Legal and Criminological Psychology最新文献

{"title":"Self-referential complex trial protocol: Identifying criminals and witnesses in virtual reality scenarios","authors":"Xiaohong Deng,&nbsp;Hongyu Yin,&nbsp;Yang Lu,&nbsp;Hui Liu,&nbsp;Joseph Olson,&nbsp;Heng Zhong","doi":"10.1111/lcrp.70025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/lcrp.70025","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Purpose</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The item-source Complex Trial Protocol (CTP) can effectively distinguish between guilty individuals and knowledgeable innocents. However, it is only suitable for theft cases and is prone to misjudging knowledgeable innocents as guilty. Therefore, it is necessary to develop other CTP paradigms that can distinguish the guilty from knowledgeable innocents.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study designed a self-referential CTP based on the difference in the degree of self-referential processing of crime-related information between the guilty and knowledgeable innocents. In a virtual reality scenario, the guilty participants completed a simulated murder, while the knowledgeable innocent participants witnessed the murder. In each trial of the self-referential CTP, the first part randomly presented a probe (i.e. <i>the victim's fac</i>e) or an irrelevant stimulus (i.e. <i>an unknown passer-by's face</i>), and the second part randomly presented a target (i.e. <i>the participant's own birthday</i>) or a non-target (i.e. <i>an irrelevant date</i>). All participants were required to make a response of ‘relevant to me’ or ‘irrelevant to me’ when they saw the faces and dates. The early posterior negativity (EPN), which indexes the degree of self-referential processing, was measured.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The results showed that the difference in EPN amplitude between irrelevant stimuli and probe after bootstrap resampling was significantly larger in the guilty group than in both the knowledgeable and unknowledgeable innocent groups.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The self-referential CTP not only distinguished the guilty from knowledgeable innocents effectively (AUC = 0.90) but also discriminated the guilty from unknowledgeable innocents effectively (AUC = 0.88), correctly classifying knowledgeable innocents as innocent.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":18022,"journal":{"name":"Legal and Criminological Psychology","volume":"31 2","pages":"426-441"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148699952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polygraph testing abuses in National Registry of Exonerations false confession cases","authors":"Ben Denkinger,&nbsp;Jeremy Harper,&nbsp;Henry Yoon,&nbsp;William Iacono","doi":"10.1111/lcrp.70027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/lcrp.70027","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Purpose</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We investigated the context and consequences of polygraph administration during the interrogation of criminal suspects who falsely confessed and were later exonerated. We expected that polygraph results for these exonerees would reflect false positives, or cases in which innocent suspects were told they failed when they actually passed.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Based on false confession cases documented by the National Registry of Exonerations, we reviewed original source documents to identify instances where a polygraph was administered during interrogation, resulting in a final sample of 56 cases. Case documents were reviewed to determine the polygraph outcome, how the outcome was conveyed to the exoneree, the strength of evidence implicating the exonerees prior to polygraph administration, and the presence of demographic and psychological vulnerabilities previously associated with false confessions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Of the 36 cases where polygraph examiner decisions were reported, only eight were accurate. In all but one case, suspects were told that the polygraph indicated deception, even when inconclusive or exculpatory. Polygraphs were often administered in the absence of strong incriminating evidence and to individuals who possessed vulnerabilities known to increase false confession risk.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>These results represent the largest known repository of cases involving polygraphic interrogation of demonstrably innocent individuals who falsely confessed. None of the exonerees benefited from taking the polygraph, regardless of the outcome. We refer to the use of polygraphs to convince suspects they have been incriminated by their own bodily responses as a Polygraph Self-Incrimination Ploy, an interrogation technique that contributes to false confessions in vulnerable individuals.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":18022,"journal":{"name":"Legal and Criminological Psychology","volume":"31 2","pages":"535-550"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148699989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The three-dimensional dynamic model of legal socialization: A cross-cultural theoretical integration of Chinese and Western research","authors":"Shuhui Xu","doi":"10.1111/lcrp.70028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/lcrp.70028","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Purpose</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Develop and explicate a concise triadic model of legal socialization that includes legal cognition, legal emotion and legal motivation and examine how these dimensions interact within Chinese and Western perspectives to produce stable, internalized legal compliance.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Integrative theoretical synthesis and comparative review of cross-cultural literature (procedural justice, developmental psychology, and Chinese and Western legal socialization traditions). From this synthesis, a conceptual framework and three testable propositions about cognition, emotion and motivation are derived.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The model yields three principal findings: (1) legal cognition (knowledge of and endorsement for legal norms) is necessary but not sufficient for internalization; (2) positive legal emotion, shaped by experiences of procedural fairness and interpersonal relationships, mediates the conversion of cognitive endorsement into intrinsic legal motivation rather than mere external obedience; (3) stable legal socialization arises when emotional resonance strengthens intrinsic motivation and when institutional practices and social environments (e.g. fair decision-making, trusted authorities, supportive networks) sustain that motivation. The framework also identifies relational experiences as important contextual moderators.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Embedding cognition–emotion–motivation processes within institutional and relational contexts provides a psychologically grounded, culturally sensitive account of legal socialization. The triadic model generates clear hypotheses for longitudinal and experimental tests and suggests policy and educational interventions that prioritize procedural fairness and relational trust to promote internalized compliance.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":18022,"journal":{"name":"Legal and Criminological Psychology","volume":"31 2","pages":"459-484"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148699894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Statement validity assessment of students' sexual assault accounts: Comparison of honest reports, false denials and false allegations using the criteria-based content analyses and the verifiability approach","authors":"Irena Boskovic,&nbsp;Leonie Maatz,&nbsp;Nikolas Konstantinou,&nbsp;Maxime van der Laan,&nbsp;Eric Rassin","doi":"10.1111/lcrp.70014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/lcrp.70014","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Purpose</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this study, we investigated whether three types of sexual assault (SA) accounts, Full disclosure (Honest), False denial and False allegation, could be distinguished using Criteria-Based Content Analysis (CBCA) and the Verifiability Approach (VA).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Student participants were pre-screened for a history of SA. Those with such a history were randomly assigned to either the Full disclosure group (<i>n</i> = 39) or the False denial group (<i>n</i> = 48), while students without prior SA experience were allocated to the False allegation group (<i>n</i> = 95). Each group received tailored instructions corresponding to their condition: to report honestly (Full disclosure), to omit the assault (False denial) or to fabricate an assault (False allegation). We hypothesized that honest reports and false denials would yield higher scores than false allegations on both CBCA and VA criteria.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>CBCA results revealed significant group differences only for the Logical Consistency criterion, with false allegations rated as significantly more coherent than both false denials and full disclosures. In contrast, the VA analysis showed no significant differences across conditions in any of the narrative characteristics examined.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Overall, the use of CBCA and VA failed to identify meaningful distinctions among narratives of full disclosure, false denial, and false allegation of sexual assault. The study's limitations and implications for the assessment of SA accounts are discussed.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":18022,"journal":{"name":"Legal and Criminological Psychology","volume":"31 2","pages":"316-332"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/lcrp.70014","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148700026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Narrative completeness and investigation relevant information in child sexual abuse","authors":"Vittoria Badino,&nbsp;Luca Milani,&nbsp;Sarah Miragoli","doi":"10.1111/lcrp.70022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/lcrp.70022","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Purpose</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In child sexual abuse (CSA), narrative completeness, in terms of investigation-relevant information (IRI), becomes crucial evidence that substantiates the credibility of the child's testimony. This study aims to evaluate the separate and joint effect of the child's age and PTSD on the quantity and quality of IRI provided.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Eighty-one testimonies of Italian children (55 girls and 26 boys), victims and witnesses of CSA aged 4–17 years (<i>M</i> = 9.7, SD = 3.6) and involved in criminal proceedings at the Criminal Court of Milan were analysed. The assessment of narrative completeness was based on the quantity and quality of IRI provided. Correlations were calculated among the variables investigated, and mediation analyses were conducted to verify the possible mediating effects of PTSD in the association between age and the IRI provided.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Child's age positively correlates with the IRI provided (<i>r</i> = .245, <i>p</i> = .027), whereas PTSD negatively correlates with the IRI presented within the testimony (<i>r</i> = −.228, <i>p</i> = .041). Moreover, PTSD partially mediated the relation between child's age and temporal information (<i>β</i> = 0.238, <i>p</i> = .044).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our findings reaffirm the role of age and explore the effect of PTSD, offering useful insights to ensure the best interest of the child is safeguarded in CSA legal proceedings.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":18022,"journal":{"name":"Legal and Criminological Psychology","volume":"31 2","pages":"399-410"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148700037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Female juvenile recidivism in Turkey: Independent correlates and implications for forensic risk assessment","authors":"Neşe Kavruk Erdim,&nbsp;Hüseyin Çağrı Şahin,&nbsp;Kübra Güleç Kalaman,&nbsp;Büşra Yıldız Bayındır,&nbsp;Alperen Bıkmazer","doi":"10.1111/lcrp.70031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/lcrp.70031","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Purpose</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To identify individual, familial and behavioural correlates of recidivism among female juvenile offenders in Turkey and to draw practice-relevant implications for forensic risk assessment and rehabilitation.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We retrospectively analysed forensic psychiatric case records of 456 girls aged 12–18 years at the time of the index offence, referred by judicial authorities between 2011 and 2021. Variables included demographics, schooling, family structure, family criminal/incarceration history, abuse, self-harm, tattoos, substance use, offence type and intellectual functioning. Group comparisons and multivariable logistic regression were used to identify independent correlates of repeat offending.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The recidivism rate was 30.9%. Compared with non-recidivists, recidivists showed higher rates of school dropout, larger sibling numbers, parental separation, family crime and incarceration history, tattoos, self-harm and substance use; they also more frequently committed property offences and had prior institutionalisation. In multivariable models, number of siblings (OR = 1.17), family criminal history (OR = 2.57), tattoos (OR = 3.18), substance use (OR = 5.51) and property offences (OR = 6.60) were independently associated with higher odds of recidivism. Property offenders were younger, had prior incarceration, family risk markers and borderline intellectual functioning.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Female juvenile recidivism clustered with family criminogenic context, substance use and behavioural risk markers. These variables should be interpreted as correlates rather than causal determinants of reoffending, given the retrospective design. Findings support gender-attentive prevention efforts, including school retention, family-focused supports and substance use interventions within case management. They also provide guidance for triage and supervision planning in legal and criminological psychology settings.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":18022,"journal":{"name":"Legal and Criminological Psychology","volume":"31 2","pages":"520-534"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148699868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The link between suspect verbosity during investigative interviews and observer-rapport","authors":"Lynn Weiher,&nbsp;Annemarie Beukers,&nbsp;Steven J. Watson","doi":"10.1111/lcrp.70019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/lcrp.70019","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Purpose</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Rapport enhances both the quantity and quality of information in investigative interviews and is recommended by multiple frameworks and training manuals. As interviewers are trained to associate rapport with more detailed responses, they are likely to assess rapport based on the amount of information provided. However, this evaluation can be skewed by the suspect's verbosity—more elaborate accounts by the suspect may be mistaken for interview success, even when no useful information is shared. With this study, we tested whether suspect verbosity influenced observer-rapport and judgement of perceived suspect guilt.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Participants (<i>N</i> = 200) listened to one of three audio recordings of a mock police interview, within a between-groups design (Suspect verbosity: Low vs. Medium vs. High), and afterwards were asked to rate rapport between the suspect and the interviewer and suspect guilt.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our results show that rapport ratings statistically significantly differ between the Low and High verbosity conditions. Participants also perceived suspects as being less likely to be guilty if they spoke more words, even when this speech does not provide investigation-relevant information.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>If individuals base rapport and guilt judgements on verbosity rather than an objective assessment of the evidence, it may lead to suboptimal investigative outcomes. Therefore, it is important to further investigate how interviewer training may impact our findings.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":18022,"journal":{"name":"Legal and Criminological Psychology","volume":"31 2","pages":"360-375"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/lcrp.70019","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148700027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of defendant race, expert testimony and interrogation coerciveness on Canadian mock jurors' perceptions of recanted confessions","authors":"Logan Ewanation,&nbsp;Evelyn M. Maeder","doi":"10.1111/lcrp.70018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/lcrp.70018","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Purpose</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In some contexts, US-based White jurors appear to exhibit a heightened focus on legally relevant information when the defendant is Black as compared to White. The current study tested this ‘watchdog’ effect in the Canadian context by examining mock jurors' decisions using a trial involving a recanted confession with an Indigenous or a White defendant. We also aimed to enhance our understanding of whether expert testimony sensitizes jurors to issues surrounding confessions, or if such testimony engenders a general scepticism towards this form of evidence.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>White Canadian jury-eligible community members (<i>N</i> = 762) read a trial transcript in which we manipulated interrogation coerciveness (high/low), expert testimony (present/absent) and defendant race (Indigenous/White), and then rendered a verdict and responded to a questionnaire about the trial.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Mock jurors were significantly less likely to convict the defendant in the high as compared to low coercion conditions. Expert testimony had no significant effects on verdict or perceptions of the confession. Participants seemed more sceptical of the Indigenous defendant's confession, perceiving it to be less truthful (only in high-coercion conditions, providing the only evidence of the ‘watchdog’ effect in this study), voluntary and honest than that of the White defendant. However, defendant race had no effect on the verdict.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Participants were sensitive to differences between high and low coercions without the assistance of expert testimony. Furthermore, our results concerning the Indigenous defendant suggest participants' verdicts were influenced by factors beyond their perceptions of the confession evidence.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":18022,"journal":{"name":"Legal and Criminological Psychology","volume":"31 2","pages":"376-398"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/lcrp.70018","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148700031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Can you] Tell me? Children's and adults' responses to open-ended prompts beginning with ‘Can you’","authors":"Sarah L. Deck,&nbsp;Hamida Zekiroski,&nbsp;Sonja P. Brubacher,&nbsp;Martine B. Powell","doi":"10.1111/lcrp.70017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/lcrp.70017","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Purpose</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Interviewers sometimes preface information requests with the stem ‘Can you’; for instance, ‘[Can you] tell me everything that happened?’ Questions like these often function as indirect speech acts—explicitly asking if the respondent knows the answer, while implicitly requesting that information. Although interviewers have been advised against using such phrasings with children, little research has systematically examined how children respond when these questions are used to request information. Across two studies, we explored how children and adults respond to open-ended questions starting with ‘Can you’ compared to directly phrased alternatives.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In Study 1, 39 children aged 6–12 years were interviewed about experienced events using open-ended questions that were either prefaced with ‘Can you’ or directly phrased. Study 2 extended this investigation by examining 54 adults who were interviewed about an online interactive experience as a comparison.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We explored participants' response patterns across the two open-ended question constructions, including how frequently participants responded with a simple yes/no response or provided elaboration. Children and adults responded similarly to indirect and direct open-ended question phrasings, frequently providing elaboration. There was only one case in each age group where a simple yes/no response was provided.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>While we recommend that interviewers continue to minimize use of ‘Can you’ stems on open-ended prompts, our findings show that children (aged 6 years and older) and adults predominantly do recognize the implicit request. Further research is needed to describe response patterns when questions query sensitive topics with reluctant interviewees.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":18022,"journal":{"name":"Legal and Criminological Psychology","volume":"31 2","pages":"348-359"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148699985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does the setting matter? Characterizing and classifying rural and urban arsonists","authors":"Rita Ribeiro,&nbsp;Cristina Neves,&nbsp;Daniel Rijo,&nbsp;Cristina Soeiro","doi":"10.1111/lcrp.70007","DOIUrl":"10.1111/lcrp.70007","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Thousands of fires are deliberately ignited around the world each year. The setting where it happens—rural versus urban areas—can lead to different crime opportunities. Rural arsonists set fires in vegetated areas, whereas urban arsonists target residences and other properties. Although urban and rural arsonists share similar features, some studies suggest that they differ in psychosocial and behavioural characteristics (e.g., age and motivation to set fires).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study analyses the psychosocial, behavioural and criminal characteristics of arsonists and distinguishes rural from urban arsonists through the development of a typology.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials &amp; Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The criminal records of 330 rural and urban arsonists (221 rural, 103 urban and six mixed rural/urban arsonists) were analysed and Latent Class Analysis was used to identify different subclasses within this sample. Results: Although rural and urban arsonists share some similar characteristics (e.g., no accomplices), differences in other variables were found, with higher effect sizes regarding motivation, relationship to victim, ignition devices and professional status. Furthermore, three different classes emerged to characterize this population: Rural Arsonists—Consumption Problems and Boredom (43%), Rural Arsonists—Mental Health Problems (36%) and Urban Arsonists—Consumption Problems and Revenge (21%).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In rural areas, criminal behaviour patterns were influenced by psychological and social integration problems, while in urban settings, family relationships/intimate partner problems had a greater impact.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>How parole and probation officers interact with their clients impacts attitudes towards the law and, ultimately, clients' likelihood of recidivism.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":18022,"journal":{"name":"Legal and Criminological Psychology","volume":"31 1","pages":"158-184"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/lcrp.70007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145915858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}