Project Report Series最新文献

{"title":"An Economic Analysis of Canadian Prairie Provinces' Forest Dependent Communities","authors":"S. Fletcher, W. A. White, W. Phillips, L. Constantino","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.232132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.232132","url":null,"abstract":"The prairie convinces of Canada contain regional economies where forestry is the major economic activity, despite province-wide dominance by other sectors. These regions contain communities which are dependent primarily on forest resources for their economic and social well-being. Resource dependent communities have particular problems which are lacking in more diverse economies. These potential problems include instability, risk of mass unemployment, limited job mobility and limited amenities. This study identifies forest dependent communities and investigates the welfare implications of that dependency. This report containes three major components. The first outlines a methodology for identifying forest dependent communities. The methodology was formulated through an intensive review of past studies identifying dependence, as well as a review of pertinent theoretical literature. The second stage employs the methodology in identifying forestry dependent communities in the Canadian prairie provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba. This analysis shows that there are few communities in these provinces which are totally dependent ont he forest industry, but there are few communities to which the forest industry is a vital component of their economic base. The third stage of the analysis uses a three-sector general equilibrium model to estimate welfare impacts on a community from exogenous shocks such as changes in world prices of forest products and changes in timber supply. The results from this model give theoretical and empirical support to the hypothesis that welfare impacts on a community from these exogenous influences are directly related to the degree of its forest dependency.","PeriodicalId":183610,"journal":{"name":"Project Report Series","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116243433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alternative Pricing and Delivery Strategies for Alberta Cattle Feeders","authors":"F. Novak, Bruce Viney","doi":"10.7939/R3JW86V4F","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7939/R3JW86V4F","url":null,"abstract":"This study evaluates the risk and returns to cattle feeding in Alberta from the application of alternative marketing and pricing strategies. Feedlot finishing of 650 pound calves and 800 pound yearlings is modeled over the years from 1980 to 1993. The results of the study are based on the domestic and US marketing of live cattle using traditional cash marketing, futures contracts, put options, and forward production contracting systems. Use of the Western Domestic Feed Barley contract is also simulated. The results showed that barley price changes produced relatively small return changes compared to feeder and fat cattle price changes. An important source of return risk was found to be basis risk. Production contracting strategies which eliminated basis risk were found to provide the best returns in a market based risk-return comparison. The use of put options did not add value to cattle feeding investments.","PeriodicalId":183610,"journal":{"name":"Project Report Series","volume":"106 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115766183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Demand for Red Meats and Related Foods in Canada","authors":"M. Veeman, Peter Y. Chen, T. Veeman","doi":"10.7939/R3GF0MX45","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7939/R3GF0MX45","url":null,"abstract":"This study focuses on the question of whether variations in total consumption of meat and the mix of different types of meats consumed in Canada over the past twenty-five years have been primarily due to changes in the levels of prices and consumers' income or whether structural changes in red meat demand, due to change in consumers' tastes, have occured. Since recent economic literature indicates that findings of structural change in demand may be senstive to functional form or other features of model specification, several model specifications were tested. In the initial phase of the study, issues of demand specification were analysed using two single-equation functional forms of the various meat demand models fitted to annual time-series data for beef, pork, poultry, and fish from 1960 through 1987. The models are the widely used but theoretically inconsistent double logarithmic model and the single-equation version of the almost ideal demand model. Various tests of the appropriate measure of the explanatory income variable support the use of expenditure on meat, rather than per capita disposable income, as the income variable. Exogeneity tests of the appropriateness of single equation demand specification are not conclusive but tend to support the use of non-simultaneous quantity- or price-dependent models. The analysis of structural change in the single equation models indicates a structural shift in the Canadian demand for meat during the mid-1970s. In the second and major phase of the study, two multiple-equation demand systems, the almost ideal demand system and the translogarithmic demand system, were fitted the quarterly data for beef, pork, chicken, and turkey from 1967 through 1987. One contribution of this study to applied demand analysis is to confirm the importance of habit persistence in analyzing demand. Inconclusion of lagged meat consumption variables materially improve the fit, performance, and consistency with theory-based restirctions of both demand systems. Results from the system analyses of demand also indicated a change in the structure of the demand functions for meat dating from the mid 1970s. Use of a variety of tests of structural change indicated a shift in the intercept terms, rather than in the slopes of the demand functions, implying a change in consumer preferences or tastes away from beef and toward chicken after accounting for the influence of changes in prices and income. A minor or nonsignificant structural change is evident for pork. The cause of the change in preferences is not clear. Perceptions of healthy diets, changes in the availability of and preferences for fast food items, and changes in the demographic structure of the population as the population has aged are possible explanations. The study provides updates estimates of the responsiveness of Canadian consumption of the various meats to changes in prices and consumers' expenditure or income. The estimates based on the system analyses are preffere","PeriodicalId":183610,"journal":{"name":"Project Report Series","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125801995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SUPPLY CHAIN COMPETENCY: RECIPE FOR CEREAL AND LIVESTOCK MARKETING IN ALBERTA?","authors":"Michelle K. Lee, J. Unterschultz, M. Lerohl","doi":"10.7939/R3DZ03751","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7939/R3DZ03751","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the nature of Supply Chain Management (SCM) in the Canadian barley industry, economic theories related to SCM, identifies SCM drivers and reviews the Canadian barley marketing system. Two surveys were conducted; one on the feed barley segment of the market; another on the malt barley segment of the market. These surveys provide an outline of the attributes sought by buyers of feed barley in Alberta and by buyers of malt barley in Canada and the United States. A further goal of these surveys was to assess the extent of motivations for SCM in the barley supply chain. Study methods include scaling, factor analysis and stated preference techniques to analyze purchasers' preferences for specific product attributes, business relationships and product source. The major attributes of feed barley sought by Alberta feed manufacturers appear to be physical characteristics such as moisture level, absence of foreign material, high bushel weight and uniform appearance of kernels. Features identified as of moderate importance included levels of certain key amino acids, starch level in the barley sample, as well as such seller characteristics as whether the seller was personally known to the buyer, and willingness of the seller to enter into a long-term supply contract. At the level of the Alberta feed mill industry, results therefore indicate that physical, readily identifiable attributes dominate in the selection of feed barley. As a result, the study identified that SCM is not yet a part of the awareness of barley buyers at feed mills. Among buyers of malt barley, physical or easily assessed attributes such as size of kernel, germination percentage, variety and location where produced ranked highly in a factor analysis as important to malt barley buyers. While results from the sample of Canadian and US buyers did not indicate strong potential for SCM in the malt barley sector, the study found there to be differences in attributes desired by US versus Canadian malt purchasers. Main differences were the concern of US buyers with the region where the barley was grown, and the apparently much higher willingness of US buyers to obtain their malt barley from more than one source. These differences may suggest a potential for SCM in malt barley focused on procuring supplies from regions identified as preferred locations for barley used in malt production.","PeriodicalId":183610,"journal":{"name":"Project Report Series","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125847730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Milk Marketing by Dairy Cooperatives in India","authors":"J. Fulton, M. Bhargava","doi":"10.7939/R3GB1XK2S","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7939/R3GB1XK2S","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":183610,"journal":{"name":"Project Report Series","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115298025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Net Present Value Model of Natural Gas Exploitation in Northern Alberta: An Analysis of Land Values in Woodland Caribou Ranges","authors":"G. Hauer, W. Adamowicz, R. Jagodziński","doi":"10.7939/R31R6N13S","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7939/R31R6N13S","url":null,"abstract":"This report was prepared for the purpose of providing background documentation of inputs to be used in mathematical programming models and papers, which are being prepared for our research project: Ecological and economic tradeoff analysis of conservation strategies for woodland caribou. The report presents a simple net present value model of resource and land value for natural gas in northern Alberta. The variables in the model include costs (drilling, seismic, operating and capital); geological variables (stratigraphic intervals, booked reserves, future reserves); drilling variables (well densities, drilling success rates, and drilling depths); production data and prices. Each variable is described in detail and methods of derivation are provided. A map of net present values for natural gas at a spatial resolution of 250ha sections is provided and overlaid on top of caribou ranges to provide a spatial representation of where the most valuable reserves are in relation to caribou ranges.","PeriodicalId":183610,"journal":{"name":"Project Report Series","volume":"50 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120867221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cooperative and Rural Development: The Case of Dayap Credit Cooperative and Development Inc., Philippines","authors":"Celeste Lacuna-Richman, D. S. Gill, E. Murray","doi":"10.7939/R3445HF9R","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7939/R3445HF9R","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study was to understand the organization and operations of a cooperative and examine its contribution to rural development in the Philippines. Quantitive and qualitative data were used in the study. Data analysis showed the socioeconomic characteristics of the cooperative's members. Chi-square and multiple regression analysis revealed that land tenure status was a significant variable in acquiring loans from the cooperative, even if land ownership was not a membership requirement. Regression also showed that land tenure status is a significant factor in achieving leadership positions. Contrary to expectations, respondents with lower tenur status were more inclined to assume leadership roles than respondents with more land, in this cooperative. The most frequently mentioned reason for joining the cooperative is its function as a source of production loans. However, cooperative members also recognize the other social benefits the cooperative provides, including extension and marketing assistance. The cooperative also serves as a source of capital for cottage-industry project which non-farming members can access. The respondents suggest several improvements for the cooperative. These include the more efficient processing of loans, raising the maximim loan limit, and higher prices for produce. Despite its limitations, members regard the cooperative as a viable and dependable source of support and services. Members are cognizant of the benefits of belonging to a self-help organization, as opposed to dependence on external aid.","PeriodicalId":183610,"journal":{"name":"Project Report Series","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121341120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MEASURING FOREST RESOURCE VALUES: AN ASSESSMENT OF CHOICE EXPERIMENTS AND PREFERENCE CONSTRUCTION METHODS AS PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT TOOLS","authors":"B. Shapansky, W. Adamowicz, P. Boxall","doi":"10.7939/R38G8FH85","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7939/R38G8FH85","url":null,"abstract":"Human values arising from forests include market and non-market values. Timber values and values of non-timber forest products traded in markets (berries, wild rice, etc.) are considered market values. Among non-market values are recreation values and values associated with wildlife harvesting by Aboriginal People. These are considered non-market because participation in these activities does not require the purchase of market based permits; prices do not function as rationing devices in these activities. In addition to non-market values arising from activities, individuals may also have values associated with forest conditions (biodiversity, etc.). These are referred to as passive use values since the value is not associated with any specific use of the resource or activity related to the forest. Since forests in Canada are largely on public land, these passive use values are particularly relevant to Canadian forest management. These values reveal the preferences of the public for components of forest management. Eliciting these values is a form of public involvement in that the public is engaged in assessing forest management options and providing opinions and sentiments regarding these options. Ideally, values arising from forests would be collected from a broad range of the public and examined to provide guidance to forest managers. However, values over forest outputs and conditions may be very poorly formed when people have little experience with the range and complexity of forest ecology and management. In addition, eliciting values without framing them in a trade-off setting can result in misleading estimates. In this project we attempt to elicit passive use values in a manner that allows for poorly defined initial notions of value through an approach known as preference construction. Preference construction essentially provides for education and information processing in the development of passive use values. These estimates are also developed using a trade-off approach (choice experiments). The project focuses on the values of the local public within the NorSask forest. More formally, the objectives of this research are to: 1) ascertain the passive use values held by local people associated with forests in the NorSask Forest Management License Area; 2) explore differences in preferences based on the degree and frequency of formal preference construction exercises; and 3) evaluate this approach as a method of public involvement. A total of 43 individuals from the local community were involved in the valuation exercise. They participated in 3 groups or treatments, each with a different level of involvement in the valuation assessment. The first group was involved in three separate sessions, allowing for significant preference construction and information acquisition. The second group was involved in only one session and the third group was involved only minimally through a telephone contact and the completion of a survey delivered through ","PeriodicalId":183610,"journal":{"name":"Project Report Series","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123275633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Traceability -- A Literature Review","authors":"D. Trautman, E. Goddard, Tomas Nilsson","doi":"10.7939/R3T43J47M","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7939/R3T43J47M","url":null,"abstract":"In light of recent food safety crises and international trade concerns associated with food or animal associated diseases, traceability has once again become important in the minds of public policymakers, business decision makers, consumers and special interest groups. This study reviews studies on traceability, government regulation and consumer behaviour, provide case studies of current traceability systems and a rough breakdown of various costs and benefits of traceability. This report aims to identify gaps that may currently exist in the literature on traceability in the domestic beef supply chain, as well as provide possible directions for future research into said issue. Three main conclusions can be drawn from this study. First, there is a lack of a common definition of traceability. Hence identifying similarities and differences across studies becomes difficult if not impossible. To this end, this study adopts CFIA’s definition of traceability. This definition has been adopted by numerous other agencies including the EU’s official definition of traceability however it may or may not be acceptable from the perspective of major Canadian beef and cattle trade partners. Second, the studies reviewed in this report address one or more of five key objectives; the impact of changing consumer behaviour on market participants, suppliers incentive to adopt or participate in traceability, impact of regulatory changes, supplier response to crisis and technical description of traceability systems. Drawing from the insights from the consumer studies, it seems as if consumers do not value traceability per se, traceability is a means for consumers to receive validation of another production or process attribute that they are interested in. Moreover, supply chain improvement, food safety control and accessing foreign market segments are strong incentives for primary producers and processors to participate in programs with traceability features. However the objectives addressed by the studies reviewed in this paper are not necessarily the objectives that are of most immediate relevance to decision makers about appropriate traceability standards to recommend, require, subsidize etc. In many cases the research objectives of previous work have been extremely narrow creating a body of literature that is incomplete in certain key areas. Third, case studies of existing traceability systems in Australia, the UK, Scotland, Brazil and Uruguay indicate that the pattern of development varies widely across sectors and regions. In summary, a traceability system by itself cannot provide value-added for all participants in the industry; it is merely a protocol for documenting and sharing information. Value is added to participants in the marketing chain through traceability in the form of reduced transactions costs in the case of a food safety incident and through the ability to shift liability. To ensure consumer benefit and have premiums returned to primary producers th","PeriodicalId":183610,"journal":{"name":"Project Report Series","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128413900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Science, Technology, and Competitiveness in Alberta's Agriculture and Food Sector","authors":"T. Veeman, Yanning Peng, A. A. Fantino","doi":"10.7939/R3TM72691","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7939/R3TM72691","url":null,"abstract":"This project addresses several issues related to efficiency, productivity, and competitiveness in Alberta's agriculture and food sector, in both its primary agricultural sector and its secondary processing industry related to food and beverages. A major underlying theme of this work is that the competitiveness and economic sustainability of Alberta's agriculture and food sector is considerably driven by long run trends in productivity. Two emerging trends in Alberta's agriculture and food sector are initially documented: the increasing role of specialty crop production and the rising importance of value added production. Productivity trends and competitiveness issues are examined for Alberta's primary agricultural production sector. Index numbers for agricultural output, aggregate input, and (total factor) productivity were constructed, using Tornqvist-Theil indexing procedures, for both Alberta and the Prairies for the period 1948 to 1994. Alberta's annual output growth rate of 2.43 percent and its productivity growth rate in agriculture of 1.9 percent over this time period closely mirror output and productivity performance for the entire Prairies. Since 1978, however, both output growth and productivity performance in Alberta has been somewhat slower than in the prairie region as a whole. The foregoing aggregate productivity trends in primary agriculture mask considerably different trends for the crops sector in Alberta versus the livestock sector. Both crop output growth and crop productivity growth have been consistently stronger than output and productivity growth in the livestock sector. Productivity, for example, has grown annually at 2.75 percent in the crop sector but only at 0.81 percent per year in the livestock industry in Alberta. Alberta's lagging agricultural productivity performance since 1980, albeit with some modest recovery in the 1990s, is largely attributable to negative productivity growth in the livestock sector. Historical productivity performance in the crops and livestock sectors in Alberta roughly parallels experience in nearby American states. A simple econometric model was constructed to explore the relationship between total factor productivity (TFP) in primary agriculture and proxies for expenditures on research and development (R&D). Lagged R&D expenditures are found to be a statistically significant influence on productivity, lending empirical credence to the widely held belief that expenditures on R&D are vital to productivity growth in agriculture. The Alberta food and beverage industry is one of the largest manufacturing industries in the province, and it has been greatly influenced by the implementation of recent trade agreements, as well as rapidly changing global business environments, changing consumer preferences, and rising living standards. Therefore, the performance of the industry is critical to Alberta's economy. In the thirty-two year period of 1961-1993, the Alberta food and beverage industry has ex","PeriodicalId":183610,"journal":{"name":"Project Report Series","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131311764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}