Medical Cannabis and Cannabinoids最新文献

{"title":"<i>Cannabis sativa</i> and Cannabidiol: A Therapeutic Strategy for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases?","authors":"Milena de Barros Viana,&nbsp;Pedro Everson Alexandre de Aquino,&nbsp;Débora Estadella,&nbsp;Daniel Araki Ribeiro,&nbsp;Glauce Socorro de Barros Viana","doi":"10.1159/000527335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000527335","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This work is a literature review, presenting the current state of the use of cannabinoids on neurodegenerative diseases. The emphasis is on Parkinson's (PD) and Alzheimer's (AD) diseases, the two most prevalent neurological diseases. The review goes from <i>Cannabis sativa</i> and its hundreds of bioactive compounds to Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and mainly cannabidiol (CBD) and their interactions with the endocannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2). CBD molecular targets were also focused on to explain its neuroprotective action mechanism on neurodegenerative diseases. Although THC is the main psychoactive component of <i>C. sativa,</i> and it may induce transient psychosis-like symptoms, growing evidence suggests that CBD may have protective effects against the psychotomimetic effects of THC and therapeutic properties. Furthermore, a great number of recent works on the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory CBD effects and its molecular targets are also reviewed. We analyzed CBD actions in preclinical and in clinical trials, conducted with PD and AD patients. Although the data on preclinical assays are more convincing, the same is not true with the clinical data. Despite the consensus among researchers on the potential of CBD as a neuroprotective agent, larger and well-designed randomized clinical trials will be necessary to gather conclusive results concerning the use of CBD as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of diseases such as PD and AD.</p>","PeriodicalId":18415,"journal":{"name":"Medical Cannabis and Cannabinoids","volume":" ","pages":"207-219"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/3f/f8/mca-0005-0207.PMC9710321.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35209458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Influence of Cannabidiol on the Pharmacokinetics of Methylphenidate in Healthy Subjects.","authors":"John S Markowitz,&nbsp;Ludmila De Faria,&nbsp;Qingchen Zhang,&nbsp;Philip W Melchert,&nbsp;Reginald F Frye,&nbsp;Brandon O Klee,&nbsp;Yuli Qian","doi":"10.1159/000527189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000527189","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Cannabidiol (CBD) is a widely utilized nonpsychoactive cannabinoid available as an over-the-counter supplement, a component of medical cannabis, and a prescriptive treatment of childhood epilepsies. In vitro studies suggest CBD may inhibit a number of drug-metabolizing enzymes, including carboxylesterase 1 (CES1). The aim of this study was to evaluate effect of CBD on the disposition of the CES1 substrate methylphenidate (MPH).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study, 12 subjects ingested 750 mg of CBD solution, or alternatively, a placebo solution twice daily for a 3-day run-in period followed by an additional CBD dose (or placebo) and a single 10 mg dose of MPH and completed serial blood sampling for pharmacokinetic analysis. MPH and CBD concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The C_max (mean ± CV) for the CBD group and placebo group was 13.5 ± 43.7% ng/mL and 12.2 ± 36.4% ng/mL, respectively. AUC_inf (ng/mL*h) for the CBD group and placebo group was 70.7 ± 32.5% and 63.6 ± 25.4%, respectively. The CBD AUC_0-8h (mean ± CV) was 1,542.2 ± 32% ng/mL*h, and C_max was 389.2 ± 39% ng/mL. When compared to MPH only, the geometric mean ratio (CBD/control, 90% CI) for AUC_inf and C_max with CBD co-administration was 1.09 (0.89, 1.32) and 1.08 (0.85, 1.37), respectively.</p><p><strong>Discussion/conclusion: </strong>Although the upper bound of bioequivalence was not met, the mean estimates of AUC and C_max ratios were generally small and unlikely to be of clinical significance.</p>","PeriodicalId":18415,"journal":{"name":"Medical Cannabis and Cannabinoids","volume":" ","pages":"199-206"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/c5/6e/mca-0005-0199.PMC9710314.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35209454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Proceedings of the 2022 Cannabis Clinical Outcomes Research Conference (CCORC) Orlando, FL, USA, May 19-20, 2022","authors":"","doi":"10.1159/000527081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000527081","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Migraine is a debilitating disorder characterized by recurrent headaches accompanied by symptoms of anxiety and abnormal sensory sensitivity, including photophobia. Migraine is often inadequately managed by existing treatments. Thus, additional treatment options with improved efficacy and reduced side effects are a research priority. Surprisingly, despite the extensive historical use of Cannabis in headache disorders, there is limited research on the non-psychoactive cannabidiol (CBD) for migraine and there is no scientific evidence to prove that CBD is an effective treatment. Here, we test the efficacy of CBD in preventing and treating prominent symptoms of acute and chronic, pharmacolog-ically-evoked, migraine-like states in mice. Methods: We developed and characterized in our laboratory an animal model of acute and chronic migraine that involved measures of periorbital allodynia associated with intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of the migraine-triggering agent calcitonin-gene related peptide (CGRP, 0.1 mg/kg). Periorbital allodynia was assessed through mechanical stimulation of the mouse periorbital region using von Frey fila-ments applied according to an up down method. CBD (10 and 30 mg/kg, i.p.) was tested for its ability to decrease this and other CGRP-induced migraine-like symptoms, including facial grimace, photophobia and anxiety in male and female C57BL/6J mice. Results: A single administration of CGRP induced facial hypersensitivity in both male and female mice. Repeated CGRP treatment produced progressively increased levels of basal hyperalgesia in females, but not male mice. A single CBD administration pro-tected mice from hyperalgesia induced by a single CGRP injection, in both males and females. Repeated CBD administration pre-vented increased levels of basal hyperalgesia induced by repeated CGRP treatment in female mice. CBD, injected after CGRP, reversed CGRP-evoked allodynia. CBD also reduced spontaneous pain traits induced by CGRP administration in female mice. CBD failed in providing protection from CGRP-induced photophobia. Finally, CBD blocked CGRP-induced anxiety in male mice. Conclusion: Collectively, these results demonstrate the efficacy of CBD in preventing episodic, as well as chronic headache, particularly in female subjects. Importantly, CBD may serve as an abortive agent for treating migraine attacks. CBD also shows efficacy for headache-related conditions such as anxiety and spontaneous pain, but does not seem to protect from photophobia.","PeriodicalId":18415,"journal":{"name":"Medical Cannabis and Cannabinoids","volume":"5 1","pages":"142 - 158"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45383138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Proceedings of the 2022 Cannabis Clinical Outcomes Research Conference.","authors":"Nicole E Smolinski,&nbsp;Ruba Sajdeya,&nbsp;Robert Cook,&nbsp;Yan Wang,&nbsp;Almut G Winterstein,&nbsp;Amie Goodin","doi":"10.1159/000527080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000527080","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Consortium for Medical Marijuana Clinical Outcomes Research, a multi-university collaboration established by the state of Florida in the USA, hosted its second annual Cannabis Clinical Outcomes Research Conference (CCORC) in May 2022. CCORC was held as a hybrid conference, with a scientific program consisting of in-person and virtual sessions. CCORC fostered and disseminated current research on clinical outcomes of medical marijuana while stimulating collaboration and engagement between the scientific community, policymakers, industry representatives, clinicians, and other interested stakeholders. Three themes emerged from conference sessions and speakers: (1) disentangling research findings comparing use and outcomes of medical and nonmedical cannabis, (2) addressing barriers and promoting facilitators for clinical cannabis research, and (3) resolving uncertainties around cannabis dosing. The third annual CCORC is planned for the summer of 2023 in Florida, USA.</p>","PeriodicalId":18415,"journal":{"name":"Medical Cannabis and Cannabinoids","volume":" ","pages":"138-141"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/9f/ab/mca-0005-0138.PMC9710315.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35209461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cannabinoid Conference 2022","authors":"F. Bianchi, J. Wampfler, F. Curtin, J. Desmeules, B. Broers, E. Becher, F. Heimann, F. Grotenhermen","doi":"10.1159/000527113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000527113","url":null,"abstract":"depression associated with opioids, whilst providing many of the desired pain-relieving and sedative effects. Cannabinoid receptors not only mediate immunologic as well as pain signals, but are also expressed in periodontal and gingival tissues, as well as in both osteoblast and osteoclasts, making them potential targets for a number of new technologies: from implantology to anti-plaque mouthwashes. See Table 1 for some of the most researched potential uses.","PeriodicalId":18415,"journal":{"name":"Medical Cannabis and Cannabinoids","volume":"5 1","pages":"159 - 198"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42190054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluations of Skin Permeability of Cannabidiol and Its Topical Formulations by Skin Membrane-Based Parallel Artificial Membrane Permeability Assay and Franz Cell Diffusion Assay.","authors":"Riley D Kirk,&nbsp;Toyosi Akanji,&nbsp;Huifang Li,&nbsp;Jie Shen,&nbsp;Saleh Allababidi,&nbsp;Navindra P Seeram,&nbsp;Matthew J Bertin,&nbsp;Hang Ma","doi":"10.1159/000526769","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000526769","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Cannabinoids including cannabidiol (CBD) have attracted enormous interest as bioactive ingredients for various dermatological and/or cosmeceutical uses. However, topical applications of cannabinoids might be limited without a fundamental understanding of their skin permeability. Herein, we aimed to evaluate the skin permeability of CBD and its topical formulations using artificial skin membrane assays. The solubility and stability of CBD in various surfactants that are commonly used in topical applications were also evaluated.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>CBD and two CBD-incorporated topical formulations (cream and gel) were prepared for this study. Computational predictions (SwissADME and DERMWIN™) and the parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA) were used to evaluate the skin permeability of CBD isolate. The Franz cell diffusion (in vitro release testing) assay was used to evaluate the skin permeability of CBD formulations. The solubility and stability of CBD in surfactants were assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>CBD isolate showed favorable skin permeability in the SwissADME and DERMWIN™ predictions (-Log Kp of 3.6 and 5.7 cm/s, respectively) and PAMPA (-LogPe value of 5.0 at pH of 6.5 and 7.4). In addition, CBD had higher solubility (378.4 μg/mL) in surfactant Tween 20 as compared to its solubility in polyisobutene. In an acidic environment (pH 5 and 6), Tween 20 maintained the CBD content at 81% and 70% over 30 days, respectively. CBD in the formulations of cream and gel also had moderate skin permeability in the Franz cell diffusion assay.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Data from artificial membrane-based assays support that CBD is a skin permeable cannabinoid and the permeability and stability of its formulations may be influenced by several factors such as surfactant and pH environment. Findings from our study suggest that CBD may have suitable skin permeability for the development of dermatological and/or cosmeceutical applications but further studies using in vivo models are warranted to confirm this.</p>","PeriodicalId":18415,"journal":{"name":"Medical Cannabis and Cannabinoids","volume":" ","pages":"129-137"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/c5/79/mca-0005-0129.PMC9710319.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35209453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perspectives on Challenges in Cannabis Drug Delivery Systems: Where Are We?","authors":"Manikandan Palrasu,&nbsp;Lillianne Wright,&nbsp;Manish Patel,&nbsp;Lindsey Leech,&nbsp;Scotty Branch,&nbsp;Shea Harrelson,&nbsp;Saeed Khan","doi":"10.1159/000525629","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000525629","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cannabis and its natural derivatives have emerged as promising therapeutics for multiple pathological and nonpathological medical conditions. For example, cannabinoids, the most popular and biologically active chemicals in cannabis, aid in many clinical ailments, including pain, inflammation, epilepsy, sleep disturbances or insomnia, multiple sclerosis, anorexia, schizophrenia, neurodegenerative diseases, anti-nausea, and most importantly, cancer. Despite the comprehensive benefits, certain aspects of cannabis present unique challenges in the medical cannabis landscape. Recent studies have highlighted the inherent challenges associated with cannabinoids' formulation like low solubility, rapid metabolism, poor bioavailability, and erratic pharmacokinetics - all of which contribute to the limited efficacy of cannabinoids. Several efforts are underway to address the bottlenecks and modify the formulations along with the delivery systems to achieve greater solubility/bioavailability, potency, and efficacy in treatment settings while minding the necessary standards for purity associated with the pharmaceutical industry. The current article presents a perspective on (1) a working knowledge of cannabinoids and their mechanisms of action, (2) the landscape of using medicinal cannabis for cancer-related medical conditions along with adversities, (3) current approaches, formulations, and challenges in medicinal cannabis delivery systems (oral, transdermal, pulmonary, and transmucosal), and lastly, (4) emerging approaches to improve delivery systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":18415,"journal":{"name":"Medical Cannabis and Cannabinoids","volume":" ","pages":"102-119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/ac/84/mca-0005-0102.PMC9710325.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35209429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical Characteristics and Quality of Life in Adults Initiating Medical Marijuana Treatment.","authors":"Lydia S Buonomano,&nbsp;Matthew M Mitnick,&nbsp;Thomas R McCalmont,&nbsp;Paulina Syracuse,&nbsp;Karen L Dugosh,&nbsp;David S Festinger,&nbsp;Michelle R Lent","doi":"10.1159/000524831","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000524831","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Despite the rising availability and use of medical marijuana (MM) in the USA, little is known about the demographics, clinical characteristics, or quality of life of MM patients. This study describes the demographic characteristics and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of MM patients who are initiating treatment in Pennsylvania.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Two-hundred adults naive to MM and referred for any of the 23 state-approved qualifying conditions were recruited at three MM dispensaries in Pennsylvania between September 2020 and March 2021. All participants consented to the study; completed semi-structured interviews that included demographic questionnaires, the Short Form-36 (SF-36), and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7); provided height and weight measurements; and allowed access their dispensary medical records.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Participants had a mean age of 48.5 ± 15.6 years, predominantly identified as female (67.5%), and were most commonly referred for chronic pain (63.5%) and/or anxiety (58.5%). Additionally, 46.0% were living with obesity as determined by BMI. Relative to a normative sample, participants reported diminished HRQoL in several domains, most notably in role limitations due to physical health (<i>M</i> = 46.0 ± 42.0), role limitations due to emotional problems (<i>M</i> = 52.5 ± 42.3), energy and fatigue (<i>M</i> = 39.8 ± 20.2), and pain (<i>M</i> = 49.4 ± 26.0).</p><p><strong>Discussion/conclusion: </strong>Patients initiating MM treatment experienced low HRQoL in multiple domains. Future studies could evaluate the relationship between HRQoL and patients' decisions to pursue MM treatment, as well as changes in HRQoL with MM use over time.</p>","PeriodicalId":18415,"journal":{"name":"Medical Cannabis and Cannabinoids","volume":" ","pages":"95-101"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9247440/pdf/mca-0005-0095.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40617079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inhibitory Effects of Cannabinoids on Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase Enzyme Activities","authors":"Tess Puopolo, Chang Liu, Hang Ma, N. Seeram","doi":"10.1159/000524086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000524086","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) are two cholinergic enzymes catalyzing the reaction of cleaving acetylcholine into acetate and choline at the neuromuscular junction. Abnormal hyperactivity of AChE and BChE can lead to cholinergic deficiency, which is associated with several neurological disorders including cognitive decline and memory impairments. Preclinical studies support that some cannabinoids including cannabidiol (CBD) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) may exert pharmacological effects on the cholinergic system, but it remains unclear whether cannabinoids can inhibit AChE and BChE activities. Herein, we aimed to evaluate the inhibitory effects of a panel of cannabinoids including CBD, Δ8-THC, cannabigerol (CBG), cannabigerolic acid (CBGA), cannabicitran (CBT), cannabidivarin (CBDV), cannabichromene (CBC), and cannabinol (CBN) on AChE and BChE activities. Methods: The inhibitory effects of cannabinoids on the activities of AChE and BChE enzymes were evaluated with the Ellman method using acetyl- and butyryl-thiocholines as substrates. The inhibition mechanism of cannabinoids on AChE and BChE was studied with enzyme kinetic assays including the Lineweaver-Burk and Michaelis-Menten analyses. In addition, computational-based molecular docking experiments were performed to explore the interactions between the cannabinoids and the enzyme proteins. Results: Cannabinoids including CBD, Δ8-THC, CBG, CBGA, CBT, CBDV, CBC, and CBN (at 200 µM) inhibited the activities of AChE and BChE by 70.8, 83.7, 92.9, 76.7, 66.0, 79.3, 13.7, and 30.5%, and by 86.8, 80.8, 93.2, 87.1, 77.0, 78.5, 27.9, and 22.0%, respectively. The inhibitory effects of these cannabinoids (with IC50 values ranging from 85.2 to >200 µM for AChE and 107.1 to >200 µM for BChE) were less potent as compared to the positive control galantamine (IC50 1.21 and 6.86 µM for AChE and BChE, respectively). In addition, CBD, as a representative cannabinoid, displayed a competitive type of inhibition on both AChE and BChE. Data from the molecular docking studies suggested that cannabinoids interacted with several amino acid residues on the enzyme proteins, which supported their overall inhibitory effects on AChE and BChE. Conclusion: Cannabinoids showed moderate inhibitory effects on the activities of AChE and BChE enzymes, which may contribute to their modulatory effects on the cholinergic system. Further studies using cell-based and in vivo models are warranted to evaluate whether cannabinoids’ neuroprotective effects are associated with their anti-cholinesterase activities.","PeriodicalId":18415,"journal":{"name":"Medical Cannabis and Cannabinoids","volume":"5 1","pages":"85 - 94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42104819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effects of Consuming Cannabis Flower for Treatment of Fatigue","authors":"Xiaoxue Li, Jegason P. Diviant, Sarah S. Stith, Franco Brockelman, Keenan Keeling, Branden Hall, J. Vigil","doi":"10.1159/000524057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000524057","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: We measure for the first time how commercially available Cannabis flower products affect feelings of fatigue. Methods: A total of 1,224 people recorded 3,922 Cannabis flower self-administration sessions between June 6, 2016, and August 7, 2019, using the Releaf App. Usage sessions included real-time subjective changes in fatigue intensity levels prior to and following Cannabis consumption, Cannabis flower characteristics (labeled phenotype, cannabinoid potency levels), combustion method, and any potential experienced side effects. Results: On average, 91.94% of people experienced decreased fatigue following consumption with an average symptom intensity reduction of 3.48 points on a 0–10 visual analog scale (SD = 2.70, d = 1.60, p < 0.001). While labeled plant phenotypes (“C. indica,” “C. sativa,” or “hybrid”) did not differ in symptom relief, people that used joints to combust the flower reported greater symptom relief than pipe or vaporizer users. Across cannabinoid levels, tetrahydrocannabinol, and cannabidiol levels were generally not associated with changes in symptom intensity levels. Cannabis use was associated with several negative side effects that correspond to increased feelings of fatigue (e.g., feeling unmotivated, couch-locked) among a minority of users (<24% of users), with slightly more users (up to 37%) experiencing a positive side effect that corresponds to increased energy (e.g., feeling active, energetic, frisky, or productive). Conclusions: The findings suggest that the majority of patients experience decreased fatigue from consumption of Cannabis flower consumed in vivo, although the magnitude of the effect and extent of side effects experienced likely vary with individuals’ metabolic states and the synergistic chemotypic properties of the plant.","PeriodicalId":18415,"journal":{"name":"Medical Cannabis and Cannabinoids","volume":"5 1","pages":"76 - 84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42729199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}