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Extrusion of lead at low compressive pressures 在低压缩压力下挤压铅
Metals technology Pub Date : 1984-01-01 DOI: 10.1179/030716984803274477
F. Weinberg
{"title":"Extrusion of lead at low compressive pressures","authors":"F. Weinberg","doi":"10.1179/030716984803274477","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/030716984803274477","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractThe extrusion of Pb and Pb–1Sb has been investigated at very low compressive pressures in the temperature range 25°–150°C. The results indicate that a threshold pressure is required for significant extrusion to occur. The threshold pressure is higher in Pb–1Sb than in Pb, and increases with decreasing temperature. The results are related to the problem of lead being extruded over very long periods of time from a breached container filled with lead. It is concluded that no significant extrusion of lead would occur.","PeriodicalId":18409,"journal":{"name":"Metals technology","volume":"519 1","pages":"29-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77202160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Sliding-vvear evaluation of nitrided austenitic alloys 氮化奥氏体合金的滑动年评价
Metals technology Pub Date : 1984-01-01 DOI: 10.1179/030716984803274792
R. Whittle, V. Scott
{"title":"Sliding-vvear evaluation of nitrided austenitic alloys","authors":"R. Whittle, V. Scott","doi":"10.1179/030716984803274792","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/030716984803274792","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractThe nitriding behaviour of a number of austenitic alloys was investigated for the temperature range 550–850°C. The maximum response to nitriding, as recorded by weight gain and thickness measurements of the nitride layer, occurred between 660 and 750°C. After an initial, faster rate of nitriding during the first few hours of treatment, the reaction followed parabolic kinetics. With most alloys, the nitride formed a compact layer, essentially composed of M4N, at temperatures up to and including 750°C, although at 850°C unreacted metal remained in the surface regions. An exception to this was a high-nickel (∼ 20%) alloy, in which substantial unreacted metal was found at all nitriding temperatures. The role of different alloying elements is discussed in relation to nitriding performance. A selected nitriding treatment is applied to each austenitic alloy, and the resulting unlubricated wear behaviour evaluated using a pin-on-disc wear machine. A transition from mild to severe wear is identified in tre...","PeriodicalId":18409,"journal":{"name":"Metals technology","volume":"135 1","pages":"231-241"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90960207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 21
Interpass recrystallization of austenite in some steels during rolling 某些钢在轧制过程中奥氏体的道间再结晶
Metals technology Pub Date : 1984-01-01 DOI: 10.1179/030716984803274440
F. Vodopivec, M. Gabrovšek, M. Kmetič, A. Rodic
{"title":"Interpass recrystallization of austenite in some steels during rolling","authors":"F. Vodopivec, M. Gabrovšek, M. Kmetič, A. Rodic","doi":"10.1179/030716984803274440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/030716984803274440","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractVarious steels were rolled using several passes, and the resulting microstructures, precipitation of AlN and NbC, and mechanical properties were investigated. Below a certain critical temperature, interpass recrystallization does not occur completely following the first pass. The volumefraction of unrecrystallized austenite initially increases rapidly, but then decreases gradually as the rolling temperature is lowered. The amount of AlN and NbC precipitation does not appear to be related to the fraction of unrecrystallized austenite. It is proposed that the cause of incomplete recrystallization is the recovery substructure present in austenite grains which, because of their coarse size, do not recrystallize after the first pass. The incomplete interpass recrystallization produces a duplex microstructure, giving the steel a deformation anisotropy.","PeriodicalId":18409,"journal":{"name":"Metals technology","volume":"24 1","pages":"481-488"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90150225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Cold roll and indent vvelding of some metals 一些金属的冷轧和缩进焊接
Metals technology Pub Date : 1984-01-01 DOI: 10.1179/030716984803274459
R. Pendrous, A. Bramley, G. Pollard
{"title":"Cold roll and indent vvelding of some metals","authors":"R. Pendrous, A. Bramley, G. Pollard","doi":"10.1179/030716984803274459","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/030716984803274459","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractThe cold pressure welding of copper, brass, aluminium, and stainless steel has been investigated using thin-layer metal sandwiches produced by roll bonding and plane-strain indent welding. Shear tests were carried out to assess the level of bonding and scanning electron microscopy used to examine peeled surfaces from bonded specimens. Welding was found to be initiated by the formation of transverse cracks in the surface layers of the mating surfaces. These cracks coincide on both surfaces and are widened during deformation allowing extrusion of the base material through the cracks until a weld is formed. Extension of the surfaces is necessary for welding and the dependence of threshold deformation on the welding geometry is associated with the different surface behaviour. No recrystallization at interfacial regions was observed.","PeriodicalId":18409,"journal":{"name":"Metals technology","volume":"214 1","pages":"280-289"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73783131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 7
Formability of soft-magnetic Ni–Fe alloy sheet 软磁Ni-Fe合金板材的成形性
Metals technology Pub Date : 1984-01-01 DOI: 10.1179/030716984803275098
Y. Yoo, D. N. Lee
{"title":"Formability of soft-magnetic Ni–Fe alloy sheet","authors":"Y. Yoo, D. N. Lee","doi":"10.1179/030716984803275098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/030716984803275098","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractThe formabilities of Ni–Fe alloy sheets were evaluated by measuring their tensile strengths, yield strengths, elongations to failure, strain-hardening exponents, and plastic-strain anisotropy ratios R at various directions to the rolling direction and for various textures. The higher-nickel alloy (75–82Ni–12–18Fe–Mo–Cr–Cu/Mn) sheets had higher tensile strengths, elongations, and strain-hardening exponents than did those of the lower-nickel alloy (47Ni–53Fe). The strain levels of the forming-limit curves were higher for the higher-nickel alloys, as, generally, were the R-values obtained (0·67−0·93, compared with 0·38−1·1 for the lower-nickel alloys) and the R-value fluctuations. The R-value maxima at 45−67° to the rolling direction for the higher-nickel alloy sheets and the minimum at 45° for the lower-nickel alloy sheets are attributed to the competitive contributions of the {358}〈835〉 texture, which gives a maximum at 45°, and the {001}〈100〉 texture, which produces a minimum at 45°. Thus, the hig...","PeriodicalId":18409,"journal":{"name":"Metals technology","volume":"255 1","pages":"91-98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73120941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Creep-rupture properties and microstructure of AISI type 316L submerged arc weld metals AISI型316L埋弧焊金属的蠕变断裂性能和显微组织
Metals technology Pub Date : 1984-01-01 DOI: 10.1179/030716984803275133
R. Thomas, R. Nicholson, R. Farrar
{"title":"Creep-rupture properties and microstructure of AISI type 316L submerged arc weld metals","authors":"R. Thomas, R. Nicholson, R. Farrar","doi":"10.1179/030716984803275133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/030716984803275133","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractA series of submerged-arc butt welds has been produced in AISI type 316L steel plate using different commercial consumables. These consumables produce only small changes in the as-deposited analyses, but significant differences in the δ-ferrite content. The stress rupture, minimum creep rate, and creep ductility of these welds have been measured at 600°C and stress levels between 170 and 240 M N m−2. The creep-rupture values were comparable with those for manual metal arc welds, and fall within the lower limits of the scatter observed for wrought materials. The proportion of δ-ferrite was found to have little influence on creep ductility, with the exception of the weld containing 20% which consistently showed lower ductility. The nature and extent of the δ-ferrite transformation on aging at 600°C varied between the weld metals, but generally followed the sequence δ-ferrite → M23 C6 → intermetallic σ- and χ-phases.","PeriodicalId":18409,"journal":{"name":"Metals technology","volume":"62 1","pages":"61-65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75971451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 11
Effect of small amounts of nitrogen and silicon on microstructure and properties of MAR-M002 nickel-base superalloy 少量氮和硅对MAR-M002镍基高温合金组织和性能的影响
Metals technology Pub Date : 1984-01-01 DOI: 10.1179/030716984803274251
G. Durber, S. Osgerby, P. Quested
{"title":"Effect of small amounts of nitrogen and silicon on microstructure and properties of MAR-M002 nickel-base superalloy","authors":"G. Durber, S. Osgerby, P. Quested","doi":"10.1179/030716984803274251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/030716984803274251","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractThe microstructure and the tensile and stress-rupture properties of the nickel-base superalloy M A R-M002 have been studied using material of normal commercial composition and three melts with additions of 0·0024 and 0·0050%N and of 0·16%Si. Increasing the nitrogen content resulted in a change in carbide morphology, from ‘Chinese script’ to a blocky form, and to increased microporosity. Interference-film microscopy revealed characteristic centres in some of the blocky carbides that had high Ti contents consistent with carbide nucleation on Ti(C, N) particles formed in the melt. The increased nitrogen content was associated with a significant decrease in the rupture life at 760°C and 695 MN m−2, and a change in the fracture morphology. In the Si-doped alloy, which contained little microporosity, there were increased amounts of a phase rich in Ni–Hf (probably Ni5Hf) that also contained Si, but there was only a slight decrease in stress-rupture properties.","PeriodicalId":18409,"journal":{"name":"Metals technology","volume":"106 1","pages":"129-137"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79552109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 24
Low-carbon Mn-Ni-Nb steel: Part 1 Development for pipeline applications using relaxed rolling conditions 低碳Mn-Ni-Nb钢:第1部分:使用宽松轧制条件的管道应用的开发
Metals technology Pub Date : 1984-01-01 DOI: 10.1179/030716984803274495
F. Heisterkamp, K. Hulka
{"title":"Low-carbon Mn-Ni-Nb steel: Part 1 Development for pipeline applications using relaxed rolling conditions","authors":"F. Heisterkamp, K. Hulka","doi":"10.1179/030716984803274495","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/030716984803274495","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractA new microalloy steel has been developed which relies on 0·5%Ni to depress the austenite-ferrite transformation temperature, and on 0·10–0·17%Nb to give large amounts of Nb(C, N) in the austenite during hot processing to enhance grain refinement. It is found that a significantly higher rolling temperature can be used to achieve the properties of conventional microalloy steels, with the implied benefits of relaxed rolling schedules, reduced anisotropy, and the elimination of fracture separations. Various combinations of soaking temperature, thermomechanical processing, plate thickness, and finish rolling temperature have been investigated in full-scale industrial trials on 150 t heats conducted by seven European steel companies. Strength levels of X65 to X75 (yield strengths of 450 to 515 MN m−2) can be obtained, along with excellent toughness. Measurements of dissolved Nb and electron microscopy have indicated that up to 95% of the Nb can be precipitated out in the austenite in a wide range of pa...","PeriodicalId":18409,"journal":{"name":"Metals technology","volume":"25 1","pages":"535-544"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89755104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Role of niobium in a dual-phase steel 铌在双相钢中的作用
Metals technology Pub Date : 1984-01-01 DOI: 10.1179/030716984803275151
J. Guimarães, K. Chawla, P. R. Rios, J. M. Rigsbee
{"title":"Role of niobium in a dual-phase steel","authors":"J. Guimarães, K. Chawla, P. R. Rios, J. M. Rigsbee","doi":"10.1179/030716984803275151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/030716984803275151","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractTwo hot-rolled high-strength, low-alloy steels, one microalloyed with niobium, were intercritically annealed at 740°C for 10 min and cooled to produce a dual-phase microstructure. Although both steels showed tensile properties typical of dual-phase microstructures, only the niobium-microalloyed steel could match the mechanical characteristics of a typical commercial dual-phase steel. The role of the niobium would appear to be to provide a suitable level of strength in the initial, as-rolled state of the steel, since the properties in the dual-phase state were found to be a function of the initial state of the steel. A normalizing treatment resulted in grain refinement in both steels, but transmission electron microscopy observations showed that in the niobium-containing steel this was counterbalanced by an increase in Nb(C, N) precipitate size. The normalizing treatment thus equalized the mechanical properties of the initial state of the two steels, leading to similar dual-phase properties in both...","PeriodicalId":18409,"journal":{"name":"Metals technology","volume":"64 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91465896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Optimization of high-temperature compression of as-cast Al–Cu eutectic alloy 铸态Al-Cu共晶合金高温压缩性能优化
Metals technology Pub Date : 1984-01-01 DOI: 10.1179/030716984803274468
G. A. Nasset, A. El-Ashram, M. Suéry
{"title":"Optimization of high-temperature compression of as-cast Al–Cu eutectic alloy","authors":"G. A. Nasset, A. El-Ashram, M. Suéry","doi":"10.1179/030716984803274468","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/030716984803274468","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractThe superplastic characteristics achieved after compressive predeformation at high temperature of as-cast Al–Cu eutectic alloy have been studied as function of the predeformation speed Vp. The stress–strain-rate curve was found to be shifted towards higher strain rates as the predeformation speed becomes higher, so that the maximum superplastic strain rate is found to increase with Vp’ with however a tendency for stabilization at high Vp. This phenomenon can be explained by the combined effect of homogeneity of transformation of the initial lamellar structure in the compressed specimen and of the size of the equiaxed structure developed in the transformed regions. The influence of Vp on the subsequent superplastic characteristics of the material allows optimization of that predeformation speed to achieve a given total strain under conditions of minimum energy and/or time of deformation. The effect of the cooling rate of the as-cast material was also examined and is discussed in terms of superplast...","PeriodicalId":18409,"journal":{"name":"Metals technology","volume":"1 1","pages":"196-200"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72683735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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