{"title":"Remedying the Legacy of State Collapse","authors":"L. Kapteijns","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190947910.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190947910.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses why the campaign of clan cleansing of 1991–1992 was a key shift in the Somali civil war and remains the major break-line underlying Somali national politics today. It then lays out three principles that might help avoid simply redrawing the lines along which the civil war was fought, and concludes with recommendations for three tangible steps towards peace and reconciliation. At the heart of the mistrust and mutual rejection in Somalia today lie the actions of former leaders of the United Somali Congress and Somali National Movement, who resorted to clan-based killings and expulsions in order to cover up their past complicity with the military regime; spun false clan histories to rebrand themselves as heroic leaders of their clans; and then tried to establish authority over parts of the state and country in the name of clan.","PeriodicalId":182433,"journal":{"name":"War and Peace in Somalia","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130629900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Beyond Principles","authors":"Judith Gardner","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190947910.003.0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190947910.003.0020","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter challenges the conventional understanding of the roles of men and women in the Somali conflict. It suggests that women are involved in intra‐ and inter-clan conflict in many different ways, including in financing, mobilization, logistics, intelligence, and active fighting. The roles they take are closely connected with clan affiliation and the current situation of the clan. It appears that kinship and clan are often exploited for elite interests. However, women have also taken action to end conflict. In Kismayo, women have worked for peace through a range of means, including persuasion, mobilization, fundraising, organizing demonstrations, or advocacy. These findings underscore the importance of women's full and meaningful involvement in peace-building.","PeriodicalId":182433,"journal":{"name":"War and Peace in Somalia","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123447319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Collaborating for Peace","authors":"D. Balthasar, A. Osei","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190947910.003.0042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190947910.003.0042","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, Somalia has witnessed an increasing range of activities involved in state-building and peace-building. The success of these efforts requires cooperation among and between national and international actors. This chapter assesses the forms, patterns, and levels of cooperation. The results suggest that networks remain sparsely connected and that a decentralized core of international organizations is surrounded by less connected national counterparts. African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) emerges as important to coordination among international actors; whereas the Federal Government of Somalia (FGS) and Federal Member States (FMS) emerge as central to networks of cooperation between international and national actors. Overall, the findings suggest that there is considerable scope and potential for greater cooperation among and between international and national actors. Increased collaboration could enhance the prospects for peace and reconciliation in Somalia, given that denser networks contribute to the flow of information, trust-building, and more effective problem-solving.","PeriodicalId":182433,"journal":{"name":"War and Peace in Somalia","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132292035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Al-Shabaab Attitudes Towards Negotiations","authors":"Anneli Botha, Mahdi Abdile","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190947910.003.0041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190947910.003.0041","url":null,"abstract":"Finding a lasting peaceful solution to the conflict in Somalia has eluded both national and international actors since the fall of the Siad Barre regime. This chapter assesses the possibilities for negotiations with Al-Shabaab. It draws on two separate field research missions conducted in 2016 to see whether there is interest on the part of Al-Shabaab leaders to disengage and pursue political dialogue with the Somali Federal Government. It also considers the conditions in which they will negotiate, where negotiations could take place, and who could participate in negotiations. Analysis of the research findings suggests that Al-Shabaab's leadership is willing to pursue conditional political dialogue with the Somali government as long as certain conditions are met. These conditions are perhaps better considered as political demands, which appear to be quite far-reaching. These include the withdrawal of foreign forces and a general amnesty for Al-Shabaab members.","PeriodicalId":182433,"journal":{"name":"War and Peace in Somalia","volume":"267 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122718581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Business-Led Peacebuilding in Somalia","authors":"Bahar Ali Kazmi, Faisa Abdi Loyaan","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190947910.003.0044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190947910.003.0044","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter assesses the potential of Somali businesses to engage in the peace and reconciliation process in Somalia. It is widely acknowledged that businesses in Somalia do not always act in a way that supports peace and reconciliation. Some politico-business networks prioritize their own interests rather than those of the state or the population. Businesses use militias and pay protection money to Al-Shabaab. However, businesses are forced to operate in very difficult circumstances, with pervasive insecurity, weak institutions, and limited rule of law. Many business leaders also see themselves as apolitical and socially responsible. The chapter describes how businesses contribute to employment, seek to expand skills and education, and are sometimes involved in providing social assistance. It argues that there is considerable potential for businesses to contribute to peace and reconciliation, as well as development, through greater cooperation with Somalia civil society.","PeriodicalId":182433,"journal":{"name":"War and Peace in Somalia","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132660378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Al-Qaida and Al-Shabaab","authors":"Tricia Bacon, Daisy Muibu","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190947910.003.0035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190947910.003.0035","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter focuses on the alliance between Al-Qaida and Al-Shabaab. Although cooperation between the groups is limited and irregular, the relationship has proven durable despite the loss of leaders on both sides and the emergence of Islamic State in northeast Somalia. The resilience of the relationship is attributed to several factors: Al-Shabaab's links to Al-Qaida's affiliate in Yemen, which may have enhanced Al-Shabaab's military expertise; Al-Qaida's ability to help Al-Shabaab with raising funds; Al-Shabaab's oath of allegiance or bayah to Al-Qaida; and the trust and predictability of the alliance, reinforced by ideological and personal ties between some leaders. The relationship is used by Al-Shabaab leaders to justify measures to enforce unity, control its rank and file, and avoid defections to Islamic State. The relationship is also flexible, giving Al-Shabaab leaders access to assistance and jihadi prestige, while retaining a high degree of autonomy.","PeriodicalId":182433,"journal":{"name":"War and Peace in Somalia","volume":"596 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133343032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Somali National Reconciliation","authors":"A. A. Baadiyow","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190947910.003.0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190947910.003.0018","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter redefines the Somali conflict by refuting Somali exceptionalism and the approach based solely on clan. Instead, it argues that the genesis of hostilities is the state–society conflict that, as a consequence, has generated a violent power struggle among the political elite. In turn, this political elite power struggle has provoked political clannism and Islamism: the two indigenous ideologies. These conflicts have been generated sequentially as a result of state–society conflict, and must be addressed as part of a four-part process of reconciliation. The chapter also recommends a ten-point programme of reconciliation, which gradually realizes good governance practices and comprehensive elite and clan reconciliation. Moreover, it proposes a participatory approach and prudent synthesis of modernity and tradition.","PeriodicalId":182433,"journal":{"name":"War and Peace in Somalia","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133448008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Insights from Network Analysis in Somalia","authors":"Mircea Gherghina, S. McNeill, Khadir Abdi","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190947910.003.0043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190947910.003.0043","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter uses network analysis to reveal the dynamics and intricate relationships between business, political elites, and armed actors in Somalia. The prolonged civil war has fostered cooperation, in the form of loose networks between the private sector and those holding power. Network analysis could help uncover informal relationships not necessarily otherwise exposed. By modelling an interpretation of the information which can be generated in this way, it considers the interactions between key actors and shows how network analysis can map a topology of those interactions to unravel how groups interact or diverge in terms of ideological positions or different interests. Through the modelling of an anonymized network, the chapter first assesses the method itself and the often-concealed ties as they exist or otherwise. Then, adding context and analysis from qualitative methods, it considers the implications and applications of the data; finally, it recommends to apply the findings to policy-making.","PeriodicalId":182433,"journal":{"name":"War and Peace in Somalia","volume":"386 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132048529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Motivations and Drivers of Al-Shabaab","authors":"R. Marchal","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190947910.003.0027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190947910.003.0027","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter considers the motivations and drivers of Al-Shabaab. Al-Shabaab has built itself on a clear agenda: ridding Somalia of foreign forces, portrayed as Christians, and implementing the Sharia. These goals implied the need for reform and discipline of Somali society using all means: dawa (preaching) as well as violence. While the goals fit well with Somali nationalistic and Salafi agendas, more fluidity or even flexibility is shown by Al-Shabaab in a situation of weakness. However, there is no doubt that Al-Shabaab eventually intends to monopolize the religious arena and curb the political and social influence of any contenders. Somali viewpoints are not always antagonistic towards Al-Shabaab, which throws light on some of the mistakes or weaknesses of its enemies.","PeriodicalId":182433,"journal":{"name":"War and Peace in Somalia","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134238755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"State-Building and Peacebuilding in Somalia","authors":"T. Paffenholz, C. Dijkstra, Andreas T. Hirblinger","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190947910.003.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190947910.003.0017","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter provides insights on pertinent issues for Somalia's state-building process by examining how other countries have experienced state-building and peace-building, with a particular focus on the inclusion and exclusion of certain actors. The aim is to help policymakers make more informed decisions and avoid mistakes that have been generated in other contexts. The chapter focuses on four key themes that are relevant to the context of Somalia: the role of extremist armed groups, the influence of elites, the devolution of power, and the constitution-drafting processes. It is shown that the peace-building and state-building processes of Afghanistan, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Mali, and Yemen are of particular relevance for Somalia.","PeriodicalId":182433,"journal":{"name":"War and Peace in Somalia","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115466787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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