{"title":"How to recognize the role of policy clusters in built-up land intensity: An empirical case of the Yangtze River Economic Belt of China","authors":"Shouguo Zhang , Jianjun Zhang , Anmeng Sha , Yaping Zhang , Di Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.landusepol.2023.106909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2023.106909","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>The dependence of economic and population growth on built-up land cannot be overly blamed, but it needs to be looked at closely when it goes against the principles of sustainable growth. Rapid urbanization and industrialization have led to extensive land use, and many policies have been introduced with the aim of creating clustering effects to mitigate this issue. The Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB) of China is a typical case to make up for the fact that the role of policy clusters in built-up land intensity (BLI) is not yet fully recognized. First, the intensive use policy clusters (IUPC) of the YREB have undergone evolutionary characteristics of growth, maturity and renewal since their formal birth in 2008. Second, quantitative evidence from time-series observations and policy simulations demonstrates an effective contribution of IUPC to BLI (an average 43.1% enhancement). Worryingly, however, despite the \"lifting benefit\", the BLI is expected to show a \"decreasing trend\". Finally, the combined results are fed back to the IUPC, showing that both the abundance and heterogeneity of the policy clusters affect the impact. Specific recommendations for future </span>policy development are made based on the above results. This study provides a pragmatic and rigorous mindset and case for policy research.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":17933,"journal":{"name":"Land Use Policy","volume":"134 ","pages":"Article 106909"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50196455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Land Use PolicyPub Date : 2023-09-16DOI: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2023.106902
Sara Brune , Olivia Vilá , Whitney Knollenberg
{"title":"Family farms' resilience under the COVID-19 crisis: Challenges and opportunities with agritourism","authors":"Sara Brune , Olivia Vilá , Whitney Knollenberg","doi":"10.1016/j.landusepol.2023.106902","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.landusepol.2023.106902","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Family farms play a key role in food production<span><span>, natural resources stewardship, and economic development in the United States (US). Therefore, family farms' resilience (i.e., their capacity to deal with disturbances or shocks and recover from their negative impacts) is crucial for sustainability goals. The COVID-19 crisis posed several challenges to already strained family farms opening an opportunity to build valuable knowledge on family farm resilience. In this paper, we examine family farms evolving challenges and </span>coping strategies<span> to the COVID-19 crisis through a qualitative longitudinal approach in North Carolina, US. The results indicate family farms perceive change and uncertainty as constants, employ a combination of strategies to ensure diversification and flexibility, and rely on extensive networks to access information and make decisions. By sustaining their operations during the COVID-19 crisis, family farms benefited their communities by expanding consumers' food options and offering recreational services. Yet, to deal with uncertainty, farmers had to embrace risks, sometimes at the expense of personal resilience. Thus, policies to support family farms in times of crisis must be implemented to continue to obtain the benefits they offer to society and promote sustainable livelihoods.</span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":17933,"journal":{"name":"Land Use Policy","volume":"134 ","pages":"Article 106902"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50165074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Land Use PolicyPub Date : 2023-09-16DOI: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2023.106890
Barbara T.H. Yen , Corinne Mulley , Heather Shearer
{"title":"The value of green infrastructure to property prices: Evidence from the Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia","authors":"Barbara T.H. Yen , Corinne Mulley , Heather Shearer","doi":"10.1016/j.landusepol.2023.106890","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.landusepol.2023.106890","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Green infrastructure supports residential choice, provides sustainable transport and contributes to liveable neighbourhoods. This study investigates the value of green infrastructure, defined as built environment features (e.g., green spaces, beaches), facilities (e.g., fitness equipment in parks) and sustainable transport infrastructure (e.g., heavy rail, light rail and bus), to property prices in the Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia as a case study. The main difference of this study from previous ones is the evaluation scope is not limited or attached to a particular transport infrastructure project but instead considers a whole city. The impacts of green infrastructure are measured taking account of geographical differences across the city using a multi-level regression modelling approach to identify the implicit value of green infrastructure in residential property prices. The results suggest only those elements of green infrastructure that can provide a direct service to people (e.g., fitness equipment) are positively valued. Importantly from a sustainable transport perspective, the current public transport network and services have a negative impact on property price suggesting public transport might not be meeting property owners’ expectations. The paper discusses the implications of the model results for literature and policy on green infrastructure.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":17933,"journal":{"name":"Land Use Policy","volume":"134 ","pages":"Article 106890"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50165075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Land Use PolicyPub Date : 2023-09-16DOI: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2023.106906
Ephraim Kabunda Munshifwa
{"title":"Institutional analysis and informal urban settlements: A proposition for a new institutionalist grounded property rights perspective","authors":"Ephraim Kabunda Munshifwa","doi":"10.1016/j.landusepol.2023.106906","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2023.106906","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper proposes a generic process for conducting research on property rights in informal settlements from a new institutionalist perspective. The paper is premised on the fact that informal urban settlements have peculiar characteristics that complicate investigations using conventional methods. However, analytical approaches based on new institutionalism have gradually gained prominence over more traditional approaches amongst scholars in developing countries. New institutionalist methods of juxtaposing investigations of formal and informal institutions and relaxing some of the assumptions of conventional theories have enabled the inclusion of situations involving incomplete or imperfect property rights and positive transaction costs in the analysis. This paper shows that a “new institutionalist perspective” is not one coherent school of thought but rather a diverse group of theories with some common tenets dominated by three varieties of institutionalism, namely, rational choice, historical, and sociological. While a common framework would be ideal, this paper instead advocates for a dynamic research process that can be customised for examinations of property rights in different informal settlements, thus contributing to the literature by extending the application of new institutionalism to situations with “incomplete” property rights.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":17933,"journal":{"name":"Land Use Policy","volume":"134 ","pages":"Article 106906"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50196965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Land Use PolicyPub Date : 2023-09-15DOI: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2023.106900
Edoardo Baldoni, Pavel Ciaian
{"title":"The capitalization of CAP subsidies into land prices in the EU","authors":"Edoardo Baldoni, Pavel Ciaian","doi":"10.1016/j.landusepol.2023.106900","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.landusepol.2023.106900","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The objective of this paper is to estimate the capitalization of CAP subsidies into both rental prices and land values in the EU. We use FADN data at regional level for the period 1989–2016 and apply a dynamic panel approach (GMM estimator) to estimate the capitalization effect of coupled direct payments (CDPs), decoupled direct payments (DDPs) and rural development measures at EU level. The estimated results suggest that the short-run (long-run) capitalization rate of DDPs into land rents vary between 9.1% and 46.2% (11% and 55%) and DDPs implementation details matter. Compared to the flat-rate models, the heterogeneous DDPs models appear to have capitalization rates lower by between 34% and 37% in the short-run and between 41% and 45% in the long-run. CDPs are associated with capitalization rates of around 6% in the short-run and 7% in the long-run. No clear capitalization effect could be found for rural development measures. In contrast to rental prices, estimates for land values suggest that only DDPs may cause a capitalization rate between 28.8% and 32.1% in the short-run and between 154% and 164% in the long-run. However, estimates for land values are not robust and consistent across estimated models. Using more robust capitalization estimates for rental prices, the results indicate that only 10–12% of the overall EU CAP payments were leaked to non-farming landowners in 2016. However, there is a sizable variation in the non-farming landowners' gains across Member States, ranging from 2% to 37%.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":17933,"journal":{"name":"Land Use Policy","volume":"134 ","pages":"Article 106900"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50165077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Land Use PolicyPub Date : 2023-09-15DOI: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2023.106888
Stefan Bößner , Maria Xylia , Bibiana Bilbao , Siti N. Indriani , Moritz Laub , Eric Rahn , Luis D. Virla , Francis X. Johnson
{"title":"Capacity gaps in land-based mitigation technologies and practices: A first stock take","authors":"Stefan Bößner , Maria Xylia , Bibiana Bilbao , Siti N. Indriani , Moritz Laub , Eric Rahn , Luis D. Virla , Francis X. Johnson","doi":"10.1016/j.landusepol.2023.106888","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.landusepol.2023.106888","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Land-based mitigation technologies and practices (LMTs) reduce GHG emissions associated with land use and/or enhance terrestrial GHG sinks. This article investigates capacity gaps to successfully facilitate LMT adoption and/or scaling in the regions of Latin America, Europe, North America, sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia. We look at LMTs such as agricultural land management, agroforestry, bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), biochar, forest management, and peat/wetland management. We used a triangulation method based on literature review, an online survey, and semi-structured interviews with experts from Academia, Industry, NGOs, Local Communities and Government, to capture and analyze the most prominent capacity gaps by LMT and according to regional contexts. This approach identified ‘understanding’, ‘awareness’ and ‘economic/finance’ as the most important capacity gaps when it comes to LMT adoption and scaling across the aforementioned regions. A recommended first step for increased LMT adoption would be to address the knowledge and understanding capacity gaps, which, in turn, could help make LMTs more attractive to stakeholders. Policymakers in cooperation with other stakeholders might reflect on dedicated support policies and regulatory frameworks that level the playing field for LMTs (as compared to mitigation technologies and practices in energy and other sectors). Other good practice examples include market building for LMTs, using emerging carbon markets, designing bottom-up implementation plans in cooperation with local and Indigenous Peoples, increased ecosystems services payments and taking into consideration local and traditional knowledge for successful LMT adoption and scaling.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":17933,"journal":{"name":"Land Use Policy","volume":"134 ","pages":"Article 106888"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50165078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Land Use PolicyPub Date : 2023-09-15DOI: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2023.106901
Julie Urquhart , Bianca Ambrose-Oji , Hannah Chiswell , Paul Courtney , Nick Lewis , John Powell , Matt Reed , Chris Williams
{"title":"A co-design framework for natural resource policy making: Insights from tree health and fisheries in the United Kingdom","authors":"Julie Urquhart , Bianca Ambrose-Oji , Hannah Chiswell , Paul Courtney , Nick Lewis , John Powell , Matt Reed , Chris Williams","doi":"10.1016/j.landusepol.2023.106901","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.landusepol.2023.106901","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Environmental and land use policy literature asserts the need for more holistic, participatory and co-designed forms of governance for the sustainable management of natural resources. Co-design is also increasingly recognised by government as a useful approach but is often applied with varying degrees of success. The purpose of this paper is to assess recent examples of policy co-design across three UK case studies focused on tree/woodland management and fisheries. The first set out to co-design criteria for ‘low impact’ fishing with fisheries stakeholders to inform new fisheries policy and management strategies. The second co-designed new policy options with tree/woodland stakeholders to replace existing tree health grants, as part of the UK government’s broader Environment Land Management scheme. The third aimed to scope, with stakeholders, the potential for a new social survey of fishers. Despite the different contexts, all projects sought to apply principles of co-design by engaging with stakeholders during the early stages of policy development. A comparative assessment between the three case studies allows us to identify challenges for co-design and to provide recommendations for successfully applying co-design principles through stakeholder-researcher-policy maker partnerships. Challenges include building trust between stakeholders and policymakers, overcoming traditional modes of evidence-based policy making, accessing hard-to-reach groups, getting discussions to move beyond the general to the specific, and recognising that co-design takes time and is resource-intensive. A new co-design framework is presented, setting out five stages for incorporating the principles of co-design in natural resource policy making: scoping, co-design, testing, implementing and evaluation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":17933,"journal":{"name":"Land Use Policy","volume":"134 ","pages":"Article 106901"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50165076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Land Use PolicyPub Date : 2023-09-15DOI: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2023.106903
Amparo Moyano, Eloy Solís, Elena Díaz-Burgos, Alejandro Rodrigo, José M. Coronado
{"title":"Typologies of stations’ catchment areas in metropolitan urban peripheries: From car-oriented to sustainable urban strategies","authors":"Amparo Moyano, Eloy Solís, Elena Díaz-Burgos, Alejandro Rodrigo, José M. Coronado","doi":"10.1016/j.landusepol.2023.106903","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.landusepol.2023.106903","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>After decades of sprawl and car-dependent urban developments, especially on the peripheries of metropolitan areas, new policies are being oriented towards more efficient and sustainable mobility. In the process of change towards more sustainable mobility patterns in peripheral areas, commuter railways must play a predominant role because of their capacity and speed. The main aim of this paper is to analyse commuter rail stations’ </span>catchment areas (SCAs) to identify typologies of these nodes in large metropolitan areas as a key step in proposing strategies for making mobility much more sustainable, both in the medium and proximity scales, by promoting soft mobility towards stations, a strategy that will facilitate commuters’ use of daily rail transport. The method proposed is based on a twofold clustering analysis. The first is to consider urban-planning variables to detect consolidated stations; the second is to use both public space and land-use variables to characterise the quality of the urban environment for walking/cycling. These methods are applied in the metropolitan area of Madrid and offer some key insights. The results show that different typologies are found – from consolidated, dense and mixed-use SCAs, with large residential developments, to low-density SCAs in sprawl areas or low consolidated mixed-use SCAs with large parking spaces, following the park-and-ride model, among others. This identification of SCAs’ typologies is key for policy makers to propose different strategies, which could be small projects oriented towards improving public spaces promoting soft mobility, or deeper changes that require a re-densification process in the stations’ surroundings, breaking with the rigid definition of transit-oriented developments and adapting the decisions taken to each context.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":17933,"journal":{"name":"Land Use Policy","volume":"134 ","pages":"Article 106903"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50165079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Land Use PolicyPub Date : 2023-09-15DOI: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2023.106905
Morten Dalum Madsen , Jesper Mayntz Paasch
{"title":"3D real property in vertical mixed-use developments. A comparative analysis of common property and management aspects in selected jurisdictions – The case of British Columbia, Denmark and Sweden","authors":"Morten Dalum Madsen , Jesper Mayntz Paasch","doi":"10.1016/j.landusepol.2023.106905","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.landusepol.2023.106905","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Jurisdictions around the world are experiencing an increasing demand for formation of three-dimensional (3D) real property units, especially in the presence of vertical mixed-use developments. Since traditional real property formation is only in two dimensions (2D), jurisdictions are on different steps (levels) of transforming 2D real property legislation into 3D real property legislation. The objective of this article is to analyse and compare law and practice in jurisdictions that are on different steps of developing 3D real property legislation, but otherwise comparable in terms of societal development status. The predominant focus in academic literature is on formation of private 3D property rights. This paper has a somewhat different approach, focussing on formation and management of common property. The formation of common property is usually unavoidable in a vertical mixed-use development, e.g. due to a high degree of interdependence between layered and intertwined 3D property units. Legal aspects regarding common property formation and management have not been rigorously compared internationally. This article presents a comparative study including British Columbia (Canada), Denmark and Sweden. Each jurisdiction represents a unique step on the 3D transformation staircase where legal aspects regarding common property and management in each jurisdiction is analysed and presented. The results of the study can be beneficial for researchers and legislators as a tool to analyse 3D real property legislation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":17933,"journal":{"name":"Land Use Policy","volume":"134 ","pages":"Article 106905"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50165080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Land Use PolicyPub Date : 2023-09-11DOI: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2023.106883
Carlos H. Troche-Souza, Samuel Velázquez-Salazar, María Isabel Cruz-López, María Teresa Rodríguez-Zúñiga, José Alberto Alcántara-Maya, Berenice Vázquez-Balderas, Luis Valderrama-Landeros, Edgar Villeda-Chávez, Rainer Ressl
{"title":"Comments on Acosta-Velázquez et al. changes in mangrove coverage classification criteria could impact the conservation of mangroves in Mexico. Land Use Policy, 2023, 129, 106651","authors":"Carlos H. Troche-Souza, Samuel Velázquez-Salazar, María Isabel Cruz-López, María Teresa Rodríguez-Zúñiga, José Alberto Alcántara-Maya, Berenice Vázquez-Balderas, Luis Valderrama-Landeros, Edgar Villeda-Chávez, Rainer Ressl","doi":"10.1016/j.landusepol.2023.106883","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.landusepol.2023.106883","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>Accurate and up-to-date mapping of mangrove habitats is crucial for effective conservation and management strategies and policies. As a reply to the comparative assessment realized by Acosta et al. (2023) to the last map produced by the Mexican Mangrove Monitoring System (MMMS) and the conclusions resulting from it, we provide a comprehensive response addressing the concerns raised. We acknowledge that maps are not infallible and are subject to improvement, particularly in the rapidly advancing field of remote sensing technology used in long term monitoring system. The MMMS mapping efforts utilize state-of-the-art remote sensing technologies, such as high-resolution satellite imagery and advanced methodologies, to enhance precision and efficiency. Moreover, MMMS mapping integrates regional external expert knowledge to increase accuracy at uncertain locations. We emphasize the importance of accuracy and reliability in mangrove mapping due to the potential irreversible consequences of mangrove loss. The MMMS provides a valuable tool for monitoring </span>deforestation<span> rates, understanding spatial distribution, supporting management decisions, identifying conservation priorities, and facilitating targeted conservation actions. We highlight the application of the precautionary principle as an environmental imperative for the Mexican government. The inclusion of previously classified \"</span></span><em>Other wetlands</em><span>\" as mangroves in the MMMS mapping system implies the acknowledgment of their integral role in supporting biodiversity and climate change mitigation efforts. Technological progress and collaborative efforts have made this reclassification possible, enhancing our understanding and expertise in distinguishing mangroves from other wetland types. We conclude that our mapping efforts align with the objective of attaining high classification accuracy in remote sensing, and we remain committed to continuous improvement in our mangrove mapping endeavors.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":17933,"journal":{"name":"Land Use Policy","volume":"134 ","pages":"Article 106883"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50165090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}