Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise最新文献

{"title":"Sensory Reweighting Revealed by Superior Parietal Cortex-Based Functional Connectivity in Chronic Ankle Instability: A Resting-State fMRI Study.","authors":"Xiao'ao Xue, Shanshan Zheng, Zikun Wang, Yushi Chen, Lin Chang, Ziyuan Wang, Chang Liu, Ziyu Lu, Rong Lu, Yang Sun, H E Wang, Yinghui Hua","doi":"10.1249/MSS.0000000000003762","DOIUrl":"10.1249/MSS.0000000000003762","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI) are believed to rely more heavily on visual input during postural control due to impaired somatosensory function; however, the neural mechanisms underlying sensory reweighting in CAI are not well understood. This study explored the neural and behavioral correlates of increased visual reliance in CAI through functional connectivity (FC) analysis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study enrolled 37 patients with CAI and 36 healthy individuals. Participants underwent postural stability assessments using the single-leg stance test, both with their eyes open and closed. Traditional and modified Romberg ratios were calculated. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to estimate FC between the superior parietal cortex (SPC) and visual, sensorimotor, and cerebellar regions, as well as the coefficient of variation of these FCs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Compared with healthy individuals, patients with CAI displayed significantly higher visual reliance, as indicated by the traditional and modified Romberg ratios of sway length (Cohen's d = 0.47-0.57). Patients with CAI also exhibited stronger FC between the SPC and higher-level visual cortices (Cohen's d = 0.56-0.62) and more unstable coefficient of variation for FC between the SPC and the cerebellar anterior lobe (Cohen's d = 0.64). Subregion analysis revealed that variability in FC between subregions I-IV of the cerebellar anterior lobe and anterior lateral area 7 of the SPC was negatively correlated with the modified Romberg ratio in the anterior-posterior direction ( r = -0.35) among the patients.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The study revealed high visual reliance, strong yet variable SPC-based connections with visual cortices, and variable SPC-based connections with the cerebellum among patients with CAI, suggesting that neural changes associated with sensory reweighting mechanisms underlie increased visual reliance during postural stability.</p>","PeriodicalId":18426,"journal":{"name":"Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise","volume":" ","pages":"2216-2226"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144160259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Repeated Oral Doses of Dexamethasone on the Hematological Passport Used in Sports Drug Testing to Detect Blood Doping.","authors":"Lídia Requena-Tutusaus, Sergi Coll, Claudia Bressan, Indira Anselmo, Rosa Bergés, Ana Aldea-Perona, Giuseppe D'Onofrio, Rosa Ventura","doi":"10.1249/MSS.0000000000003766","DOIUrl":"10.1249/MSS.0000000000003766","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Longitudinal monitoring of blood parameters is used in sports drug testing within the hematological module of athlete's biological passport to detect alterations that may indicate blood doping. Glucocorticoids (GC) can act in an early stage of erythropoiesis stimulating the self-renewal of burst-forming unit erythroid and, therefore, might affect the hematological parameters.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of the present work was to evaluate the effect of repeated oral doses of GC on the hematological passport.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Dexamethasone (DEX) was administered to healthy volunteers using a multi-dose oral treatment (2 mg/12 h for 5 d, n = 8 males). A control group with four male volunteers that did not receive the DEX treatment was included in the study. Blood samples were collected on different days before administration to set baseline values, and post-administration samples were collected up to day 8 from the first dose. All the parameters included in the hematological passport were measured using a Sysmex XN instrument and were used to estimate the hemoglobin mass and plasma volume using a multiparametric model. Variations in all parameters were statistically evaluated and compared with the physiological variations of the control group.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A significant increase in reticulocyte-related parameters, along with a marked reduction in OFF score, was observed in the DEX group, particularly 48-72 h after the last dose. Hemoglobin concentration showed a transient decrease during the treatment, and Abnormal Blood Profile Score exhibited isolated fluctuations without a consistent pattern. By contrast, hemoglobin mass remained stable throughout the study. The control group showed no relevant changes over time, with all hematological parameters remaining remarkably stable.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our results show that multiple oral doses of DEX affect the erythropoiesis, and therefore, they can lead to atypical hematological profiles. Additional studies are necessary to evaluate the effect in hemoglobin longer after administration.</p>","PeriodicalId":18426,"journal":{"name":"Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise","volume":" ","pages":"2235-2244"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144181109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Velocity-Specific Adaptations to Three Widely Used Strength Training Methods.","authors":"Glenn Trane, Stine Pedersen, Håkon André Mehus, Jan Helgerud, Runar Jakobsen Unhjem","doi":"10.1249/MSS.0000000000003630","DOIUrl":"10.1249/MSS.0000000000003630","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>We examined bench press adaptations to three widely used strength training methods: maximal strength training (MST), hypertrophy training (HT), and explosive strength training (EST). To reflect how these methods are typically applied by practitioners, MST and EST were volume matched, whereas HT was performed at higher volume.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Sixty-three moderately trained subjects (32 males, 31 females) were assigned into 8 wk of MST, HT, EST, or control (CON), three sessions per week. MST performed 4 × 4 repetitions bench press at ≥85% of one-repetition maximum (1RM). HT performed 3 × 8-12 repetitions at ∼70%-80% of 1RM. EST performed 4 × 6-7 repetitions bench press throws at 40% of 1RM. Maximal, explosive, and endurance strength characteristics were assessed, as well as muscle hypertrophy.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>1RM increased more after MST (+21.5%) and HT (+17.9%) compared with EST (+5.9%) and CON (all P ≤ 0.001). Rate of force development (RFD) at 50% of 1RM increased more after MST (+58.4%) and HT (+38.9%) compared with CON ( P ≤ 0.001 and P ≤ 0.05, respectively). Mean propulsive velocity (MPV) increased more after MST and HT compared with CON across all loads (20%-80% of 1RM), and more than EST at 80% and 60% (all P ≤ 0.05-0.001). MST increased MPV more than EST at 40% of 1RM ( P ≤ 0.05). Δ1RM correlated with ΔMPV at all loads of the load-velocity (L-v) profile ( r = 0.40-0.56, P ≤ 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>MST and HT were more effective than EST for improving maximal strength and concentric velocity against moderate and high loads. At low loads, EST was not more effective than MST and HT, despite high degree of velocity specificity. Changes in muscle strength appear to be more important than velocity specificity to increase performance across the L-v profile.</p>","PeriodicalId":18426,"journal":{"name":"Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise","volume":" ","pages":"2258-2268"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142829314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Postprandial Bioavailability and Efficacy of Recombinant Bovine β-Lactoglobulin for Resistance Training-Induced Skeletal Muscle Adaptation in Young Adults.","authors":"Lucy M Rogers, Jonathan I Quinlan, Karen Lau, Archie E Belfield, Marie Korzepa, Sarkis J Hannaian, Ari Gritsas, Tyler A Churchward-Venne, Gareth A Wallis, Leigh Breen","doi":"10.1249/MSS.0000000000003756","DOIUrl":"10.1249/MSS.0000000000003756","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Increasing concerns surrounding the environmental impact of animal- and plant-derived proteins warrants further investigations of alternative protein sources and their efficacy for supporting skeletal muscle anabolism. Herein, the postprandial amino acid bioavailability of a novel protein derived from recombinant bovine β-lactoglobulin (rBLG) was determined, alongside the muscle adaptive response to resistance exercise (RE) with rBLG, compared with dairy-derived whey (WHEY).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Healthy adults ( n = 8; age: 24 ± 4 yr; BMI: 23.5 ± 2.1 kg·m 2 ) completed a randomized crossover study and ingested 0.3 g·kg -1 ·body mass -1 of rBLG or WHEY with arterialized blood sampled in the fasted state and 240 min postprandially for measurement of plasma amino acid concentrations via UPLC-MS. In a separate double-blind randomized parallel group design, 24 healthy adults completed thrice-weekly lower-body RE for 8 wk, with twice daily supplementation of 0.3 g·kg -1 ·body mass -1 rBLG ( n = 12; age: 23 ± 6 yr; BMI: 25.6 ± 3.4 kg·m 2 ) or WHEY ( n = 12; age: 25 ± 6 yr; BMI 25.1 ± 3.1 kg·m 2 ). Training-induced changes in muscle strength and DEXA-derived leg lean body mass (LBM) were assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Plasma essential amino acid concentrations increased after protein ingestion ( P < 0.001), but did not differ between trials ( P = 0.554). Mean plasma leucine incremental area under curve was greater following rBLG compared with WHEY (mean diff, 10727; 95% confidence interval, 7738-13716) μmol·240 min·L -1 ; P < 0.001). LBM and leg press 1RM increased after training (mean diff±SD: 0.65 ± 0.70 kg and 81.46 ± 42.81 kg, respectively; P < 0.05), with no differences between groups ( P > 0.05). Training volume and daily protein intake did not differ between groups ( P > 0.05 for all).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These data highlight rBLG, a sustainable, precision-engineered mimetic of dairy-derived whey as a novel protein source with the capacity to support skeletal muscle anabolism and exercise-induced remodeling similarly to dairy-derived whey.</p>","PeriodicalId":18426,"journal":{"name":"Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise","volume":" ","pages":"2184-2195"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144160142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combining In Vivo 2-Photon Imaging with Photoactivatable Fluorescent Labeling Shows Low Rates of Mitochondrial Dynamics in Skeletal Muscle.","authors":"Colleen L O'Reilly, Arik Davidyan, Katarzyna Cizio, Stephen M Doidge, Matthew P Bubak, Agnieszka K Borowik, Tommy L Lewis, Benjamin F Miller","doi":"10.1249/MSS.0000000000003748","DOIUrl":"10.1249/MSS.0000000000003748","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Mitochondrial dynamics involve two distinct and opposing processes, fusion and fission. Traditionally, we assess fusion and fission by snapshots of protein markers at distinct time points or in vitro models to infer outcomes in vivo . Recent technological advancements enable visualization of mitochondrial dynamics in vivo using fluorescent microscopy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Our study modified this technique to evaluate mitochondrial dynamics in skeletal muscle, comparing young (6mo) and old (24mo) mice in vivo and contrasting this to ex vivo and in vitro models. We hypothesized that in vitro and ex vivo models would have higher rates of dynamics than in vivo models and that young animals would have higher rates than old animals. We electroporated mitochondrial matrix-targeted photo-activatable GFP into the tibialis anterior (TA) of young and old C57Bl6 mice and imaged using multiphoton microscopy. We also measured rates of mitochondrial dynamics using single fibers isolated from the TA of the electroporated mice, as well as C2C12 myotubes transfected with the same plasmids.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found that the rates of dynamic events in vivo are slower than previously indicated, with the C2C12 myoblasts having the fastest rates of dynamic events across all models. We also observed that dynamic rates are slower in old animals compared with young animals. Finally, we found that rates of dynamic events were higher in old animals after an acute bout of exercise.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our data demonstrate that it is possible to directly measure rates of mitochondrial dynamics in vivo . This technique provides a powerful tool to answer experimental questions about mitochondrial dynamics of skeletal muscle.</p>","PeriodicalId":18426,"journal":{"name":"Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise","volume":" ","pages":"2324-2335"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12323594/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144021134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Exercise Intervention May Counteract the Degradation of Nerve Conduction from Age-Related Disuse.","authors":"Jocarol E Shields, Claire M Smith, Shawn M Reese, Marcel L Dos Santos, Maria Parodi, Jason M Defreitas","doi":"10.1249/MSS.0000000000003767","DOIUrl":"10.1249/MSS.0000000000003767","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The purpose was twofold: first, to determine the effects of resistance training on nerve conduction velocity (NCV), and second, to determine if changes in NCV are dependent on age. We hypothesized that training would result in faster nerve conduction in both young and older adults, albeit to a lesser extent in older adults.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Forty-eight subjects (18-84 yr) completed this study (training: n = 14 younger, 14 older; control: n = 12 younger, 8 older). Median motor NCV and maximal strength were recorded before and after 4 wk of handgrip training in both limbs. Training was conducted 3×/wk with the use of a grip training kit.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mixed-factorial ANOVA revealed significant increases in NCV for both the young ( P < 0.001, Cohen's d = 0.749) and older training groups ( P < 0.001, Cohen's d = 0.679), but neither in control groups (young: P = 0.353, Cohen's d = 0.326; older: P = 0.108, Cohen's d = -0.184).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The results of this study suggest that resistance training may be a viable method to counteract age-related nerve deterioration. These outcomes have the potential to improve quality of life and generate greater independence for our older populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":18426,"journal":{"name":"Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise","volume":" ","pages":"2101-2107"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144182822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The American College of Sports Medicine's 2024 Annual Meeting Abstract Supplement.","authors":"Yin Wu, Lucas J Carr, Raymond G McKay, Jeff F Mather, Pavlos K Papasavas, Rocco Orlando, Dale S Bond","doi":"10.1249/MSS.0000000000003768","DOIUrl":"10.1249/MSS.0000000000003768","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18426,"journal":{"name":"Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise","volume":" ","pages":"2336"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144160262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Reexamination of the Relationship between Foot Strike Angle and Early Stance Loading Variables during Running.","authors":"Caleb D Johnson, Torstein E Dæhlin, Lauren K Sara, Katelyn I Guerriere, Leila A Walker, Stephen A Foulis, Julie M Hughes, Irene S Davis","doi":"10.1249/MSS.0000000000003764","DOIUrl":"10.1249/MSS.0000000000003764","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aimed to compare nonlinear and piecewise linear models for FSA with VLR/VTA during running, controlling for competitive running experience.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 475 U.S. Army trainees completed surveys on their participation in sports and a running gait assessment on an instrumented treadmill while VLR, VTA, and FSA were measured (via force plates, tibial-mounted accelerometers, and high-speed cameras, respectively). A 3-min warm-up was given, and then participants ran for 1 min at 2.68-2.91 m·s -1 , followed by 14 strides of data collection. Multiple regression was used to assess the prediction of VLR and VTA by FSA, including nonlinear/piecewise terms and controlling for competitive running experience.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A nonlinear, quadratic relationship was found for FSA × VLR ( R2 = 0.25, P < 0.001) and VTA ( R2 = 0.14, P < 0.001), and with a significant effect of running experience ( P < 0.02). Models showed similar shapes but better fit for those with (VLR: R2 = 0.38; VTA: R2 = 0.16) versus without (VLR: R2 = 0.21; VTA: R2 = 0.11) competitive running experience. Finally, VLR peaked at similar FSAs as in previous work (≈10°-12° current vs 5°-10° previous). Piecewise linear regression produced similar results to quadratic models ( R2 difference < 0.02).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our results show that nonlinear or piecewise linear models can be used to represent the relationship between VALR/VTA and FSA. Although VLR/VTA were lowest with the lowest FSAs (i.e., most forefoot), participants with the highest FSAs (i.e., most rearfoot) showed reduced values compared with those typical of a more moderate/flatter rearfoot strike pattern.</p>","PeriodicalId":18426,"journal":{"name":"Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise","volume":" ","pages":"2307-2313"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144160132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Critical Power Closely Approximates the Power Output at the Estimated Maximal Metabolic Steady State in Trained and Untrained Participants.","authors":"Brynn E A Lindstrom, Pablo R Fleitas-Paniagua, Gabriele Marinari, Letizia Rasica, Alessandro M Zagatto, Juan M Murias","doi":"10.1249/MSS.0000000000003765","DOIUrl":"10.1249/MSS.0000000000003765","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study compared estimations of critical power (CP) to maximal metabolic steady state (MMSS est ) to see if the differences in the predictions were affected by training status.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twelve trained (6 females) and 12 untrained and not experienced with maximal testing (5 females) participants underwent i) a Step-Ramp-Step test to task failure to determine maximal oxygen consumption and peak power output, ii) 4-5 time to task failure trials at average power outputs (PO) ranging from 70 to 90% of peak power output for CP estimations, and iii) two to three 30-min constant PO rides to establish MMSS est as the highest PO at which oxygen consumption (V̇O 2 ) and blood lactate concentrations are stable.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The PO associated with CP was significantly greater than that associated with MMSS est in both untrained (155 ± 39 W vs 147 ± 34 W, respectively) and trained (233 ± 37 W vs 225 ± 39 W, respectively) individuals ( P < 0.001). Both the untrained and trained groups displayed a similar and significant bias for MMSS est compared with CP (i.e., 7.5 W; P < 0.05), with 95% limits of agreement from -13 to 28 W, and -11 to 26 W for untrained and trained, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings indicate that, despite a significant (albeit small) difference between CP and MMSS est , the CP model provided a close approximation of the PO associated with MMSS est in both untrained and trained participants, as the difference in PO was within the expected measurement error. Therefore, our results showed that, despite some small discrepancies between groups, the CP model fitting was not affected by training status and that previous testing experience with highly demanding exercise is not a key component of the quality of the prediction model.</p>","PeriodicalId":18426,"journal":{"name":"Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise","volume":" ","pages":"2314-2323"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144182554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biodynamic Analysis of Alpine Skiing with a Skier-Ski-Snow Interaction Model.","authors":"Nan Gao, Jianqiao Guo, Huitong Jin, Gexue Ren, Chun Yang","doi":"10.1249/MSS.0000000000003851","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000003851","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Develop a musculoskeletal-environment interaction model to reconstruct the dynamic-interaction process in skiing.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study established a skier-ski-snow interaction (SSSI) model that integrated a 3D full-body musculoskeletal model, a flexible ski model, a ski boot model, a ski-snow contact model, and an air resistance model. An experimental method was developed to collect kinematic and kinetic data using IMUs, GPS, and plantar pressure measurement insoles, which were cost-effective and capable of capturing motion in large-scale field conditions. The ski-snow interaction parameters were optimized for dynamic alignment with snow conditions and individual turning techniques. Forward-inverse dynamics simulation was performed using only the skier's body segment kinematics as the model input, leaving the pelvis's translational degrees of freedom relative to a fixed reference frame unconstrained. The model's effectiveness was verified by comparing the simulated results with experimental GPS and insole force data. A forward-muscular inverse-skeletal framework was employed to estimate muscle activations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The agreement between simulated ski-snow contact forces and measured insole forces showed a correlation coefficient of 0.94, with a mean error of -0.022 ± 0.186 N/BW (mean ± SD), and the error between the predicted motion trajectory and GPS data was 0.02 ± 0.07 m. Kinematic and kinetic parameters extracted from skiers of different skill levels enabled quantitative evaluation of skiing performance.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The SSSI model, combined with the ski-snow interaction parameter optimization, enabled the characterization of skiing characteristics across varied snow conditions and different turning techniques (such as carving and skidding). Our research advanced the understanding of alpine skiing dynamics by enabling the identification of skill-dependent kinetic patterns, thereby providing insights to enhance performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":18426,"journal":{"name":"Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145023715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}