Language最新文献

{"title":"Sentence planning and production in Murrinhpatha, an Australian 'free word order' language","authors":"R. Nordlinger, Gabriela Garrido Rodriguez, E. Kidd","doi":"10.1353/lan.2022.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.2022.0008","url":null,"abstract":"Psycholinguistic theories are based on a very small set of unrepresentative languages, so it is as yet unclear how typological variation shapes mechanisms supporting language use. In this article we report the first on-line experimental study of sentence production in an Australian free word order language: Murrinhpatha. Forty-six adult native speakers of Murrinhpatha described a series of unrelated transitive scenes that were manipulated for humanness (±human) in the agent and patient roles while their eye movements were recorded. Speakers produced a large range of word orders, consistent with the language having flexible word order, with variation significantly influ- enced by agent and patient humanness. An analysis of eye movements showed that Murrinhpatha speakers’ first fixation on an event character did not alone determine word order; rather, early in speech planning participants rapidly encoded both event characters and their relationship to each other. That is, they engaged in relational encoding , laying down a very early conceptual foundation for the word order they eventually produced. These results support a weakly hierarchi- cal account of sentence production and show that speakers of a free word order language encode the relationships between event participants during earlier stages of sentence planning than is typ- ically observed for languages with fixed word orders.*","PeriodicalId":17956,"journal":{"name":"Language","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45419024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-time speaker evaluation: How useful is it, and what does it measure?","authors":"M. Austen, Kathryn Campbell-Kibler","doi":"10.1353/lan.2022.0000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.2022.0000","url":null,"abstract":"Indexical associations are a crucial construct in third-wave variationist work, but little is understood about how perceivers incorporate indexical information over the course of sociolinguistic perception. In classic speaker evaluation, participants listen to a stimulus and report evaluations after listening, limiting our access to the moment-to-moment process of updating social percepts. Studies developing in-the-moment tools have combined methods development with substantive theoretical questions, hindering assessment. We test a continuous evaluation tool using a gestalt style shift and the English variables (ING) and like . The tool captures the expected reactions but has poor time granularity and very high variability. Divergence between slider responses and after-the-fact ratings suggests that the tasks may depend on a different mix of processes, underlin-ing the multiplicity of sociolinguistic cognition processes.*","PeriodicalId":17956,"journal":{"name":"Language","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46033150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An emerging self: The copula cycle in American Sign Language","authors":"Tory Sampson, R. Mayberry","doi":"10.1353/lan.0.0260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.0.0260","url":null,"abstract":"We question the commonly accepted assumption that American Sign Language (ASL) has no overt copula. We present evidence that one of the functions of the sign self in present-day ASL is as a copula. This sign evolved into its current function by way of a grammaticalization process called the ‘copula cycle’ (Katz 1996). The copula cycle consists of a deictic item transforming into a demonstrative pronoun and then into a copula by means of a series of syntactic reanalyses. We present corpus evidence from Old French Sign Language (LSF) in the 1850s, Old ASL in the 1910s, and present-day ASL dating to the 2000s and the late 2010s, and with these data analyze ASL examples of syntactic structures outlined by Li and Thompson (1977) that led to the in- creased use of self as a copula. We also find that self , which is not generally regarded as a pointing sign, follows the grammaticalization scheme for pointing signs outlined by Pfau and Steinbach (2006), indicating that the scheme may be used for signs that are derived from demonstratives. Ultimately, we conclude that ASL undergoes the same grammaticalization processes as spoken languages.*","PeriodicalId":17956,"journal":{"name":"Language","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49125930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Completive todo in Rioplatense Spanish","authors":"Carolina Fraga","doi":"10.1353/lan.2022.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.2022.0006","url":null,"abstract":"In Spanish, the element todo ‘all’ agrees in gender and number with the noun it quantifies over ( todas las ventanas ‘all. F . PL the. F . PL windows. F . PL ’ ). In this article I discuss a novel construction in Rioplatense Spanish, restricted to existentials and possessives, in which todo agrees in gender and number with a given nominal in the structure but is neither syntactically nor semantically related to it (e.g. Hay toda agua en el baño (have. prs all. F . SG water. F . SG in the bathroom) ‘There’s water over the whole bathroom floor’). I argue that the syntax and the interpretation of this construction can be explained only if todo ‘all’ is understood to be modifying a silent element (in the sense of Kayne 2004). In particular, I propose that todo is the modifier of a PP headed by the silent preposition WITH, and that the nominal that agrees with todo is the complement of this silent P. This analysis sheds light on the structure of existential sentences and supports the view put forth in Levinson 2011, contra Freeze 1992, that a single underlying structure for possessive structures cannot be maintained.*","PeriodicalId":17956,"journal":{"name":"Language","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49350862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the use of corpus tools for teaching language variation to L2 Spanish majors: Supplementary Material","authors":"Nausica Marcos Miguel","doi":"10.1353/lan.2022.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.2022.0011","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17956,"journal":{"name":"Language","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45052620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nominal appositives in grammar and discourse","authors":"Edgar Onea, D. Ott","doi":"10.1353/lan.2022.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.2022.0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:In this article, we develop a theory of the form and interpretation of nonrestrictive nominal appositives (NAPs) by combining two recent syntactic and pragmatic approaches. Following Ott (2016), we assume that NAPs are independent elliptical speech acts, which are linearly interpolated into their host sentences in production. Building on insights in Onea 2016, we argue that NAPs make their pragmatic contribution as short answers to discourse-structuring potential questions. We show how these two assumptions combine to yield a comprehensive theory of NAPs that captures their central syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic properties and furthermore sheds light on the mechanisms that govern their linear interpolation.","PeriodicalId":17956,"journal":{"name":"Language","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43053354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pathogen Prevalence Modulates Medication Behavior in Ant <i>Formica fusca</i>.","authors":"Jason Rissanen, Heikki Helanterä, Dalial Freitak","doi":"10.3389/finsc.2022.870971","DOIUrl":"10.3389/finsc.2022.870971","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ants face unique challenges regarding pathogens, as the sociality which has allowed them to form large and complex colonies also raises the potential for transmission of disease within them. To cope with the threat of pathogens, ants have developed a variety of behavioral and physiological strategies. One of these strategies is self-medication, in which animals use biologically active compounds to combat pathogens in a way which would be harmful in the absence of infection. <i>Formica fusca</i> are the only ants that have previously been shown to successfully self-medicate against an active infection caused by a fungal pathogen by supplementing their diet with food containing hydrogen peroxide. Here, we build on that research by investigating how the prevalence of disease in colonies of <i>F. fusca</i> affects the strength of the self-medication response. We exposed either half of the workers of each colony or all of them to a fungal pathogen and offered them different combinations of diets. We see that workers of <i>F. fusca</i> engage in self-medication behavior even if exposed to a low lethal dose of a pathogen, and that the strength of that response is affected by the prevalence of the disease in the colonies. We also saw that the infection status of the individual foragers did not significantly affect their decision to forage on either control food or medicinal food as uninfected workers were also foraging on hydrogen peroxide food, which opens up the possibility of kin medication in partially infected colonies. Our results further affirm the ability of ants to self-medicate against fungal pathogens, shed new light on plasticity of self-medication and raise new questions to be investigated on the role self-medication has in social immunity.</p>","PeriodicalId":17956,"journal":{"name":"Language","volume":"73 1","pages":"870971"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10926551/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88998768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gonadal Status and Sexual Function at Long-Term Follow-up after Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation in Adult Patients with Sickle Cell Disease.","authors":"Can Boga, Suheyl Asma, Cevahir Ozer, Esra Bulgan Kilicdag, Ilknur Kozanoglu, Mahmut Yeral, Aslı Korur, Cigdem Gereklioglu, Hakan Ozdogu","doi":"10.6002/ect.2021.0392","DOIUrl":"10.6002/ect.2021.0392","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Patients with adult sickle cell disease and severe sequelae are treated with nonmyeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant. So far, data on gonadal effects are lacking for older cured patients. We assessed the gonadal reserve and sexual function of patients cured of sickle cell disease with transplant and with anti-T-lymphocyte globulin and posttransplant cyclophosphamide-containing regimen within the context of the Baskent Organ Damage Mitigation and Medical Care Development Program.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>All adult patients (≥18 years) with sickle cell disease who underwent peripheral stem cell transplant from September 2013 to July 2019 and were graft-versus-host disease free for 2 years and not immunosuppressed were invited to participate in this prospective observational study. Of 61 eligible patients, 43 participants (~10% from international registries) were included (median age at transplant was 29 years; range, 18-45 years). Gonadal status, risk of gonadal damage posttransplant, conception, and sexual function posttransplant were evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant was associated with increased risk of secondary amenorrhea (odds ratio of 93; 95% CI, 4.94-17.50; P = .002) and ovarian insufficiency (odds ratio of 37.8; 95% CI, 2.03 to -700.94; P = .014) but not with female sexual dysfunction. Secondary ovarian insufficiency developed in all women posttransplant. Transplant was associated with significant risk of azoospermia (odds ratio of 4.35; 95% CI, 1.02-18.45; P = .017). Moderate-to-severe erectile dysfunction developed in 2 men (10%). Among female participants, 1 had spontaneous conception that ended in miscarriage and 1 had term delivery after in vitro fertilization. Among male participants, 1 had a child by in vitro fertilization and 1 experienced spontaneous conception.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Although spontaneous conception was shown in our patient group, gonadal damage was evident at >2 years posttransplant. This risk was associated with age in female patients. Better fertility preservation measures should be incorporated into medical care development programs.</p>","PeriodicalId":17956,"journal":{"name":"Language","volume":"91 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89132125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distinguishing cognitive from historical influences in phonology","authors":"G. Beguš","doi":"10.31219/osf.io/c96b2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/c96b2","url":null,"abstract":"Distinguishing cognitive influences from historical influences on human behavior has long been a disputed topic in behavioral sciences, including linguistics. The discussion is often complicated by empirical evidence being consistent with both the cognitive and the historical approach. This paper argues that phonology offers a unique test case for distinguishing historical and cognitive influences on grammar and proposes an experimental technique for testing the cognitive factor that controls for the historical factor. The paper outlines a model called catalysis for explaining how learnability influences phonological typology and designs experiments that simulate this process. Central to this discussion are unnatural phonological processes, i.e.~those that operate against universal phonetic tendencies and that require complex historical trajectories to arise. Using statistical methods for estimating historical influences, mismatches in predictions between the cognitive and historical approaches to typology can be identified. By conducting artificial grammar learning experiments on processes for which the historical approach makes predictions that differ from the cognitive approach, the experimental technique proposed in this paper controls for historical influences while testing cognitive factors. Results of online and fieldwork experiments on two languages, English and Slovenian, show that subjects prefer postnasal devoicing over postnasal fricative occlusion and devoicing in at least a subset of places of articulation which aligns with the observed typology. The advantage of the proposed approach over existing experimental work is that it experimentally confirms the link between synchronic preferences and typology that is most likely not influenced by historical biases. Results suggest that complexity avoidance is the primary influence of the cognitive bias on phonological systems in human languages. Applying this technique to further alternations should yield new information about those cognitive properties of phonological grammar that are not conflated with historical influences.","PeriodicalId":17956,"journal":{"name":"Language","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45870798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tracking linguistic change in childhood: Transmission, incrementation, and vernacular reorganization","authors":"Jennifer Smith, Sophie Holmes-Elliott","doi":"10.1353/lan.2021.0087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.2021.0087","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The mechanisms underlying linguistic change are well documented for adolescent and adult speech, but much less is known about how such change emerges in the childhood years. In this article we address this gap by conducting a real-time analysis of the acquisition of a rapidly expanding variable in young speakers, first in preschool and later in preadolescence. By tracking a variable undergoing change at two key stages of sociolinguistic development, transmission and incrementation, we observe directly the processes operating on individual and community grammars as children shift to the leading edge of change.","PeriodicalId":17956,"journal":{"name":"Language","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46201456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}