{"title":"On the Mechanism of Nucleation and Monomer Transport in Inverse Emulsion Polymerization","authors":"F. Joseph Schork","doi":"10.1002/mren.202400017","DOIUrl":"10.1002/mren.202400017","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A rationale for droplet nucleation during inverse emulsion polymerization (IEP) (reported by previous investigators) is proposed. Based on the idea that smaller monomer droplets are nucleated into polymer particles, while larger droplets serve as reservoirs for monomer (as in a micellar nucleation mechanism) the question of possible monomer-transport limitation during polymerization is explored.</p>","PeriodicalId":18052,"journal":{"name":"Macromolecular Reaction Engineering","volume":"18 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/mren.202400017","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141944321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shota Nakayama, Keishi Suga, Tatsuya Kamata, Kanako Watanabe, Hikaru Namigata, Tom A. J. Welling, Daisuke Nagao
{"title":"Bio‐Inspired Polydiacetylene Vesicles for Controlling Stimulus Sensitivity","authors":"Shota Nakayama, Keishi Suga, Tatsuya Kamata, Kanako Watanabe, Hikaru Namigata, Tom A. J. Welling, Daisuke Nagao","doi":"10.1002/mren.202400016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mren.202400016","url":null,"abstract":"Polydiacetylene (PDA) is a kind of photopolymerizable polymer, which exhibits a unique color transition in response to external stimuli such as heat, pH, and solvent. PDAs are attractive as eye‐detection stimulus sensors with excellent time performance; however, the sensitivity of PDAs should be improved. Considering the biological membrane‐like structure of diacetylene (DA) vesicles, their modification by incorporating membrane lipids (e.g., diacylphosphocholine, PC) can be used to control the membrane fluidity, and consequently molecular ordering of DAs in the vesicle. Inspired by biological membrane systems, lipid vesicles are employed as platforms to generate PDA, and essential factors that influence the sensitivity of PDA are investigated. By lowering the polymerization temperature, the generation of PDA becomes slower, while the sensitivity improves. By adding PCs at the molar ratio of lipid:DA = 1:1, the sensitivity of PDA can be varied: the PCs with lower phase transition temperatures (<jats:italic>T</jats:italic><jats:sub>m</jats:sub>) made PDA insensitive, while the PCs with higher <jats:italic>T</jats:italic><jats:sub>m</jats:sub> improved the sensitivity as compared to pure poly(PCDA). It is concluded that the photopolymerization of DAs with a lower membrane fluidity induces highly sensitive PDA, while the photopolymerization of DAs with a higher membrane fluidity induces insensitive PDA with robustness toward stimuli.","PeriodicalId":18052,"journal":{"name":"Macromolecular Reaction Engineering","volume":"363 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141871416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Annika Klinkert, Zoe Friedrich, Elisabeth Glatt, Wolfgang Augustin, Stephan Scholl
{"title":"Polymer Versus Polymerization Fouling: Basic Deposition Mechanisms During Emulsion Polymerization by the Example of a Vinyl Acetate and Versa 10 Copolymer","authors":"Annika Klinkert, Zoe Friedrich, Elisabeth Glatt, Wolfgang Augustin, Stephan Scholl","doi":"10.1002/mren.202470005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mren.202470005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><b>Front Cover</b>: The deposition process during emulsion polymerization is classified as particulate and reaction fouling. The deposited material is composed of latex particles and emulsifier with particle size and number depending on the respective equilibrium composition of the fluid phase. The figure shows the deposition of latex particles after a reaction time of 240 minutes. Further details can be found in article 2300057 by Wolfgang Augustin and co-workers.\u0000\u0000 <figure>\u0000 <div><picture>\u0000 <source></source></picture><p></p>\u0000 </div>\u0000 </figure></p>","PeriodicalId":18052,"journal":{"name":"Macromolecular Reaction Engineering","volume":"18 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/mren.202470005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141425090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Environmentally Friendly Synthesis of Polymer Nanoparticles in a Packed Reactor Using Glass Beads","authors":"Tetsuya Yamamoto, Ayumi Morino, Hideki Kanda, Ayumu Seki, Toru Ishigami","doi":"10.1002/mren.202400009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mren.202400009","url":null,"abstract":"Polymeric particles less than 100 nm in size (polymer nanoparticles), which are useful in the fields of medicine and so on, are synthesized through emulsion polymerization, wherein surfactants are essential for maintaining their dispersion stability, contaminating particle surfaces and causing high environmental pollution. The soap‐free emulsion polymerization (SFEP) of styrene in a packed reactor using microglass beads enables the synthesis of polymer nanoparticles without surfactants. Ultraviolet irradiation is used for radical polymerization using an initiator during the SFEP of styrene. The reaction space in the packed reactor is controlled by the size of glass beads to be filled in the reactor. A decrease in the size of the glass beads narrows the reaction space, causing the average polystyrene particle size to reach 27.3 nm and suppress convection flow by the wall of the glass beads, thereby limiting particle motion and preventing particle growth through particle collisions.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved","PeriodicalId":18052,"journal":{"name":"Macromolecular Reaction Engineering","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140941337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"What Can Industrial Catalytic Olefin Polymerization Plants Tell Us About Reaction Kinetics? From Production Rate and Residence Time to Catalyst Reaction Performance.","authors":"Vasileios Touloupidis, João B. P. Soares","doi":"10.1002/mren.202470003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mren.202470003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><b>Front Cover</b>: Polymer reaction engineering (PRE) is a key competence for process scale-up, but the information collected in daily plant operation is not fully exploited. What do catalytic olefin polymerization plants tell us? In article 2300046, by Vasileios Touloupidis and João B. P. Soares, a method to increase catalyst and process know-how, based on experimentally acquired results from a continuous tandem reactor polymerization process is proposed and validated using small-scale experiments.\u0000\u0000 <figure>\u0000 <div><picture>\u0000 <source></source></picture><p></p>\u0000 </div>\u0000 </figure></p>","PeriodicalId":18052,"journal":{"name":"Macromolecular Reaction Engineering","volume":"18 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/mren.202470003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140619739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nada Edres, Irada Buniyatzadeh, Solmaz Aliyeva, Sinan Mehmet Turp, Rasim Alosmanov
{"title":"Thermal Degradation Kinetic Study of Expanded Perlite-Modified Butadiene Rubber Composites","authors":"Nada Edres, Irada Buniyatzadeh, Solmaz Aliyeva, Sinan Mehmet Turp, Rasim Alosmanov","doi":"10.1002/mren.202400005","DOIUrl":"10.1002/mren.202400005","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Mineral–rubber composites based on phosphorylated butadiene rubber (PhBR), including pure expanded perlite (EP) and modified phosphorylated expanded perlite (PhEP) as fillers, are developed. The process involves forming PhBR and its composites—EP/PhBR and PhEP/PhBR—through the oxidative chlorophosphorylation (OxCh) reaction. An in-depth comparative analysis is conducted on the thermal destruction of the PhBR matrix and the EP/PhBR, and PhEP/PhBR composites. The thermogravimetric (TG)/differential thermogravimetry (DTG) analyses reveal three stages of thermal degradation for the PhBR matrix and both composites, highlighting the notable effects of EP and PhEP in the second and third stages of the degradation process. In comparison, the PhEP/PhBR composite exhibits reduced weight loss, the highest integral procedural decomposition temperature (IPDT) value, and a lower <i>T</i><sub>max</sub> on the DTG curve, compared with the EP/PhBR composite and the PhBR matrix. The mechanism of the thermal destruction reaction and the kinetic parameters <i>E</i><sub>a</sub> and <i>A</i> are calculated using the model-fitting Coats–Redfern method.</p>","PeriodicalId":18052,"journal":{"name":"Macromolecular Reaction Engineering","volume":"18 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140597626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Highly Transparent and Flexible Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube–Polyimide Films with Enhanced Electrical Performance as Promising Electrodes","authors":"Yoonju Oh, Seunghyun Song, Man Li, Joonho Bae","doi":"10.1002/mren.202400001","DOIUrl":"10.1002/mren.202400001","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Transparent and light films with high electrical conductivity are preferred for flexible electronic applications. Here, a film exhibiting high transparency, electrical conductivity, and flexibility is produced using a polyimide (PI) substrate and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) through spray coating. Cost-effective MWCNTs are used instead of other electrically conductive materials, including silver nanowire ink, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), and other carbon materials. The average sheet resistance of the prepared MWCNT–PI film is 520.2 Ω □<sup>−1</sup> (infinite for the bare PI film), which is lower than the sheet resistances of the SWCNT–PI film reported by another group. This can be attributed to the increase in electrical conductivity of the highly transparent PI film due to the use of MWCNTs. The transparency of the MWCNT–PI film is 71.834% at 550 nm. When MWCNTs and PI are combined, MWCNTs protrude from the surface of the PI film, creating networks and increasing electrical conductivity. Atomic force microscopy analysis reveals that MWCNT networks form on the surface of the MWCNT–PI film. This study suggests the possibility that MWCNTs can also be used as carbon materials for flexible and highly transparent films.</p>","PeriodicalId":18052,"journal":{"name":"Macromolecular Reaction Engineering","volume":"18 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140597777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Katiane de Jesus Mesquita, José Carlos Pinto, Henrique Poltronieri Pacheco
{"title":"Assessment of Performance and Deactivation Resistance of Catalysts in the Pyrolysis of Polyethylene and Post-Consumer Polyolefin Waste","authors":"Katiane de Jesus Mesquita, José Carlos Pinto, Henrique Poltronieri Pacheco","doi":"10.1002/mren.202300061","DOIUrl":"10.1002/mren.202300061","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In the present work, the catalyst performances of USY and REY zeolites and MgO, ZnO, and Mg<sub>x</sub>AlO<sub>y</sub> oxides are investigated in the pyrolysis of virgin high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and of post-consumer polyolefin waste. The influence of operation parameters and catalyst deactivation resistance over four reaction cycles are evaluated. The results indicate that basic oxides do not show relevant cracking activity, so that the only identified effect for these catalysts is the production of liquid products with higher contents of paraffins when compared to thermal pyrolysis. Among the evaluated oxides, Mg<sub>x</sub>AlO<sub>y</sub> is the most active and resistant to deactivation. The zeolites promote cracking and secondary reactions of isomerization, cyclization, and aromatization. Particularly, USY promotes the production of higher-quality oils and shows higher deactivation resistance, when compared to REY. Additionally, a significant loss of catalyst activity is identified in reactions conducted with post-consumer polyolefin wastes. However, increase in rates of coke formation and the presence of contaminants (such as halogens and metals) are not detected in the catalysts after the reactions.</p>","PeriodicalId":18052,"journal":{"name":"Macromolecular Reaction Engineering","volume":"18 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140170920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}