particularly with respect to systems biology.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>Focused ion beam/scanning electron microscopy (FIB/SEM) analysis of P. cordatum recently revealed (i) a flattened nucleus with unusual structural features and a total of 62 tightly packed chromosomes, (ii) a single, barrel-shaped chloroplast devoid of grana and harboring multiple starch granules, (iii) a single, highly reticular mitochondrion, and (iv) multiple phosphate and lipid storage bodies. Comprehensive proteomics of subcellular fractions suggested (i) major basic nuclear proteins to participate in chromosome condensation, (ii) composition of nuclear pores to differ from standard knowledge, (iii) photosystems I and II, chloroplast complex I, and chlorophyll a-b binding light-harvesting complex to form a large megacomplex (&gt;1.5 MDa), and (iv) an extraordinary richness in pigment-binding proteins. Systems biology-level investigation of heat stress response demonstrated a concerted down-regulation of CO2-concentrating mechanisms, CO2-fixation, central metabolism, and monomer biosynthesis, which agrees with reduced growth yields.</p><p><strong>Key messages: </strong>FIB/SEM analysis revealed new insights into the remarkable subcellular architecture of P. cordatum, complemented by proteogenomic unraveling of novel nuclear structures and a photosynthetic megacomplex. These recent findings are put in the wider context of current understanding of dinoflagellates.</p>","PeriodicalId":18457,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Physiology","volume":" ","pages":"197-242"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141759626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}