Materials Advances最新文献

{"title":"Surface functionalized binary antibiotic nanoparticles of enhanced antimicrobial action","authors":"Nuriya Nurlankyzy, Yersin Kalmagambet, Arailym Kadir, Amro K. F. Dyab and Vesselin N. Paunov","doi":"10.1039/D5MA01493J","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5MA01493J","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Bacteria develop antimicrobial resistance (AMR) much faster than the discovery and the introduction of novel antibiotic drugs, which is an intricate and costly process. A potential solution is to find novel ways of reformulating already developed antibiotics. Here we propose a formulation of binary antibiotic nanoparticles fabricated from existing antibiotics which can strongly enhance their individual antimicrobial effects. These formulations consist of mixed nanocrystals of co-precipitated anionic antibiotic (<em>e.g.</em> sodium cefoperazone) and a cationic antibiotic (<em>e.g.</em> tetracycline hydrochloride) sterically stabilized with a surface-active polymer (Poloxamer 407) and further coated with a cationic surfactant. The cationic surface functionality is aimed to enhance the electrostatic adherence of the nanoparticles to the negatively charged bacterial cell walls leading to sustained simultaneous release of high local concentration of both antibiotics. These binary antibiotic nanoparticles are based on “safer-by-design” concept and can fully dissolve with time. We explored the antimicrobial effect of binary antibiotic particles of three different surface coatings:hexadecyl trimethylammonium bromide (HDTAB), octadecyl trimethylammonium bromide (ODTAB) and dioctadecyl dimethylammonium bromide (DODAB). The antimicrobial efficacy of the cationic surface-functionalized particles was evaluated on both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial strains, <em>Escherichia coli</em> and <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>. This approach resulted in an enhanced antimicrobial effect compared to the individual application of each of the free antibiotics at equivalent overall concentration. The produced binary antibiotic nano-delivery system showed low-to-moderate cytotoxicity on human cells. This may make them potentially applicable as injectable formulations as no nanocarrier is left post use. This innovative approach for reformulating pairs of existing antibiotics seems a promising way for breathing new life into existing antibiotics.</p>","PeriodicalId":18242,"journal":{"name":"Materials Advances","volume":" 8","pages":" 4194-4207"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/ma/d5ma01493j?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147752356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Graphene-assisted porosity in acrylate-endcapped urethane-based hydrogels for biomedical applications","authors":"Josué M. Galindo, Nicolas Deroose, Beatriz García-Béjar, Lana Van Damme, María Arévalo-Villena, Sonia Merino, Ester Vázquez, M. Antonia Herrero and Peter Dubruel","doi":"10.1039/D6MA00095A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D6MA00095A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The development of advanced hybrid hydrogels is essential for biomedical applications, such as tissue engineering, drug delivery, and wound healing. The incorporation of additives, such as graphene, imparts specific functional properties to hydrogel networks. In this work, we report the successful integration of few-layer graphene (FLG) into acrylate-endcapped urethane (AUP) hydrogels, resulting in hybrid materials with enhanced structural and functional properties. Notably, the introducton of FLG induces the formation of a porous microstructure within an otherwise non-porous AUP network, representing a simple and effective strategy to generate porosity without the use of porogens or templating methods. This induced porosity is critical for promoting nutrient diffusion and cellular infiltration. In addition to this structural modification, FLG contributes to the reinforcement of hydrogels and influences the crystallization behavior, acting as a nucleating agent, highlighting its role as an active component in the hydrogel matrix rather than a passive filler. A comprehensive characterization, including mechanical, thermal, and morphological analyses, was conducted to elucidate the role of FLG within the hydrogel matrix. The resulting materials exhibit high gel fractions, tunable swelling behavior, and mechanical properties within the range relevant for soft tissue applications. <em>In vitro</em> cytotoxicity assays confirmed the biocompatibility of the FLG-enhanced hydrogels, validating their safety for potential biomedical applications. Antimicrobial assessment demonstrated a limited, concentration-dependent inhibition of bacterial growth, primarily at higher FLG contents. Overall, this study demonstrates a straightforward approach to engineer porous AUP-based hydrogels through FLG incorporation, expanding their potential for biomedical applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":18242,"journal":{"name":"Materials Advances","volume":" 8","pages":" 4266-4279"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/ma/d6ma00095a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147752317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel radiofrequency-induced phase-transition strategy for shape and stiffness switching in poly(glycerol dodecanoate) polymers","authors":"Kaixiang Jin, Xiaomei Wu, Sheng Hu, Dajing Wu, Ran Guo, Zhichao Wang and Yunxiao Liang","doi":"10.1039/D5MA01524C","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5MA01524C","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Polyglycerol ester-based polymers (PGEs), characterized by unique properties such as thermo-responsive shape memory, mechanical properties matching those of soft tissues, and controllable biodegradability, are well-suited for minimally invasive smart implants targeting soft tissue applications. However, the phase-transition mechanism of the polymer relies on environmental temperature changes, introducing uncontrollable factors during implantation. In this study, nanoscale carbon black (CB) was used to modify the electrical conductivity of poly(glycerol dodecanoate) (PGD), one of the PGEs, enabling active radiofrequency (RF)-induced phase-transition behavior. Unlike the passive method triggered by body temperature, active phase transitions can enhance the operability of the implant during surgery. The relationship between polymer conductivity and electric field intensity on the phase-transition performances of PGD was investigated using a self-developed RF antenna. Through this approach, a PGD + 7wt%CB polymer was selected, achieving 30-second shape/stiffness switching effects at an RF intensity of 2200 V m<small>⁻¹</small> while maintaining mild thermal tissue damage (CEM43 = 14.33) during this period. This achievement provides a novel method for controlling the phase transition of PGEs, which can be further applied to the design and fabrication of the minimally invasive smart implants, such as intervertebral disc scaffolds, neural probes, and artificial muscles.</p>","PeriodicalId":18242,"journal":{"name":"Materials Advances","volume":" 8","pages":" 4149-4159"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/ma/d5ma01524c?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147752336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Composite polymer electrolytes for sodium-ion batteries: from material design to interfacial engineering and future perspectives","authors":"Muhammad Irfan, Khizar Hayat Khan, Afzal Shah and Hazrat Hussain","doi":"10.1039/D5MA01290B","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5MA01290B","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The escalating need for sustainable and safe energy storage systems has positioned sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) as a viable substitute for lithium-ion batteries, considering the lower expense and natural abundance of sodium. However, the flammability and dendrite-related safety concerns of traditional liquid electrolytes necessitate the advancement of durable solid-state electrolytes. Among these, composite polymer electrolytes (CPEs), which integrate inorganic fillers within a polymer matrix, have arisen as a leading alternative to tackle the drawbacks of individual solid polymer and inorganic ceramic electrolytes. This review provides a comprehensive and up-to-date insight into the design, preparation, and performance of CPEs for SIBs. We systematically discuss the fundamental ion migration mechanisms, the critical role of active (Na-ion conductive) and passive (inert) fillers in enhancing ionic conductivity, electrochemical stability, and mechanical strength, and the various fabrication techniques employed. A significant focus is placed on interfacial engineering strategies to mitigate the substantial interface resistance between solid electrolytes and electrodes. Finally, we address the prevailing challenges and offer future perspectives, highlighting the need for integrated design from mechanics to materials science to accelerate the practical application of high-performance, safe, and durable CPEs in next-generation SIBs.</p>","PeriodicalId":18242,"journal":{"name":"Materials Advances","volume":" 8","pages":" 3993-4036"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/ma/d5ma01290b?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147752303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bandgap engineering for efficient perovskite solar cells under multiple color temperature indoor lighting","authors":"Miqad S. Albishi, Faisal I. Alabdulkarem, George Perrakis, Tariq F. Alhuwaymel, Ala H. Sabeeh, Abdullah S. Alharbi, Naif R. Alshamrani, Ibrahim H. Khawaji, Nikolaos Tzoganakis, Majed M. Aljomah, Dimitris Tsikritzis, Sami A. Alhusaini, Abdullah Aljalalah, Kadi S. AlShebl, Ali Alanzi, Abrar Bin Ajaj, Fay M. Alotaibi, Hamad Albrithen, Konstantinos Petridis, Maria Kafesaki, Emmanuel Kymakis, George Kakavelakis and Essa A. Alharbi","doi":"10.1039/D5MA01159K","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5MA01159K","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Perovskite indoor photovoltaics (PIPVs) are emerging as a transformative technology for low-light intensity energy harvesting, owing to their high-power conversion efficiencies (PCEs), low-cost fabrication, solution-processability, and compositionally tunable band gaps. In this work, methylammonium-free Cs<small>_<em>x</em></small>FA<small>_{1−<em>x</em>}</small>Pb(I<small>_{1−<em>y</em>}</small>Br<small>_<em>y</em></small>)<small>₃</small> perovskite absorbers were compositionally engineered to achieve band gaps of 1.55, 1.72, and 1.88 eV, enabling matching of the spectral photoresponse with indoor lighting. Devices based on a scalable mesoscopic n–i–p architecture were systematically evaluated under white LED illumination across correlated color temperatures (3000–5500 K) and light intensities from 250 to 1000 lux with an active area of 1 cm<small>²</small>. The 1.72 eV composition exhibited the most promising performance across different light intensities and colors, achieving PCEs of 35.04% at 1000 lux and 36.6% at 250 lux, with a stable device operation of over 2000 hours. On the other hand, the 1.88 eV band-gap variant reached a peak PCE of 37.4% under 250 lux (5500 K); however, performance trade-offs were observed across different color light LEDs. Our combined experimental and theoretical optical–electrical simulations suggest that decreasing trap-assisted recombination in wide-bandgap compositions may further improve PIPV performance across the different illumination conditions. In contrast, devices with 1.55 eV band gap underperformed in such conditions due to suboptimal spectral overlap and utilization. These findings establish bandgap optimization and device architecture as key design principles for high-efficiency, stable PIPVs, advancing their integration into self-powered electronic systems and innovative indoor environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":18242,"journal":{"name":"Materials Advances","volume":" 8","pages":" 4160-4170"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/ma/d5ma01159k?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147752337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-resonant thermally-activated delayed fluorescence (MR-TADF) emitters for blue organic light-emitting transistors (OLETs)","authors":"Georgios Fanourakis, Amirhossein Azari and Caterina Soldano","doi":"10.1039/D5MA01444A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5MA01444A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Thermally-activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) molecules are a promising class of emitters for organic optoelectronic devices, potentially more efficient than phosphorescent emitters. Among them, multi-resonant TADF (MR-TADF) emitters are designed to enhance the rigid molecular structure, leading to a narrow-band emission below 50 nm. In this work, we studied a multi-resonant TADF material, <em>t</em>-DABNA, embedded in DPEPO as a blue emissive layer in organic light-emitting transistors (OLETs), a device platform that combines into a single device the switching capability of a transistor and the light emission of an organic light-emitting diode. We investigated the effect of different <em>t</em>-DABNA concentrations within the emissive blend in a multilayer heterostructure, and we analyzed our experimental results in terms of optical, morphological, and optoelectronic properties of the blend itself. We found that emitter content of approximately 10% leads to the highest external quantum efficiency (0.18%) in the devices and with a narrow band emission as low as 30 nm. This work offers key insights into the use of MR-TADF emitter molecules within organic field-effect light-emitting devices.</p>","PeriodicalId":18242,"journal":{"name":"Materials Advances","volume":" 8","pages":" 4226-4233"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/ma/d5ma01444a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147752314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metallenes: synthesis, properties, and applications in electrocatalysis and energy storage","authors":"E. S. Sowbakkiyavathi, Aakash Carthick Radjendirane, Ju Hyun Oh, Seung Jun Lee and Subramania Angaiah","doi":"10.1039/D6MA00008H","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D6MA00008H","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Metallenes, a newly emerging class of atomically thin metallic nanosheets, have attracted significant interest because of their abundance of catalytically active sites, tunable electronic structure, and distinctive two-dimensional shape. Advanced synthetic strategies, including liquid-phase exfoliation, template-assisted growth, and chemical reduction, enable precise control over thickness, composition, and surface chemistry, leading to physicochemical properties that surpass those of their bulk counterparts. Owing to their remarkable mechanical flexibility, electrical conductivity, and surface reactivity, metallenes have demonstrated remarkable performance in electrochemical applications. Notably, they exhibit enhanced catalytic activity and stability for CO<small>₂</small> reduction, oxygen reduction, and hydrogen evolution reactions, achieving lower overpotentials and improved durability. In energy storage systems, metallenes facilitate rapid ion transport and high charge storage capacity, thereby improving the efficiency of supercapacitors and rechargeable batteries when used as active electrodes or conductive frameworks. This review critically summarizes recent advances in synthesis methodologies, structure–property relationships, and catalytic mechanisms, while outlining key challenges related to scalable production, long-term stability, and device integration. Future research directions focusing on the rational structural design of multifunctional hybrid systems are proposed to accelerate their practical deployment in next-generation energy technologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":18242,"journal":{"name":"Materials Advances","volume":" 8","pages":" 3959-3992"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/ma/d6ma00008h?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147752302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reassessing structural models of graphitic carbon nitride for reliable photocatalytic predictions","authors":"Gbemi F. Abass, Adnan Ahmad, Cheng Yang, Yun Liu and Terry J. Frankcombe","doi":"10.1039/D6MA00065G","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D6MA00065G","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Among emerging photocatalysts, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C<small>₃</small>N<small>₄</small>) has attracted considerable attention as a metal-free, visible-light-active semiconductor for sustainable hydrogen production and environmental remediations. Here we demonstrate that many of the obvious models for the layer structure and preferred stacking arrangements of g-C<small>₃</small>N<small>₄</small> lead to incorrect predictions of photocatalytic properties. We present a systematic structural exploration of monolayer and bulk geometries of heptazine-based g-C<small>₃</small>N<small>₄</small> using first principles density functional theory (DFT) to assess their stability and elucidate how these configurations influence their electronic properties. Across all systems investigated, we show that using a buckled heptazine structure—rather than the conventional planar geometry—represents the true energetic ground-state structure. A buckled structure is also found by reverse Monte Carlo analysis of experimental data, also reported here. Further analysis of buckling and different stacking registries in g-C<small>₃</small>N<small>₄</small> layered structures reveals newly identified low-energy corrugated stackings (with <em>P</em>1 symmetry) that give rise to a broad range of electronic band gaps, several of which closely match experimentally reported values of ∼2.7 eV. Moreover, introducing non-metal P and metal Ni dopants at identical lattice sites across 2D-planar/buckled and 3D-corrugated hosts shows distinct electronic responses. Our findings demonstrate that accurate structural modelling, including buckling and stacking registry, is crucial for reliably capturing the stability and tunable electronic properties of g-C<small>₃</small>N<small>₄</small>.</p>","PeriodicalId":18242,"journal":{"name":"Materials Advances","volume":" 8","pages":" 4234-4247"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/ma/d6ma00065g?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147752315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable antibacterial and wound-healing hydrogels: Croton confertus-loaded bacterial cellulose composites","authors":"Mazhar Ul-Islam, Fatima Habis, Atiya Fatima, Abdullah Khamis Al Saidi, Adeeb Shehzad, Fatima Koofan, Fay Almashli, Amira Ahmed Ali Kashoob, Muhammad Wajid Ullah, Shaukat Khan, Mustapha El Hariri El Nokab, Malek Ali and Khaled O. Sebakhy","doi":"10.1039/D6MA00003G","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D6MA00003G","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The development of sustainable, plant-derived antimicrobial polymeric biomaterials is increasingly important for managing infections associated with wound environments, particularly in the context of rising antimicrobial resistance. In this study, low-cost bacterial cellulose (BC) was produced using waste-derived fruit media and subsequently modified with <em>Croton confertus</em> leaf extract (CE) through an <em>ex situ</em> infusion process to obtain bioactive BC–CE composites. The physicochemical structure of the composites was characterized using FE-SEM and FTIR analyses, which confirmed successful incorporation of phytochemicals into the nanofibrillar cellulose matrix and demonstrated reduced porosity, enhanced hydrogen-bonding interactions, and improved microstructural stability. BC–CE films revealed better moisture-retention capabilities than pure BC, maintaining structural stability for repeated swelling/drying cycles. Antibacterial performance indicated clear inhibition zones (1.28 cm for <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> and 1.11 cm for <em>Escherichia coli</em>) and substantial growth containment, with 46% and 36% reductions in bacterial proliferation, respectively. <em>In vivo</em> wound-healing experiments further demonstrated accelerated epithelial regeneration and reduced inflammation in BC–CE-treated wounds compared to BC control dressings. Collectively, these findings highlight the synergistic benefits of integrating plant-derived phytochemicals within a sustainable BC platform, providing a cost-effective and biocompatible polymeric biomaterial with promising potential for next-generation wound-care applications with antimicrobial functionality.</p>","PeriodicalId":18242,"journal":{"name":"Materials Advances","volume":" 8","pages":" 4293-4306"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/ma/d6ma00003g?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147752364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How well do conventional atomistic simulations predict adsorption binding sites in metal–organic frameworks compared to experiment?","authors":"Jake Burner, Olivier Marchand, Sari Warshawsky, Marco Gibaldi and Tom K. Woo","doi":"10.1039/D6MA00185H","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D6MA00185H","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Classical force fields are widely used for simulating adsorption in MOFs, and limitations for global properties such as uptakes are known. For the first time, experimental binding sites across diverse MOFs and adsorbates were compared against simulated results to demonstrate that classical force fields reliably reproduce binding site locations even when adsorption isotherms disagree. Errors arising from experimental uncertainty and approximations of routine classical simulations such as flexibility and chemisorption are evaluated.</p>","PeriodicalId":18242,"journal":{"name":"Materials Advances","volume":" 7","pages":" 3518-3523"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/ma/d6ma00185h?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147665566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}