Korean Journal of Family Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Effect of energy intake expenditure balance on sleep duration: a cross-sectional study concerning the 2019, 2020, and 2022 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys.","authors":"Minchung Suh, Ha Jin Kim, Minseon Park","doi":"10.4082/kjfm.24.0228","DOIUrl":"10.4082/kjfm.24.0228","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Diet and physical activity influence sleep duration; however, the association between energy intake expenditure balance (EIEB) and sleep duration has not been fully investigated. This study examined the relationship between EIEB and sleep duration among Korean adults.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study included 13,164 adults aged ≥19 years (5,707 males and 7,457 females) from the 2019, 2020, and 2022 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. EIEB was defined as the difference between daily energy intake and energy expenditure. Energy intake was assessed using a 24-hour dietary recall, and energy expenditure was calculated by summing basal metabolic rate and physical activity. Participants were categorized into sex-specific EIEB quartiles (Q1-Q4). Logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the association between EIEB quartiles and short sleep duration (≤6 hours), adjusting for socioeconomic status, body mass index, lifestyle factors, and comorbidities.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among women, those in the Q2 EIEB group (-260.45 to 90.81 kcal) had a significantly lower risk of short sleep (odds ratio [OR], 0.71; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.60-0.84). Reduced odds were also observed in Q3 (OR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.63-0.91) and Q4 (OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.62-0.94), with a significant trend across quartiles (P for trend=0.03). No significant associations were observed among men.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A balanced EIEB was inversely associated with short sleep duration in women but not in men, suggesting that sex-specific strategies for energy balance may be needed to support adequate sleep.</p>","PeriodicalId":17893,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Family Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"347-356"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13424858/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147284597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Family preparedness for aging in Indonesia: a cross-sectional survey.","authors":"Margareth Maya Parulianta Naibaho, Sri Lilestina Nasution, Resti Pujihasvuty, Desy Nuri Fajarningtiyas, Anissa Rizkianti","doi":"10.4082/kjfm.25.0228","DOIUrl":"10.4082/kjfm.25.0228","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Pre-elderly families experience a significant impact on their quality of life as they transition to old age. This study aimed to identify and analyze the preparatory measures taken by families as they enter aging and develop an index to measure their readiness for aging based on physical, economic, and social aspects.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study employed a quantitative approach, drawing secondary data from the 2019 Performance Accountability Survey of the Family Planning and Family Development Program. Binary logistic regression was used to examine the bivariate relationships between demographic characteristics and family readiness.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Physical readiness was the most prevalent among pre-elderly families (88.1%), followed by economic (74.0%) and social (50.2%) readiness. Higher readiness was significantly associated with higher education (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 3.39), urban residence (AOR, 1.39), health insurance ownership (AOR, 1.95), unemployment (AOR, 1.22), and awareness of aging programs (AOR, 1.62), whereas sex, family structure, and number of children were not significantly associated.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>To increase physical readiness, families should be encouraged to use health services such as community health centers and perform regular medical check-ups. Additionally, this study suggests government intervention through outreach and guidance on all dimensions of old-age preparation.</p>","PeriodicalId":17893,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Family Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"366-376"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13424866/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145966411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contraceptive use among sexually active school-going adolescents in three Southeast Asian Countries: a cross-sectional study.","authors":"Yuni Purwatiningsih, Suparmi, Siti Masitoh, Tin Afifah, Bunga Astria Paramashanti, Esti Nugraheny, Yunefit Ulfa, Sinta Dewi Lestyoningrum, Ning Sulistiyowati, Debri Rizki Faisal","doi":"10.4082/kjfm.25.0115","DOIUrl":"10.4082/kjfm.25.0115","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Sexual and reproductive health remains a significant public health issue, especially in low- and middle-income countries where access to contraception and sexuality education is often limited. This study examined factors associated with the use of condoms and other birth control methods among school-going adolescents in Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, and Thailand.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study utilized cross-sectional data from the Global School-based Student Health Survey conducted in Brunei Darussalam (2019), Thailand (2021), and Indonesia (2023), involving 868 sexually active school-going adolescents. Multivariate logistic regression was applied to assess the association between demographic, psychosocial, and behavioral risk factors with use of condoms and other birth control methods among adolescents who reported being sexually active.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Condom use was significantly higher among adolescents in Thailand than those in Indonesia (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 8.035); no significant difference was observed in Brunei Darussalam. High parental support was positively associated with condom use (AOR, 1.883). Regarding other birth control methods, adolescents aged 17 years and older were more likely to use contraception than their younger peers (AOR, 1.557). Adolescents in Thailand also demonstrated a higher use of other birth control methods (AOR, 2.132). Additionally, experiencing a single symptom of psychological distress was positively associated with using other birth control methods.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Age, number of sexual partners, psychological distress, parental support, and national context significantly influenced contraceptive use among adolescents in Southeast Asia. Enhancing parental involvement, expanding access to adolescent-friendly health services, and strengthening comprehensive sexuality education are crucial strategies for reducing the risk of unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections among adolescents.</p>","PeriodicalId":17893,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Family Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"301-309"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13424865/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145654649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differences and determinants of dietary intake according to living arrangements in older adults: a cross-sectional study using the 2019, 2021, and 2023 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys.","authors":"Hyun-Young Noh, Kang-In Seo, Kyae-Hyung Kim","doi":"10.4082/kjfm.25.0331","DOIUrl":"10.4082/kjfm.25.0331","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The nutritional status of older adults is closely related to their living arrangements and reflects social support and food accessibility. This study aimed to compare dietary intake between older adults living alone and those living with others and to identify the key socioeconomic, behavioral, and psychosocial determinants influencing nutrient intake.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data were obtained from the 2019, 2021, and 2023 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination surveys. Older adults aged ≥65 years were classified according to their living arrangements (living alone vs. living with others). Dietary intake was assessed using 24-hour dietary recall data. Group differences in daily energy and nutrient intake were analyzed using analysis of covariance, adjusted for age. Differences in energy and nutrient intake and their associated factors were examined according to the living arrangement (living alone vs. living with others).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Older adults living alone had significantly lower daily energy and carbohydrate, protein, fat, and calcium intake than those living with others (all P<0.05). In the non-living-alone group, smoking status, quality of life, and food abundance were the key determinants of energy and nutrient intake. Among adults living alone, economic activity, smoking status, and food abundance were the most influential factors.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Living arrangements are a crucial contextual factor influencing dietary intake among older Koreans. Nutritional programs that improve food security and social participation may mitigate these disparities and support healthy aging.</p>","PeriodicalId":17893,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Family Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148330652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding factors associated with under-five mortality rate in Indonesia: findings from an ecological study across 34 provinces.","authors":"Fadhaa Aditya Kautsar Murti, Ferry Efendi, Kencana Sari","doi":"10.4082/kjfm.25.0177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.25.0177","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study examined the population-level factors associated with the under-five mortality rate (U5MR) across 34 provinces in Indonesia using an ecological study design.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>U5MR data were obtained from BPS-Statistics Indonesia. Demographic, healthcare, and fertility-related factors were included as independent variables. An ecological study design was applied, with 34 provinces serving as the units of analysis. Hierarchical Poisson regression was used to assess the associations between the variables. All variables were log-transformed prior to the analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The U5MR in 2020 was 19.83 per 1,000 live births. Fertility and demographic factors were significantly associated with changes in U5MR. A 1% increase in the provincial gross domestic product (P=0.042) and the doctor-to-population ratio (P<0.001) was associated with 3% and 6% reductions in U5MR, respectively. Conversely, a 1% increase in the bed-to-population ratio (P<0.001), age-specific fertility rate (P=0.004), and total fertility rate (P<0.001) was associated with increases of 19%, 5%, and 117% in U5MR, respectively. The midwife ratio (P=0.433) and vaccine availability at primary health centers (P=0.851) were not significantly associated with U5MR.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Improving the U5MR requires equitable healthcare access, addressing doctor shortages with incentive-based placements, enhancing healthcare facilities, and implementing policies to reduce teenage pregnancies through sex education and contraceptive promotion.</p>","PeriodicalId":17893,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Family Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148277852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Loss of autonomy among active adolescent smokers in Indonesia and its associated factors: a cross-sectional study using GYTS 2019.","authors":"Debri Rizki Faisal, Herfina Yohanna Nababan, Tati Suryati, Ingan Ukur Tarigan, Vebby Amellia Edwin","doi":"10.4082/kjfm.25.0287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.25.0287","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Indonesia has one of the highest smoking prevalence rates worldwide; smoking initiation often occurs during adolescence or childhood. This study aimed to identify factors associated with loss of autonomy among adolescent smokers in Indonesia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study analyzed data from the 2019 Indonesia Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS). The sample comprised students who reported smoking within the past 30 days. The primary outcome variable was loss of autonomy. Multivariate analysis utilized modified Poisson regression with backward elimination. Results are presented as adjusted prevalence ratios (APRs) with a significance level of P<0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 1,129 student smokers, only 27.44% retained their autonomy. A total of 61.20% reported a strong urge to smoke and an inability to resist doing so. Factors significantly associated with loss of autonomy included electronic cigarette use (APR, 1.08; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01-1.17), cigarette accessibility near schools (APR, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.04-1.19), and peer cigarette offers (APR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.23-1.57). Higher daily cigarette consumption was also associated with a greater likelihood of loss of autonomy.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Loss of autonomy among adolescent smokers indicates nicotine dependence and difficulty quitting. Daily cigarette consumption, peer influence, cigarette accessibility near schools, and electronic cigarette use are key contributing factors. Essential policy recommendations include strengthening youth-focused tobacco regulations and incorporating smoking prevention and cessation programs into school curricula.</p>","PeriodicalId":17893,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Family Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148272038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Body mass index variability and pancreatic cancer risk in South Korean adults: a nationwide cohort study.","authors":"Huy Young Kim, Ju Hyun Kang, Sinyoung Cho, Sun Jae Park, Jina Chung, Hye Jun Kim, Jiwon Yu, Sangwoo Park, Jaewon Kim, Hyeokjong Lee, Ahryoung Ko, Kyae Hyung Kim, Sang Min Park","doi":"10.4082/kjfm.25.0377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.25.0377","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Although obesity is a known risk factor for pancreatic cancer, the role of dynamic weight fluctuations remains unclear. We examined whether body mass index (BMI) variability is associated with pancreatic cancer risk in a large South Korean cohort.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We analyzed data from 232,322 participants in the Korean National Health Insurance Service database who underwent three health examinations between 2002 and 2007. Participants were followed from 2008 until pancreatic cancer diagnosis, death, or the end of the study period in 2019. BMI variability, assessed using average successive variability, was categorized into tertiles. We used Cox proportional hazards models to calculate adjusted hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals after adjusting for potential confounders. Sensitivity analyses were performed to verify the robustness of our findings.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the overall cohort, BMI variability showed no significant association with pancreatic cancer risk. However, a statistically significant interaction by sex was observed (P for interaction=0.029), yielding higher risk estimates among male participants.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Although BMI variability lacked a significant overall association with pancreatic cancer risk, the attenuation of this risk after longer washout periods suggests the potential influence of preclinical weight changes. Nevertheless, the observed effect modification by sex indicates that BMI variability may retain clinical relevance for specific demographic groups, particularly male participants. Therefore, BMI variability should be interpreted not as a direct causal risk factor or intervention target, but as a potential clinical marker that warrants closer monitoring in these specific groups.</p>","PeriodicalId":17893,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Family Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148265252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between mild depressive symptoms and annual changes in bone mineral density among South Korean women: a retrospective study.","authors":"Jiyoung Baek, Hyemin Kim, Seo Eun Hwang, Kyungha Min","doi":"10.4082/kjfm.25.0313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.25.0313","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Depression is associated with various physical conditions, including bone metabolism. Most previous studies were cross-sectional, and longitudinal findings regarding osteoporosis or fracture risk remain inconsistent. This study examined the association between mild depressive symptoms and annual changes in bone mineral density (BMD) among women undergoing repeated dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We retrospectively analyzed 1,629 women aged ≥20 years who completed the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and underwent at least two DEXA scans between 2017 and 2023. Mild depressive symptoms were defined as PHQ-9 scores of 5-9. Annualized BMD changes at the lumbar spine, femoral neck, and total femur were calculated. Multivariable linear regression analyses adjusted for age, body mass index, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and diabetes. Women with PHQ-9 ≥10, only one DEXA scan, T-score ≤-2.5, or missing PHQ-9 data were excluded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mild depressive symptoms were not significantly associated with annualized BMD change in the overall cohort. However, among women aged ≥60 years (n=1,047), PHQ-9 scores of 5-9 were associated with more negative annualized BMD changes at the femoral neck (β=-3.26; 95% confidence interval [CI], -5.92 to -0.61; P=0.016) and total femur (β=-2.24; 95% CI, -4.39 to -0.09; P=0.041), but not at the lumbar spine.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In women aged ≥60 years, mild depressive symptoms were negatively associated with annual BMD change. Given the close relationship between femoral BMD and hip fracture, even modest negative shifts may be clinically meaningful in older women.</p>","PeriodicalId":17893,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Family Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148258744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnostic accuracy of the Fast Timed Up and Go test for identifying low lower-limb functional power in community-dwelling Thai older women: a cross-sectional study using sit-to-stand-derived muscle power as the reference standard.","authors":"Puttipong Poncumhak, Winut Duangsanjun, Weerasak Tapanya, Ajchamon Thammachai","doi":"10.4082/kjfm.26.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.26.0001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The Fast Timed Up and Go (FTUG) test is a simple mobility assessment that may serve as a practical alternative for identifying low lower-limb functional power in community settings. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of FTUG for detecting low functional power and to determine an optimal population-specific cutoff in community-dwelling older Thai women.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional diagnostic accuracy study was conducted among 88 community-dwelling women aged ≥60 years. Relative sit-to-stand (STS) muscle power was calculated using the Alcazar equation, and low power was defined as a value below the 25th percentile of the sample distribution (2.36 W/kg). Diagnostic accuracy of FTUG was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, with the optimal cutoff identified using the Youden index.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Participants with low STS-derived power demonstrated significantly slower FTUG times than those with normal power (12.43±3.72 seconds vs. 8.33±1.08 seconds, P<0.001). ROC analysis showed strong discriminatory capacity, with an area under the ROC curve of 0.922 (95% confidence interval, 0.855-0.989). The optimal FTUG cutoff was 9.8 seconds, yielding 77.3% sensitivity and 93.9% specificity. Alternative thresholds showed acceptable performance but did not exceed the overall accuracy of the 9.8-second cutoff.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>FTUG demonstrated high diagnostic accuracy for identifying reduced lower-limb functional power in community-dwelling older Thai women. A population-specific cutoff of 9.8 seconds may provide a practical tool for early screening in community health settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":17893,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Family Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147964028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between menopausal status and the probability of steatotic liver disease in middle-aged Korean women: a cross-sectional study using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2023.","authors":"Hee Soo Kim, Su Hwan Cho","doi":"10.4082/kjfm.25.0321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.25.0321","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (SLD) emphasizes that metabolic dysfunction is a key driver of hepatic steatosis. Although menopause is characterized by substantial hormonal and metabolic shifts, population-based evidence on its association with the probability of SLD under the updated diagnostic framework remains limited. Therefore, this study investigated the association between menopausal status and probability of SLD in middle-aged Korean women.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We analyzed data of 15,106 women aged 40 to 59 years who participated in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007-2023). The probability of SLD was assessed using the hepatic steatosis index (≥36) in the presence of at least one metabolic abnormality. Menopausal status was self-reported. Weighted multivariate logistic regression was performed after adjusting for age, body mass index, waist circumference, and major metabolic risk factors. Effect modification was evaluated through subgroup analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the 15,106 women, 31.5% were postmenopausal and 22.1% met the criteria for SLD probability. Post-menopausal women exhibited higher metabolic risk profiles and a higher probability of SLD than premenopausal women. Menopausal status remained independently associated with SLD probability after multivariable adjustment (adjusted odds ratios, 1.22; P=0.035). The association varied by age; it was strongest among women aged 40 to 49 years and progressively attenuated in older age groups (P for interaction=0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Menopausal status is independently associated with a higher probability of SLD among middle-aged Korean women, an association most pronounced in the early midlife. These findings highlight the importance of proactive metabolic screening and timely intervention during this critical period.</p>","PeriodicalId":17893,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Family Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147874701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}