Malaria Journal最新文献

{"title":"Multiple insecticide resistance in Anopheles funestus from Mopeia, Central Mozambique.","authors":"Caroline Kiuru, Luis Constantino, Gildo Cole, Jonathan Karisa, Caroline Wanjiku, Miguel Okoko, Baltazar Candrinho, Francisco Saute, N Regina Rabinovich, Carlos Chaccour, Marta Ferreira Maia","doi":"10.1186/s12936-025-05321-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12936-025-05321-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The main malaria vector control methods implemented in Mozambique are insecticide-treated nets (ITN's) and indoor residual spraying (IRS). These insecticide-based interventions are currently threatened by the rapidly spreading insecticide resistance in several major malaria vectors. Monitoring of insecticide resistance is necessary to inform the selection of insecticides by control programmes. This study describes the insecticide resistance profiles of the main malaria vector, Anopheles funestus sensu lato. in Mopeia district, a malaria holoendemic area of the Zambezia province of Mozambique.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Anopheles adults and larvae were collected from 15 sentinel sites across the district between October 2021 and September 2022. Wild-caught, unfed female adults were collected using CDC-light traps and pooled over three days before exposure to the test insecticide. For mosquitoes collected as larvae, F0 adults aged 3-5 days post-emergence were used for insecticide susceptibility testing. Resistance to bendiocarb, DDT, deltamethrin and pirimiphos-methyl was evaluated using the standard WHO tube bioassay. The mechanism of resistance was probed using the PBO (piperonyl butoxide) synergistic bioassay. The presence and frequency of different genetic mutations associated with insecticide resistance was assessed using polymerase chain reaction, including A296S-Rdl, L119F-GSTe2 and 6.5 kb SV (structural variation) insertion.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 1349 female Anopheles mosquitoes (controls included) were used for susceptibility tests with discriminating insecticide concentrations. Phenotypic resistance to bendiocarb, DDT, deltamethrin and pirimiphos-methyl was observed, with 37%, 79%, 14% and 67% mortality rate respectively. Pre-exposure to PBO partially restored susceptibility to deltamethrin to a mortality rate of 80%. The frequency of the insecticide resistance mutations was 0.49, 0.05 and 0.92, for A296S-Rdl, L119F-GSTe2 and 6.5 kb SV insertion, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Malaria vectors in Mopeia exhibit resistance to all four major public health insecticide classes: pyrethroids, organophosphates, organochlorides and carbamates. This highlights the urgent need to adopt new insecticide classes for vector control interventions. The partial restoration of susceptibility by PBO suggests resistance is being driven by various mechanisms including the involvement of metabolic resistance through cytochrome P450 monooxygenase enzymes and glutathione S-transferases.</p>","PeriodicalId":18317,"journal":{"name":"Malaria Journal","volume":"24 1","pages":"81"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11907927/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143634256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of malaria treatment interventions: a critical analysis of government initiatives and causes of treatment failure at Port Loko Government Hospital, Sierra Leone.","authors":"Lawrence Sao Babawo, Rashid Bundu Kpaka, Daniel Karim Dauda Sesay","doi":"10.1186/s12936-025-05330-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12936-025-05330-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Malaria remains a significant public health challenge, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, where it accounts for high morbidity and mortality rates. Sierra Leone, including Port Loko District, continues to experience a high burden of malaria despite government interventions. This study evaluates the existing government interventions for malaria treatment at Port Loko Government Hospital, examining the socio-economic determinants contributing to malaria treatment failure.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study employed a cross-sectional study design with a quantitative approach, involving 150 health workers and 150 women of childbearing age. A purposive stratified random sampling technique was used to ensure diverse representation. Primary data were collected using structured questionnaires, while secondary data were extracted from the District Health Information System (DHIS) and hospital records. Data were analysed using SPSS version 28.0, applying descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentages, means and SD) and inferential analyses (Chi-square tests and binary logistic regression) to assess associations between socio-economic factors and treatment-seeking behaviours.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Findings revealed that 90% of health workers were aware of malaria interventions, but only 68% reported high adherence to treatment guidelines. Among women of childbearing age, 40% sought malaria treatment at drug stores or pharmacies due to financial constraints, and a significant association was observed between socio-economic status and healthcare-seeking behaviour (² = 9.32, df = 4, p = 0.05). Despite the fact that 73.3% reported the use of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs), malaria prevalence remained high, suggesting additional risk factors beyond bed net usage.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study highlighted persistent challenges in malaria control, including inadequate healthcare access, non-adherence to treatment regimens, and socio-economic constraints. Policy recommendations include strengthening malaria treatment adherence programmes, improving healthcare accessibility, and enhancing community-based malaria prevention strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":18317,"journal":{"name":"Malaria Journal","volume":"24 1","pages":"83"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11909949/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143634251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimating the hole surface area of insecticide-treated nets using image analysis, manual hole counting and exact hole measurements.","authors":"Emmanuel Mbuba, Natalia Mañas-Chavernas, Sarah J Moore, Philipo David Ruzige, Dickson Kobe, Jason Moore, Rose Philipo, Noela Kisoka, Gianpaolo Pontiggia, Frank Chacky, Charles Dismasi Mwalimu, Philippe Claude Cattin, Julia Wolleb, Robin Sandkuehler, Amanda Ross","doi":"10.1186/s12936-025-05324-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12936-025-05324-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The physical integrity of insecticidal-treated nets (ITNs) is important for creating a barrier against host-seeking mosquitoes and, therefore, influences people's perception of the net's effectiveness and their willingness to use it. Monitoring the physical integrity of ITNs over time provides information for replenishment schedules and purchasing decisions. Currently, the assessment of physical integrity of ITNs is conducted by manually counting holes and estimating their size to class the net as functional or not. This approach is laborious to routinely conduct during field surveys of ITNs. Automated image analysis may provide a rapid assessment of the physical integrity of ITNs but it is not known if the images can capture sufficient information. As a first step, this study aimed to assess the agreement between estimated hole surface areas derived from (1) manually segmented images, (2) manual hole counting compared to (3) ground truth obtained by calibrated close-up shots of individual holes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The physical integrity of 75 ITNs purposely selected from an ongoing study was assessed by manual hole counting, image analysis and ground truth. For the image analysis, a graphical user interface was developed and used for the segmentation of holes visible in photographs taken from each side of the net. The hole surface area was then computed from this data. The agreement between the estimates from image analysis and manual hole counting was compared to the ground truth using the Bland-Altman method.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There was substantial agreement between the manually segmented image analysis estimates and the ground truth hole surface areas. The overall bias was small, with a mean ratio of the hole surface area from image analysis to the ground truth of 0.70, and the 95% limits of agreement ranging from 0.35 to 1.38. Manual hole counting underestimated the hole surface area compared to the ground truth, particularly among nets with holes above 10 cm in diameter.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Images coupled with manual segmentation contain sufficient information to calculate hole surface area. This lays the groundwork for incorporating automatic hole detection, and then assessing whether this method will offer a fast and objective method for routine assessment of physical integrity of ITNs. While the WHO method underestimated the hole surface area, it remains useful in classifying nets as either serviceable or too torn because the cut-off is specific to this method.</p>","PeriodicalId":18317,"journal":{"name":"Malaria Journal","volume":"24 1","pages":"82"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11909875/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143634254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of insecticide resistance mechanisms in the Anopheles gambiae population of Sierra Leone.","authors":"Kevin Ochieng' Opondo, Evelyne Alyko, Samuel Smith, Rebecca Levine, Jenny Donnelly, Tony Hughes, David Schnabel, Ramlat Jose, Alpha Jalloh, Umaru Lolleh, Samuel Conteh, Laurent Iyikirenga, Djenam Jacob, Miriam Mokuena, Frederick Yamba, Yemane Yihdego","doi":"10.1186/s12936-025-05267-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12936-025-05267-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Information on the status of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors is critical for implementing effective malaria vector control. The Sierra Leone National Malaria Control Programme, in collaboration with the PMI VectorLink project, assessed the resistance status to insecticides commonly used in public health, and associated resistance mechanisms in Anopheles gambiae, the main vector of malaria in Sierra Leone.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The susceptibility of An. gambiae against pyrethroids with and without piperonyl butoxide (PBO), chlorfenapyr, clothianidin, bendiocarb and pirimiphos-methyl was evaluated in four districts of Sierra Leone in 2018 and 2019 using WHO and CDC bottle bioassay protocols. A subset of samples that were exposed to the insecticides were screened for molecular markers of insecticide resistance, knock-down resistance (kdr) L1014F, 1014S and N1575Y, and (ace-1-G119S).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Anopheles gambiae from all sites were resistant to the diagnostic doses of three pyrethroids: deltamethrin, permethrin and alpha-cypermethrin. Intensity of resistance to all three pyrethroids was high, with less than 95% mortality at 10X concentration. However, pre-exposure of An. gambiae to PBO increased overall mortality by 41.6%, 50.0% and 44.0% for deltamethrin, permethrin and alpha-cypermethrin, respectively. The vector was susceptible to chlorfenapyr, clothianidin and pirimiphos-methyl, while bendiocarb showed possible resistance. The frequency of kdr alleles was 98.2% for L1014F, 2.1% for 1014S and 8.9% for N1575Y, while the frequency of the Ace-1 G119S allele was 13.6%. Significant deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and deficiency of heterozygotes was detected only at the G119S locus of An. gambiae (p < 0.0001). Of the 191 An. gambiae sensu lato that were molecularly identified to the species level, 81.7% were An. gambiae sensu stricto (95% CI 75.3-86.7), followed by Anopheles coluzzii (17.8%, 95% CI (12.8-24.1) with one hybrid of An. gambiae/An. coluzzii 0.5%, 95% CI (0.03-3.3).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Malaria vectors were highly resistant to pyrethroids but exposure to PBO partially restored susceptibility in An. gambiae s.l. in Sierra Leone. Malaria vectors were susceptible to chlorfenapyr, clothianidin and pirimiphos-methyl with possible resistance to bendiocarb. These data informed the selection and distribution of ITN PBO in Sierra Leone's mass campaigns in 2020 and selection of clothianidin for indoor residual spraying in 2021.</p>","PeriodicalId":18317,"journal":{"name":"Malaria Journal","volume":"24 1","pages":"80"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11907884/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143625304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Through the eyes of the participant: using photovoice to understand the experiences and effects of ivermectin MDA in the context of the BOHEMIA clinical trial in Kwale, Kenya.","authors":"Truphena Onyango, Khadija Nuru, Karisa Kazungu, Winnie Wangari, Carlos Chaccour, N Regina Rabinovich, Joseph Mwangangi, Marta Maia, Caroline Jones","doi":"10.1186/s12936-025-05320-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12936-025-05320-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Assessing the acceptability of new malaria control interventions in clinical trials can be complex due to the need for strict ethical standards and specific trial procedures. While in-depth interviews and focus group discussions can provide useful insights, a more participatory method of data collection which complements these methods is photovoice. Photovoice offers a unique approach, empowering participants to share their experiences and perceptions on their own terms. Photovoice was employed alongside the BOHEMIA clinical trial (a trial investigating the safety and efficacy of ivermectin mass-drug administration (MDA) for malaria control) to explore participants' views on the trial and the effects of the intervention on individuals and communities.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Two participants from each of five villages involved in the trial (two intervention, three control) were purposively selected and trained on the ethical and technical use of cameras. During the final round of the intervention, participants photographed their trial experiences and the MDA effects. Two picture-sharing discussions were conducted to explore the picture content and reasons for their inclusion.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Both intervention and control groups expressed confidence in the trial procedures, with pictures capturing barcode scanning and health assessments, activities reported to provide reassurance and enhance trust. Photos from both groups showed positive outcomes such as improved appetite and fewer mosquitoes. However, photos from the ivermectin group also showed clearing of jiggers and killing of bed bugs. Images of rashes, described as a negative effect of the MDA, were taken by both groups. Pictures of mosquito breeding sites and sources of intestinal worms were also shared by both groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Photovoice provided valuable insights into trial experiences, intervention effects, and revealed unexpected outcomes, such as killing of bedbugs, that warrant deeper exploration. It exposed broader community concerns of the source of malaria and intestinal worms not addressed by either the intervention or local health authorities.</p>","PeriodicalId":18317,"journal":{"name":"Malaria Journal","volume":"24 1","pages":"79"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11905568/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143616220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genome-wide scanning for genetic markers associated with anti-malarial drugs sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from the China-Myanmar border region.","authors":"Yini Tian, Run Ye, Yufu Huang, Dongmei Zhang","doi":"10.1186/s12936-025-05319-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12936-025-05319-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Understanding the emergence and spread of anti-malarial resistance, particularly to artemisinin and its partner drugs, is essential for eradicating malaria in worldwide. To identify genetic markers associated with susceptibility to common anti-malarial drugs, the in vitro sensitivities of anti-malarial drugs were evaluated, and a genome-wide association study of Plasmodium falciparum susceptibility in vitro to multiple anti-malarial drugs was conducted.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Genomic DNA from 34 samples of P. falciparum collected between 2007 and 2010 in the Nabang-Lazan Valley along the China-Myanmar border was extracted and subjected to whole-genome sequencing. The standard SYBR Green I-based fluorescence assay and RSA assay were used to evaluated the in vitro sensitivities of anti-malarial drugs. Plink v1.90 was used to investigate the associations of genome-wide SNP with in vitro sensitivities to anti-malarial drugs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The proportion of isolates showed reduced-susceptible to CQ,SP,QN,PPQ and PND were 88.24%,92.59%,8.82%,8.82%,5.88%, respectively. 93.54% of isolates showed high level of the IC₅₀ values of CQ have a pfcrt CIETS mutations. The isolates with pfdhfr IRNI, NRNL and IRNL mutations showed high SP IC₅₀ values. SNPs on pfhsp90 and pfevp1 showed significant association with IC₅₀ values of CQ. Of particular interest is the significant association found between a locus on chromosome 13 and the sensitivity to dihydroartemisinin. This locus is situated within the gene encoding the inner membrane complex protein 1F (IMC1F),which has been found to be associated with the kelch13 compartment in schizont stages of P. falciparum.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Multiple genetic markers correlating with anti-malarial drug susceptibility were identified in the study, which provide a reference for further investigations into the association between oxidative stress-mediated activity and anti-malarial drugs susceptibility.</p>","PeriodicalId":18317,"journal":{"name":"Malaria Journal","volume":"24 1","pages":"78"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11899373/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143616193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparing HemoCue® and Quantitative Buffy Coat® and Coulter Counter-measured haemoglobin concentrations in African children with acute uncomplicated malaria: a Bland-Altman analysis.","authors":"Dhol S Ayuen, Peter Olupot-Olupot, Rita Muhindo, Marie A Onyamboko, Seun Ajayi, Natenapa Chimjinda, Chiraporn Taya, Sophie Uyoga, Thomas N Williams, Kathryn Maitland, Caterina Fanello, Nicholas P J Day, Walter R Taylor, Mavuto Mukaka","doi":"10.1186/s12936-025-05318-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12936-025-05318-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Anaemia is a deleterious consequence of malaria, and its accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective management. However, laboratory methods for measuring haemoglobin (Hb) concentration, like the Coulter Counter and the Quantitative Buffy Coat® (QBC®), are costly and not widely accessible in resource-limited settings. The point-of-care HemoCue® test is a cheaper alternative and suitable in rural areas. The study aimed to determine the level of agreement between Coulter Counter/QBC® vs. HemoCue®-measured Hb concentrations by Bland-Altman analysis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>As part of a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of single low-dose primaquine in Ugandan and Congolese children with acute uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria, Hb concentrations were measured on days 0, 3, 7, and 28 using Coulter Counter (Uganda, n = 1880 paired values), QBC® (DR Congo, n = 1984 paired values) and HemoCue® Hb-301™. The predefined clinically acceptable limits were set at ± 0.5 g/dL.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The Bland-Altman analysis showed that the HemoCue® minus Coulter Counter mean Hb difference was - 0.15 g/dL with lower and upper limits of agreement of - 3.68 g/dL and 3.39 g/dL, respectively. Corresponding HemoCue® minus QBC® values were - 0.23 g/dL, - 1.66 g/dL and 1.22 g/dL. Linear regression of Hb concentration differences vs. mean Hb concentrations showed negative correlations: r = - 0.43 and r = - 0.34 for HemoCue® vs. Coulter Counter and HemoCue® vs. QBC®, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Compared to Coulter and QBC®, mean HemoCue® measured Hb concentrations were lower and, compared to the Coulter or QBC® methods, had an overall tendency to measure lower Hb concentrations with increasing Hb concentrations. Upper and lower limits of agreement were wider than the predefined clinically acceptable limits of ± 0.5 g/dL. HemoCue® should be used with caution in settings where decisions about blood transfusions are made.</p>","PeriodicalId":18317,"journal":{"name":"Malaria Journal","volume":"24 1","pages":"77"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11895147/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143605464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modelling child anaemia and co-existing infections using log-linear models.","authors":"Grace Kakaire, Gregory Kerich, Robert Too, Mathew Kosgei","doi":"10.1186/s12936-025-05281-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12936-025-05281-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Uganda grapples with a considerable anaemia-malaria-fever burden, reporting approximate prevalence rates as high as 33%, 34%, and 37% in specific regions. In recent years, attempts have been made by the Ministry of Health to address the combined burden of the characterized conditions of these illnesses. However, the relationship between malaria, fever, and anaemia has not been well characterized among young children living in many communities. By employing log-linear models, this study aims to examine patterns and associations between malaria, fever, and child anaemia in Uganda while controlling for maternal anaemia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Utilizing secondary data from the 2018-2019 Uganda Malaria Indicator Survey (MIS), the study focused on children aged 0-60 months. The sample included 7,124 children selected through a two-stage sampling process involving clusters and households. Five log linear models, namely; saturated, mutual independence, joint independence, conditional independence and homogenous models were fitted. The saturated model was used as the reference model.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The G² statistics and p-values for each model were as follows: saturated model (G² = 0.00, p = 1.00), mutual independence model (G² = 321.45, p < 0.001), joint independence model (G² = 214, p < 0.001), conditional independence model (G² = 109.53, p < 0.001), and homogeneous model (G² = 10.24, p = 0.76). The homogeneous model adequately fit the data, showing the smallest G² statistic and the largest p-value, indicating no significant lack of fit. Additionally, children who tested positive for malaria were found to be two times more likely to have anaemia than those who tested negative.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study underscores the interconnectedness of malaria, fever, and anaemia in Ugandan children, with maternal anaemia serving as a critical contextual factor. Using log-linear modelling, uncovered patterns and interactions that highlight how these conditions influence one another, emphasizing the value of integrated interventions. Targeted approaches that address maternal health, enhance malaria prevention, and provide nutritional support are essential to reducing the syndemic burden of these conditions in Uganda.</p>","PeriodicalId":18317,"journal":{"name":"Malaria Journal","volume":"24 1","pages":"76"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11889797/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143586188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and determinants of insecticide-treated net ownership among women of reproductive age in Nigeria: a mixed-effect insight from the 2021 malaria indicator survey.","authors":"Oluwakemi Christie Ogidan, Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam, Amadou Barrow, Michael Ekholuenetale","doi":"10.1186/s12936-025-05314-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12936-025-05314-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Malaria continues to be a significant public health issue in Nigeria, which bears the highest burden of the disease globally. This study examined the prevalence and determinants of insecticide-treated net (ITN) ownership among women of reproductive age in Nigeria.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The individual woman questionnaire data from the 2021 Nigeria Malaria Indicator Survey (NMIS) was used. In total, 14,476 women of reproductive age (15-49 years) made up the study's sample that was analysed. The outcome variable in the study was ITN ownership. Percentage and multivariable multilevel binary logistic regression model were estimated at p < 0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The weighted prevalence of ITN ownership was 62.6% (95% CI 60.6-64.7%). Women aged 25-34 and 35-49 had 12% (aOR = 0.88; 95% CI 0.78-0.98) and 16% (aOR = 0.84; 95% CI 0.74-0.97) reduction in ITN ownership, when compared with women aged 15-24 years. Women who had 1-2 (aOR = 1.13; 95% CI 1.00-1.28), 3-4 (aOR = 1.28; 95% CI 1.11-1.46) and 5 and above living children (aOR = 1.35; 95% CI 1.15-1.58), had higher odds of ITN ownership when compared with those with no living child respectively. Women from non-poor households had higher odds of ITN ownership, when compared with their poor counterparts (aOR = 1.30; 95% CI 1.14-1.49). Women from North East (aOR = 4.52; 95% CI 3.08-6.63) and North West (aOR = 4.18; 95% CI 2.90-6.01) had higher odds of ITN ownership, while those from South East (aOR = 0.40; 95% CI 0.26-0.62) and South South (aOR = 0.59; 95% CI 0.41-0.85) had reductions in the odds of ITN ownership, when compared with women from North Central respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Approximately two-third of Nigerian women reported ITN ownership. This underscore the need for targeted interventions to address barriers and improve ITN access. While free ITN distribution programmes have been effective, socioeconomic and demographic factors have remained contributory to ITN access. Enhanced strategies should focus on equitable distribution and improved access to ITN among groups to achieve better malaria control outcomes in Nigeria.</p>","PeriodicalId":18317,"journal":{"name":"Malaria Journal","volume":"24 1","pages":"75"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11881382/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143567297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of dual active ingredients long-lasting insecticidal nets on the genetic structure of insecticide resistant populations of Anopheles gambiae in Southern Benin.","authors":"Boulais Yovogan, Armel Djènontin, Martin C Akogbéto, Arthur Sovi, Constantin J Adoha, Arsène Fassinou, Albert S Salako, Esdras M Odjo, Landry Assongba, Manfred Accrombessi, Edouard Dangbénon, Bénoît S Assogba, Idelphonse Ahogni, Antoine A Missihoun, Serge Akpodji, Fiacre Agossa, Roséric Azondékon, Come Zinsou Koukpo, Gil G Padonou, Corine Ngufor, Jackie Cook, Natacha Protopopoff, Louisa A Messenger, Clément Agbangla","doi":"10.1186/s12936-025-05308-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12936-025-05308-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Insecticide resistance amongst vector populations is a major challenge, exacerbated by the continued use of the same active ingredients. The present study assessed the impact of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) bi-treated with chlorfenapyr-alphacypermethrin (PY-CFP LLIN) or pyriproxyfen-alphacypermethrin (PY-PPF LLIN) on the genetic structure of resistant populations of Anopheles gambiae in 60 clusters divided into three arms from three districts in southern Benin.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study was conducted between September 2019 and October 2021 in 123 villages grouped in 60 clusters. Mosquitoes were collected indoors and outdoors using human landing catches (HLCs) in 4 households in each cluster every 3 months. After morphological identification, a subsample of An. gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) was analysed by PCR to detect the molecular species and the presence of L1014F vgsc-kdr and G119S-ace-1 mutations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Anopheles coluzzii (56.9%) and An. gambiae sensu stricto (s.s.) (42.8%), with a few hybrids (0.2%), were identified within 4242 samples of An. gambiae tested. The frequency of L1014F vgsc-kdr decreased in An. coluzzii collected both indoors and outdoors locations in the PY-CFP LLIN and PY-PPF LLIN arms post-intervention compared to baseline. In An. gambiae, the frequency of the L1014F allele decreased in year one but increased above baseline in year 2. In both species, the allelic frequency of G119S-ace-1 was < 10%. For L1014F vgsc-kdr, the fixation index was positive (F_IS > 0) in both species. However, it was negative (F_IS < 0) for the presence of G119S-ace-1. Weak genetic differentiation, especially in the PY-PPF LLIN and PY-CFP LLIN arms (F_ST ≤ 0.05), was observed in An. gambiae s.s. populations with L1014F vgsc-kdr, while it was generally higher for both species with G119S-ace-1.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The frequency of the L1014F vgsc-kdr resistance allele was high, while that of the G119S-ace-1 allele was low throughout the study period. Consistent changes in allele frequencies were not observed in any of the treatment arms suggesting that the pyrethroid component of dual AI (active ingredients) nets continues to select for the resistant allele and there is little if any evidence that the non-pyrethroid insecticide selects for the wild-type kdr allele.</p>","PeriodicalId":18317,"journal":{"name":"Malaria Journal","volume":"24 1","pages":"72"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11877869/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143542563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}