Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise最新文献

{"title":"Physical Activity Levels and Lung-Kidney Function in a Cohort of COVID-19 Survivors.","authors":"Heitor S Ribeiro, Dário R Mondini, Francisco Z Mattedi, Saulo Gil, Lia Marçal, Leila Antonângelo, Guilherme S Catharina, Luis Yu, Pedro C Hallal, Rodolfo F Damiano, Geraldo F Busatto, Carlos R R Carvalho, Bruno Gualano, Hamilton Roschel, Emmanuel A Burdmann","doi":"10.1249/MSS.0000000000004062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000004062","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The relationship between physical activity levels and overall health among survivors of moderate to severe COVID-19 remains underexplored in target organs, such as lungs and kidneys. We examined the association between physical activity levels and lung-kidney abnormalities in survivors of COVID-19 hospitalization.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional analysis was performed within a prospective cohort of survivors of COVID-19 hospitalization. Physical activity levels were assessed with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (short form), and physical inactivity was classified according to the World Health Organization guidelines (<150 min/week of physical activity). Abnormal kidney function was defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m2, whereas pulmonary involvement was defined as chest X-ray pulmonary lesion, and/or forced vital capacity less than the lower limit of normal, and/or altered oximetry.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In total, 653 survivors (46% female and 28% ≥65 years) were assessed 8 ± 2 months posthospital discharge. Physical inactivity was found in 53% of the cohort. Lung and kidney abnormalities were observed in 36% and 20% of survivors, respectively, whereas coexistence was observed in 7%. Physically active survivors had lower odds of lung abnormality (32% vs 41%; adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.67, 95% confidence interval [CI]:0.47 to 0.97), but not of kidney (17% vs 23%; aOR = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.52 to 1.26) nor lung-kidney abnormality (6% vs 9%; aOR = 0.58, 95% CI: 0.29 to 1.20), compared with those physically inactive. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses showed distinct associations for lung abnormalities by age and among survivors without severe oxygen desaturation or very low kidney function. The restricted cubic spline curve for lung-kidney abnormalities showed a nonlinear dose-response relationship, with higher odds below and lower odds above 150 min/week.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Among survivors of COVID-19 hospitalization, being physically active was associated with better lung function outcomes, but not kidney or composite outcomes. This association was modified by age and baseline clinical status and followed a non-linear dose-response pattern.</p>","PeriodicalId":18426,"journal":{"name":"Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise","volume":"58 11","pages":"2375-2383"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149182555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response.","authors":"Stuart M Phillips, Brad S Currier, Caroline Lowisz, Alysha D'Souza, Jeremy Steen, Brad J Schoenfeld, Maria A Fiatarone Singh, Eric S Rawson","doi":"10.1249/MSS.0000000000004059","DOIUrl":"10.1249/MSS.0000000000004059","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18426,"journal":{"name":"Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise","volume":" ","pages":"2610-2611"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148330946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response.","authors":"Jelle Habay, Nathalie Pattyn, Jeroen Van Cutsem, Bart Roelands","doi":"10.1249/MSS.0000000000004077","DOIUrl":"10.1249/MSS.0000000000004077","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18426,"journal":{"name":"Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise","volume":" ","pages":"2614-2615"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148422283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determinants of Reclassification of Exercise Performance across Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing Prediction Equations.","authors":"Faezeh Abbaspour Kaboudan, Siyang Zeng, Yorusaliem Abrham, Julian Roman, Kirsten Butner, Mohsen Merati, Mehrdad Arjomandi","doi":"10.1249/MSS.0000000000004065","DOIUrl":"10.1249/MSS.0000000000004065","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Volume of oxygen uptake at peak exercise ( ) is a key indicator of cardiorespiratory fitness used to assess surgical risk and clinical trial outcomes. However, multiple prediction equations exist for its interpretation, often yielding inconsistent classifications of exercise performance. We aimed to determine how different prediction equations affect exercise performance classification and identify factors contributing to its variability.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We performed a post hoc analysis of cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) data collected from 332 nonsmoking flight attendants who participated in our previous studies examining the health effects of occupational exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke. Percent-predicted was calculated using seven prediction equations (Fitness Registry and the Importance of Exercise National Database, Wasserman, Hansen-Wasserman, Study of Health in Pomerania, Jones, Bruce, and Cooper-Storer). Reduced exercise performance was defined as < 80 percent-predicted. Agreement across equations was assessed using Cohen's κ. Associations with dyspnea (modified Medical Research Council ≥ 1) were examined using C-statistics to assess the discriminative performance of prediction equations for this patient-centered outcome. The magnitude of change in percent-predicted when switching from one equation to another (\"recalculation magnitude\") was quantified for individual participants, and multivariable regression modeling was used to identify demographic and anthropometric determinants of recalculation magnitude.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Participants were 56 ± 12 years old, 86% female, with body mass index = 24 ± 4 kg/m 2 . Depending on the prediction equation, mean percent-predicted varied widely (83%-113%), and the prevalence of reduced exercise performance ranged from 7% to 51%. Agreement across equations ranged from slight to substantial (κ = 0.10-0.79). At an individual level, switching between equations recalculated percent-predicted by -93% to +84%, leading to bidirectional exercise performance reclassification of 6.6%-45.5% of participants. Body mass index was the strongest determinant of recalculation magnitude, followed by age and sex. The discrimination accuracy of prediction equations for dyspnea was modest (area under the curve = 0.56-0.71), with the Study of Health in Pomerania equation showing the best performance.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Different prediction equations yielded materially different percent-predicted values and frequently changed exercise capacity classification in a bidirectional manner. The observed discordance appears to arise in substantial part from limitations in how demographic and anthropometric factors, particularly body size, are modeled across equations, underscoring the need for improved reference standards that better capture physiological variability.</p>","PeriodicalId":18426,"journal":{"name":"Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise","volume":" ","pages":"2570-2580"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148579303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resting Metabolic Rate in Collegiate Male Wrestlers: Cross-Validation and Development of Prediction Equations.","authors":"Andrew R Jagim, Ward C Dobbs, Meghan K Magee, Jennifer B Fields, Jesse N L Sims, Noelle D Saine, Margaret T Jones","doi":"10.1249/MSS.0000000000004071","DOIUrl":"10.1249/MSS.0000000000004071","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The purpose of the current study was to cross-validate previously developed resting metabolic rate (RMR) prediction equations using laboratory measurements of RMR as a criterion.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I (n = 60) and III (n = 113) male wrestlers participated in the current study (n = 173; Age: 19.6 ± 1.5 yrs.; Height: 176.3 ± 6.3 cm; Weight: 76.6 ± 10.9 kg; Body Fat: 11.4 ± 3.0%). Indirect calorimetry was used to measure RMR and Skinfold thickness was used to estimate body fat percentage (BF%) during the preseason period under standardized dress (underwear only), fasting, and resting conditions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mean measured RMR was 2102 ± 341 kcal·d -1 . All body mass-based RMR prediction equations significantly underestimated the measured RMR, with the exception of the Jagim and Schofield equations. The Tinsley fat-free mass (FFM) equation and the Cunningham equation had the lowest constant error values when compared with measured RMR (mean bias ± standard error: 80 ± 20 kcal and 126 ± 20 kcal·d -1 , respectively). Linear regression indicated the Tinsley FFM (R 2 = 0.422, root-mean-squared error (RMSE) = 279 kcals, %RMSE = 13.3%), and Cunningham FFM equations had the closest agreement to measured RMR (R 2 = 0.422, RMSE = 301 kcals, %RMSE = 14.3%), along with the Jagim equation for a body mass-based prediction equation (R 2 = 0.377, RMSE = 338 kcals, %RMSE = 16.1%). The standard error of the estimate (SEE) ranged from 260 to 272 kcal·d -1 across equations. Coefficients of determination (R 2 ) ranged from 37% to 42%. The new body mass and FFM-based equations exhibited good agreement based on the constant error (26 and -13 kcal·d -1 ), RMSE (274 and 252 kcal·d -1 ), respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The newly developed equations demonstrated mean bias <2% of measured RMR.</p>","PeriodicalId":18426,"journal":{"name":"Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise","volume":" ","pages":"2524-2534"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148579274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resistance Exercise at Different Periods Before and After Ovariectomy Attenuates Bone Loss in Ovariectomized Mice.","authors":"Yang Xu, Yuting He, Linzhen Rao, Liang Chen, Zhiang Su, Haixia Luo, Tingting Li, Shihua Zhang, Yan Meng, Xiquan Weng, Y U Yuan","doi":"10.1249/MSS.0000000000004075","DOIUrl":"10.1249/MSS.0000000000004075","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Postmenopausal osteoporosis is a prevalent metabolic bone disease characterized by reduced bone density, decreased bone strength, and increased fracture risk. While resistance exercise has been shown to attenuate osteoporosis, the optimal timing for exercise intervention remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate whether the timing of resistance exercise-initiated before, after, or throughout the period of estrogen deficiency-differentially affects bone health in ovariectomized mice, and to provide a theoretical basis for postmenopausal osteoporosis prevention and treatment with exercise.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Five-week-old female C57BL/6 mice were assigned to one of five groups: sham operation group (SHAM), ovariectomized sedentary group (OVX), pre-OVX +exercise group (Pre-OVX+E), OVX +exercise group (OVX+E), and post-OVX + exercise group (Post-OVX+E). Mice performed a ladder-climbing resistance exercise protocol at the designated time points. Bone microstructure was assessed by micro-computed tomography, bone biomechanical properties by three-point bending test, osteogenic and osteoclast-related factors by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blot assays and Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis, and potential regulatory molecular mechanisms through RNA-Seq analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All three exercise groups could enhance the bone biomechanical properties and improve the bone microstructure of ovariectomized mice. The Post-OVX+E group performed better than the other exercise groups on microstructure in both cortical bone and cancellous bone. The Post-OVX+E group and the OVX+E group showed better effects on the expression of osteogenic and osteoclast-related factors. RNA-Seq analysis revealed that the extracellular matrix-receptor interaction pathway represented the common signaling pathway shared among groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Resistance exercise at different periods before and after ovariectomy can attenuate bone loss in ovariectomized mice, with exercise after ovariectomy demonstrating superior protective benefits on bone. The mechanism underlying these beneficial effects may involve the extracellular matrix-receptor interaction pathway.</p>","PeriodicalId":18426,"journal":{"name":"Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise","volume":" ","pages":"2452-2465"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148579286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surgical Profiles of Elite Female Athletes and Their Association with Long-Term Musculoskeletal Health: Findings from the Women's Soccer Health Study.","authors":"Kai-Lun Law, Polly de Mille, Heidi Prather, Heidi Skolnik, Theresa A Chiaia, Cara L Lewis, Ellen Casey, Jo A Hannafin, Daphne I Ling","doi":"10.1249/MSS.0000000000004196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000004196","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To describe the career and post-career surgeries in female elite-level soccer players and evaluate their association with long-term musculoskeletal health.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>This is a cross-sectional study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Surgical data (the number and type of surgeries during and after the career) from an anonymous online survey was obtained from a previously published cohort of 560 retired elite women's soccer players. Correlation coefficients were used to evaluate the relationship between the number of surgeries and physical activity levels (UCLA activity scale), joint function (SANE), and physical and mental health (PROMIS-10), which were all collected on the same survey.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The average number of career surgeries was 1 (SD=1.6), and the average number of post-career surgeries was 0.5 (SD=1). The most common career surgery sites for women's soccer players were knee (39%), foot/ankle (12%), and leg (4%). The most common knee procedures involved ligament reconstruction, primarily of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), followed by meniscus and cartilage surgery. The most frequent post-career surgery sites were knee (24.0%), foot/ankle (5.1%), and leg (3.2%). Knee ligament and meniscus surgeries were equally reported. More career and post-career surgeries were associated with lower SANE knee scores (p<0.001). Lower SANE knee scores (p=0.017) were associated with lower UCLA activity levels.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The locations of career and post-career surgeries were similar, suggesting a possible association with long-term musculoskeletal impairment, particularly to the knee, in a cohort of mostly White collegiate former players. Having more soccer-related surgeries was associated with reduced joint function and activity levels after retirement, though the correlations were weak or moderate. These findings suggest the need for the development of preventive interventions that address the specific needs of female athletes, implementation of injury prevention programs and strategies to maximize adherence, and long-term musculoskeletal assessments of players after retirement.</p>","PeriodicalId":18426,"journal":{"name":"Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149228180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Passive Hyperthermia Increases Neural Recruitment, Thereby Reducing Processing Efficiency During Executive Task Performance.","authors":"Manabu Shibasaki, Shigehiko Ogoh, Kanoko Ito, Tatsuya Hojo, Hiroki Nakata","doi":"10.1249/MSS.0000000000004192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000004192","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Heat-induced hyperthermia impairs cognitive performance and contributes to central fatigue during exercise and environmental heat exposure. Electroencephalographic event-related potential (EEG-ERP) studies consistently show reduced P300 amplitudes under heat stress, whereas functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies often report expanded blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) activation.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study examined how passive hyperthermia influences task-dependent neural activation and cognitive processing using both fMRI and EEG-ERP within comparable paradigms.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Eighteen healthy adults (ten males and eight females) performed Go/No-go and Flanker tasks under normothermic and hyperthermic conditions during fMRI. Passive heating increased external ear canal temperature (Tear) by approximately 1.1°C above baseline. Sixteen participants completed an additional EEG-ERP session with the Flanker task. Behavioral responses, regional BOLD activation, and P300 amplitude and latency were assessed. Cervical arterial blood flow was measured by using a color-coded ultrasound system.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean heating duration was 53.9 ± 9.2 min across all subjects. Hyperthermia increased heart rate and Tear while reducing internal carotid and vertebral artery blood flow. Reaction times decreased in both tasks, with no change in error rates. fMRI showed expanded activation in bilateral frontal, parietal, temporal, and subcortical regions. Task subtraction analyses (Flanker minus Go/No-go) revealed greater frontal and parietal activation during the complex task. In contrast, P300 amplitude was reduced during hyperthermia.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Passive hyperthermia expands the spatial extent task-related BOLD activation while reducing P300 amplitude, suggesting reduced processing efficiency. However, the BOLD findings should be interpreted with caution because cerebral perfusion was also reduced. These findings suggest increased neural strain under heat stress, contributing to central fatigue and potentially impairing decision-making in sport and occupational setting.</p>","PeriodicalId":18426,"journal":{"name":"Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149224386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute Effects of Cooperative and Coordinative Exercise on Inhibitory Control and Classroom Behavior.","authors":"Sebastian Ludyga, Markus Gerber, Fabian Herold, Melanie Berger","doi":"10.1249/MSS.0000000000004194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000004194","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To systematically examine the acute effects of pre-class exercise differing in cooperative and coordinative demands on inhibitory control and off-task behaviour in children and adolescents.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Two randomized controlled trials were conducted in school settings. Participants were randomly assigned to two exercise groups or a control group. Study 1 (N = 110) compared 20-min pre-class exercise with and without increased coordinative demands, whereas Study 2 (N = 100) compared exercise with and without additional cooperative demands. Inhibitory control was assessed at pre- and posttest using a computerized Flanker task, and off-task behavior was evaluated via video-based classroom observations during the subsequent lesson.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Path modeling indicated that pre-class exercise without additional cooperative and coordinative demands was associated with reduced off-task behavior at posttest across both studies and faster reaction times in incongruent trials at posttest in Study 1, when pretest scores were accounted for. In contrast, cooperative demands attenuated these effects, whereas coordinative demands were associated with increased off-task behavior. Changes in off-task behavior were not related to changes in cognitive performance.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A brief bout of exercise prior to classroom instruction can reduce students' off-task behavior, even in the absence of changes in inhibitory control. In contrast, more complex forms of exercise that integrate coordinative or cooperative demands may nullify or even reverse this effect.</p>","PeriodicalId":18426,"journal":{"name":"Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149195280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Respiratory System Resistance and Bronchodilator Responsiveness in Paralympic Athletes with Spinal Cord Injury.","authors":"Christopher R West, Lee M Romer","doi":"10.1249/MSS.0000000000004198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000004198","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) may impair autonomic regulation of airway caliber, whereas repeated exposure to high ventilatory loads may modify airway function through mechanical stretch.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To compare airway function and bronchodilator responsiveness between elite athletes with cervical SCI (tetraplegia, TETRA) and thoracic SCI (paraplegia, PARA), with the hypothesis that bronchodilator responsiveness would be greater in TETRA.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Members of the Great Britain Paralympic team competing in wheelchair rugby (TETRA, C5-C7, n=11) or wheelchair basketball (PARA, T4-T12, n=11) underwent forced oscillation technique (FOT) and spirometry assessments before and 30 min after inhalation of ipratropium bromide (4×40 µg via metered-dose inhaler and spacer).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Absolute baseline respiratory system resistance was similar in TETRA and PARA (Rrs4-24: 0.259±0.045 vs. 0.265±0.067 kPa·s·L -1). The between-group comparison of reference-based z-scores showed no significant difference (P = 0.725). Rrs4-24 exceeded the upper limit of normal in only one participant per group. Following ipratropium bromide, reductions in Rrs4-24 and Rrs4-8 were greater in TETRA than PARA (group×condition interaction, P=0.042 and 0.032, respectively). Reductions exceeding the minimal detectable difference (MDD) were observed in 73% of TETRA and 45% of PARA participants for both measures. In contrast, no participant demonstrated an increase in FEV1 that exceeded the MDD.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Although baseline respiratory system resistance was similar in elite athletes with tetraplegia and paraplegia, the greater reductions following ipratropium bromide in TETRA suggest a greater contribution of cholinergic activity to resting bronchomotor tone. In addition, individual changes exceeding measurement error were detected more consistently using FOT than spirometry. The similar baseline resistance between groups may, in part, reflect adaptations associated with repeated exposure to the high ventilatory demands of elite wheelchair sport.</p>","PeriodicalId":18426,"journal":{"name":"Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149195229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}