{"title":"Travelling for an Idea","authors":"Johusa Meservey","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190947910.003.0038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190947910.003.0038","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter considers Al-Shabaab's Western foreign fighters. Members of the Somali diaspora in the West were the major source of Al-Shabaab's Western foreign fighters. Previously, a considerable number of members of the diaspora joined or attempted to join Al-Shabaab (referred to as ‘travellers’), and while the group's attractiveness for potential travellers has waned, the risk remains that it could revive. The chapter suggests that alienation plays a role in radicalization, such that travellers' acceptance of Al-Shabaab's violently anti-Western rhetoric demonstrates they were not deeply assimilated into the mainstream values of their host countries. However, it was Al-Shabaab's ideology that primarily attracted travellers. Thus, governments must try to delegitimize Al-Shabaab's worldview while promoting the attractions of their own ways of life in order to ensure travellers will not again seek out Al-Shabaab in large numbers.","PeriodicalId":182433,"journal":{"name":"War and Peace in Somalia","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123427047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Achieving Local Reconciliation in Somalia","authors":"Peace and Development Research Center","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190947910.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190947910.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"Reducing violence and promoting social reconciliation require sufficient understanding of the causes and contributors of conflicts. This chapter identifies the causes of conflicts and pillars of social reconciliation in Puntland and across Somalia. Environmental decline and population growth have exerted pressure on already meagre resources. In rural areas, there have been conflicts following the expansion of encampments over one-time grazing land. In urban areas, land grabbing and over-exploitation of limited economic opportunities have contributed to heightened tensions and the eruption of violent conflicts among communities. Clan-based political dispositions in post-civil war Somalia have also contributed to political conflicts along clan, sub-clan, and even family lines across the country. The absence of the rule of law, state enforcement mechanisms, and abundance of weapons in civilian hands has meant that minor quarrels escalate into violent confrontations among groups, which then draw in their respective communities.","PeriodicalId":182433,"journal":{"name":"War and Peace in Somalia","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127807211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"State-Building Amidst Conflict","authors":"Najum Mushtaq","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190947910.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190947910.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses the correlation between bottom-up local reconciliation and state-building in Somalia. It identifies key conflict actors in three regional states, and postulates general trends in local conflicts and how to address them. Rather than promoting grassroots reconciliation between various sets of clans engaged in localized conflicts throughout south-central Somalia, the process of forming Federal Member States has intensified and, in some cases, revived conflicts over regional boundaries, land use, and political representation. The urgency to meet the New Deal benchmarks has led to what independent observers consider to be contentious and hasty state-formation. The 2013–17 period was marred by a surge in clan-based violence as discontent grew among those clans that felt they received an unfair deal.","PeriodicalId":182433,"journal":{"name":"War and Peace in Somalia","volume":"174 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126744290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ending Impunity","authors":"T. Hagmann, M. Seid","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190947910.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190947910.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"Impunity in Somalia has become so deeply entrenched over the years that it has become the norm. Since the Siad Barre period (1969–1991), both local and foreign actors have repeatedly committed war crimes and other serious rights abuses that remain unaddressed to this day. This chapter explains why accountability is not only a human rights imperative, but a cornerstone of a more effective political strategy in Somalia. The chapter briefly reviews the main abuses and atrocities of the last 30 years; identifies the reasons why perpetrators have literally got away with murder; identifies the costs of continued impunity and inaction; and proposes a number of measures in view of a comprehensive strategy to foster both redress and accountability in Somalia.","PeriodicalId":182433,"journal":{"name":"War and Peace in Somalia","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132582403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Reconciliation in Somalia","authors":"A. Abdi, A. Ramsbotham","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190947910.003.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190947910.003.0015","url":null,"abstract":"Rivalries and tensions in Somalia exist on several levels: within and between Federal Member States (FMS); between FMS and the Federal Government of Somalia; and in the wider region. This chapter argues that reconciliation should be incorporated into all reform and state-building efforts, including initiatives that relate to decentralization, federalism, and the constitution. A comprehensive and inclusive framework for national reconciliation should be developed. Within this framework, there should be mechanisms to hold leaders accountable, including for past crimes, for which a truth and reconciliation commission should be established. The application of xeer has helped build peace in Somaliland and could play an important role in promoting national reconciliation.","PeriodicalId":182433,"journal":{"name":"War and Peace in Somalia","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130401818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Looma Dhama","authors":"K. Menkhaus, Ismahan Adawe","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190947910.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190947910.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"The civil war in Somalia has severely affected the diversity of Somalia's cities. Having once been inclusive, they became dominated by certain clans, causing some groups to feel excluded from rights, resources, power, or political life. This chapter explores the role of inclusivity in Somali elite bargains and political settlements, and how inclusivity — treated as a universal concept in the peace-building literature — may need to be contextualized in the Somali setting to fully appreciate its importance in Somali discourse and politics. The chapter considers the question of ethnic or clan inclusion/exclusion, while recognizing that there are many other types of exclusion, most notably along gender lines, that merit attention. Specifically, it focuses on inclusion and exclusion with regard to rights and access to resources and security in major Somali cities.","PeriodicalId":182433,"journal":{"name":"War and Peace in Somalia","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114948217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Supporting Local Reconciliation","authors":"A. Day","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190947910.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190947910.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter offers lessons from a wide variety of UN engagements in local conflict settings. Although UN missions are generally tasked to respond to national and regional crises, these are often intimately linked with local conflicts and/or centre-periphery relations between the state and its people. In fact, there is strong evidence showing that local dynamics are both a product of and contributing factor to the national political trajectory of conflict-affected countries. The chapter examines how the UN has engaged in widely differing forms of local conflict management efforts; draws lessons from past attempts to link national and local processes; and offers specific recommendations for the UN's efforts to support conflict management at the local level in Somalia.","PeriodicalId":182433,"journal":{"name":"War and Peace in Somalia","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115270956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Traditional Peacemaking in Sanaag Region, Somaliland","authors":"Abdullahi M. Odowa","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190947910.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190947910.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter describes the role of traditional peacemaking in the Sanaag region of Somaliland. The civil war in Somaliland spawned devastating inter‐ and intra-clan violence and political power struggles which caused the death and displacement of thousands. Over several years, peace initiatives were led by clan elders and community leaders, using xeer. The initiatives were largely successful because of the political will to make them succeed and the spirit of reconciliation; the way they worked upwards from grassroots level, and the fact that they were locally funded, with minimal government interference. However, there has been inadequate implementation of agreements, insufficient memorialization of victims, and lack of fair and effective governance. It is argued that local reconciliation processes are fragile and therefore vulnerable to external intervention. They must be locally owned, free from fixed agendas or deadlines, and work from the bottom up.","PeriodicalId":182433,"journal":{"name":"War and Peace in Somalia","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130447252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Women in Al-Shabaab","authors":"Khadija, S. Harley","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190947910.003.0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190947910.003.0021","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses the results of interviews with six women in Al-Shabaab who are or were married to Al-Shabaab fighters. These women lead a privileged existence both in terms of the quality of life that is accorded to them by Al-Shabaab's Executive Council, especially in comparison to the civilian population living under Al-Shabaab's control, and also the freedoms they are allowed. The women were permitted, and apparently encouraged, to run businesses and in support of that activity they were allowed access to smartphones and could travel relatively freely around Lower and Middle Jubba. The women occasionally participated in Al-Shabaab operations, taking advantage of the lax security that is applied to women to support intelligence gathering and fundraising for the organization.","PeriodicalId":182433,"journal":{"name":"War and Peace in Somalia","volume":"106 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131746683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Youth Radicalization","authors":"Hussein Yusuf Ali","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190947910.003.0029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190947910.003.0029","url":null,"abstract":"Radicalization is undermining Somalia's peace, stability, and development prospects. Religious extremism has also become a major security concern for the region and for the world. This chapter evaluates causes, drivers, and contributing factors of radicalization in Somalia. It also assesses the strategies adopted to deal with Al-Shabaab as well as other feasible options to address the issue of radicalization. There are currently over 20,000 UN-mandated forces with the African Union Mission in Somalia forces in the country battling with Al-Shabaab, and US military forces are also engaged in aerial attacks and at times special forces raids. Despite such combined efforts, Al-Shabaab endures as a strong force, unleashes devastating terror acts, and is poised to remain potent unless effective strategies are adopted.","PeriodicalId":182433,"journal":{"name":"War and Peace in Somalia","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127728110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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