Kuwait Journal of Science最新文献

{"title":"Seismic site characterization of Malang Regency (Indonesia) using HVSR inversion","authors":"Adi Susilo ,&nbsp;Siti Zulaikah ,&nbsp;Ahmad Fauzi ,&nbsp;Ilham ,&nbsp;Ma'muri ,&nbsp;Ken Wirawan ,&nbsp;Saffanatul Haniyyah ,&nbsp;Ahmad Zarkoni ,&nbsp;Yoga Dharma Persada ,&nbsp;Andy Anderson Bery ,&nbsp;Muhammad Fathur Rouf Hasan","doi":"10.1016/j.kjs.2025.100486","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.kjs.2025.100486","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Based on Indonesia's active fault map, this study focuses on the Eurasian and Indo-Australian plate subduction zone in the southern sea of Java, an area that is highly susceptible to earthquake risk and soil vulnerability. This study aims to determine soil vulnerability based on average shear wave velocity of the top 30 m (Vs30) and sediment thickness (z_1.0) parameters to map areas at risk of earthquake in the study area. From both parameters, the most vulnerable and safest area in Purwodadi Village, Indoensia will be determined. The method used in this research is microtremor measurement with a portable miniature broad band (MBB-2) seismograph. Measurements were conducted at 19 points spaced approximately 500 m apart. Horizontal vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) inversion was applied to obtain shear wave velocity profiles at each point. Soil assessment was performed using Vs30 parameters, classified according to the American society of civil engineers (ASCE) standards. The results show that areas with relatively high earthquake vulnerability, indicated by low Vs30 values, are located near measurement points RKI08 and RKI18 in residential areas and RKI04 on slopes with Vs30 values are 219.0 m/s, 248.9 m/s, and 230.2 m/s respectively. Besides that, these points have high z_1.0 value, these values are 388.0 m, 517.8 m, and 46.6 m respectively. Meanwhile, areas with lower vulnerability are found at RKI10 and RKI09 in residential areas and RKI05 on slopes, with Vs30 values are 502.0 m/s, 481.1 m/s, and 416.0 m/s respectively. These points have Vs30 values classified as “very dense soil” and have low z_1.0 values (60.3 m, 109.6 m, and 43.9 m respectively). Based on data processing, there is a fault that stretches straight from RKI04, RKI11, to RKI14. However, more research needs to be conducted using alternate methods to confirm the existence of the fault. This mapping is expected to provide local authorities valuable input for disaster mitigation planning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17848,"journal":{"name":"Kuwait Journal of Science","volume":"53 1","pages":"Article 100486"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144879235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of magnetohydrodynamic flow of Jeffrey-Hamel fluid in convergent/divergent channels using the numerical algorithm","authors":"Mohsin Ul Haq ,&nbsp;Dolat khan ,&nbsp;Zeeshan Ali ,&nbsp;Subhan Ullah ,&nbsp;Walid Emam ,&nbsp;Dragan Pamucar ,&nbsp;Yusra Tashkandy","doi":"10.1016/j.kjs.2025.100479","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.kjs.2025.100479","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of a Jeffrey-Hamel fluid within a convergent/divergent channel, a scenario relevant to both physical and biological sciences. The flow dynamics between nonparallel inclined walls are governed by highly nonlinear differential equations derived through conservation laws and similarity transformations. By applying similarity transformations, the governing partial differential equations (PDEs) are converted into ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The NDSolve approach is then utilized to obtain numerical solutions for these equations. A comparison with existing methods in the literature confirms the accuracy and reliability of the results. Additionally, the impact of various dimensionless physical parameters, such as the influence of the magnetic parameter, angle alpha, and the Deborah number on the velocity profile is investigated. The parameters angle alpha, Eckert number, and volume friction are examined on the temperature profile, followed by a detailed discussion of the findings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17848,"journal":{"name":"Kuwait Journal of Science","volume":"53 1","pages":"Article 100479"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144771430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative assessment of physicochemical and biological properties of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized from aerial and underground parts of Arnebia benthamii","authors":"Yasmeen Mukhtar ,&nbsp;Munazza Nazir ,&nbsp;Shumaila Naz ,&nbsp;Rizwan Taj khan ,&nbsp;Wasim Akhtar ,&nbsp;Laiba Abdul ,&nbsp;Asif Kamal ,&nbsp;Abdulwahed Fahad Alrefaei ,&nbsp;Eman Alshehri ,&nbsp;Maximilian Lackner","doi":"10.1016/j.kjs.2025.100478","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.kjs.2025.100478","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Arnebia benthamii</em> is a source of secondary metabolites with significant medicinal potential. This work studied the biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by <em>A. benthamii</em> root and inflorescence extracts. The novelty of this research lies in the comparative assessment of nanoparticles derived from aerial and underground plant parts, highlighting differences in physicochemical and biological properties. A 1:5 ratio of plant extract to silver nitrate (AgNO₃) solution (1 mM) was used in the formation of NPs, and they were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy (UV), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD). UV-Vis analysis confirmed AgNP formation by an absorbance peak at 432 nm (root-mediated) and 436 nm (inflorescence-mediated). XRD confirmed their crystalline nature, while SEM revealed that root-derived AgNPs were irregular (40 nm) and inflorescence-derived AgNPs were spherical (23 nm). FTIR showed the part of secondary metabolites that serve as natural capping agents. For antibacterial activity, the well diffusion method was employed, where AgNPs were tested against <em>Acinetobacter calcoaceticus</em> and <em>Enterobacter hormaechei</em> subsp. <em>xiangfangensis</em>. Inflorescence-mediated AgNPs were found to exhibit superior antibacterial activity, likely due to smaller NP size. For antioxidant assays, these AgNPs also demonstrated enhanced 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrzyl (DPPH) of 83 % and 2,2-azino-bis(ethylbenzothiazoline-6-suphonic acid) (ABTS) of 61 % compared to root-mediated AgNPs (DPPH 80 %, ABTS 57 %). The findings suggest that <em>A. benthamii</em>-mediated AgNPs possess a significant potential for biological applications. Enhanced bioactivity of inflorescence-derived AgNPs highlights their promise in antimicrobial and antioxidant therapies, supporting their future use in pharmaceutical and nanotechnological advancements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17848,"journal":{"name":"Kuwait Journal of Science","volume":"53 1","pages":"Article 100478"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144830692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oblique stagnation point flow of hybrid nanofluid on a stretching sheet with modified thermal conductivity models and Darcy's law","authors":"Z. Abbas ,&nbsp;J. Hasnain ,&nbsp;M.Y. Rafiq ,&nbsp;M.A. Saeed ,&nbsp;H. Shahzad","doi":"10.1016/j.kjs.2025.100481","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.kjs.2025.100481","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hybrid nanofluids have demonstrated improved thermal performance and stability across a wide range of applications, including thermal efficiency systems, solar collectors, energy production, nuclear processes, and enhanced heat transfer. Motivated by these promising applications, this study investigates two-dimensional incompressible oblique stagnation point flow over a stretching/shrinking sheet embedded in a porous medium. The analysis compares two widely used thermal conductivity models, the Yamada-Ota and Xue models, for hybrid nanofluids composed of graphene oxide (<span><math><mrow><mi>G</mi><mi>O</mi></mrow></math></span>) and iron oxide, magnetite (<span><math><mrow><mi>F</mi><msub><mi>e</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><msub><mi>O</mi><mn>4</mn></msub></mrow></math></span>) nanoparticles dispersed in a non-Newtonian engine oil (<em>EO</em>) base fluid. Additionally, the influences of thermal radiation, heat generation/absorption, and chemical reactions are incorporated to explore the heat and mass transfer characteristics. The governing equations are transformed into a system of ordinary differential equations using similarity transformations, and the resulting system is solved numerically via the fourth-order Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg integration method combined with an efficient shooting technique. The results reveal that increasing the magnetic field strength enhances the fluid temperature while reducing its velocity. Higher heat generation parameters lead to intensified thermal distribution, while lower permeability increases velocity instability. Quantitatively, the Xue model demonstrates a higher surface heat transfer rate than the Yamada-Ota model, and a larger Schmidt number reduces mass transfer rates. These insights are particularly valuable for optimizing heat and mass transfer in porous thermal management systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17848,"journal":{"name":"Kuwait Journal of Science","volume":"53 1","pages":"Article 100481"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144724753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fractional perspective of HH f-divergence, midpoint and trapezoidal type estimates for superquadratic function","authors":"Saad Ihsan Butt ,&nbsp;Dawood Khan ,&nbsp;Sanja Tipurić-Spužević ,&nbsp;Bandar Bin Mohsin","doi":"10.1016/j.kjs.2025.100452","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.kjs.2025.100452","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, we take into account the notion of superquadraticity and come up with the fractional version of midpoint and trapezoidal types estimations for differentiable superquadratic function via Riemann–Liouville’s fractional integral operators. It is to be noted that the inequalities derived from superquadratic functions exhibit greater refinement in comparison to those derived from convex functions. The findings are validated through simplified results, numerical analyses, and graphical representations, using a selection of suitable examples. We also introduce the Hermite–Hadamard (HH) <span><math><mi>f</mi></math></span>-divergence for superquadratic function and obtain its associate properties via Riemann–Liouville’s fractional integral operators. The work is enhanced with applications of modified Bessel’s function of Type-1 and Mittag-Leffler function which is another motivating factor. The new results significantly extend and enhance the existing work available in the literature.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17848,"journal":{"name":"Kuwait Journal of Science","volume":"53 1","pages":"Article 100452"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144781141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cilia-assisted flow for the Johnson–Segalman fluid inside a convergent complex wavy passage with the magnetic field, hall effect, and porous medium","authors":"Muhammad Waris Saeed Khan ,&nbsp;Zeeshan Asghar ,&nbsp;Wasfi Shatanawi ,&nbsp;Muhammad Asif Gondal","doi":"10.1016/j.kjs.2025.100480","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.kjs.2025.100480","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the cilia-driven flow of a Johnson–Segalman (J–S) non-Newtonian fluid through a two-dimensional converging channel under the influence of a vertically applied magnetic field. The problem is motivated by its relevance to biological fluid transport and the design of bio-inspired microfluidic devices. Key physical effects such as the Hall current, magnetic field interaction, and porous medium resistance are incorporated to reflect realistic conditions found in physiological and industrial settings. The governing equations, derived under the assumptions of low Reynolds number and long wavelength approximations, are numerically solved using the bvp4c method. The results reveal that the interplay between geometric convergence, complex ciliary wall undulations, magnetic forces, and Hall currents significantly alters the fluid's axial velocity, pressure gradient, and shear stress distributions. In particular, increases in the Darcy number and Hall parameter enhance fluid transport, while stronger magnetic fields and higher wall slip lengths tend to suppress flow. The novelty of this work lies in its comprehensive coupling of cilia-induced transport with Hall magnetohydrodynamics in a converging porous duct, an area scarcely explored in existing literature. These insights offer potential applications in optimizing next-generation microfluidic designs, peristaltic transport systems, and bio-mimetic pumping technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17848,"journal":{"name":"Kuwait Journal of Science","volume":"53 1","pages":"Article 100480"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144724754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A new stochastic compartmental epidemic model driven by a multidimensional stochastic differential equation under a voluntary and imperfect vaccination strategy","authors":"Benasquar Mohammed ,&nbsp;Aissa Sghir ,&nbsp;Dr. Said El Idrissi","doi":"10.1016/j.kjs.2025.100473","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.kjs.2025.100473","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work introduces a novel compartmental epidemic model that integrates both deterministic and stochastic components to capture the dynamics of disease transmission under a voluntary and imperfect vaccination strategy. The model features a nonlinear incidence rate and differentiates between two classes of susceptible individuals: those who opt for vaccination and those who decline it. The deterministic structure is formulated as a system of multidimensional ordinary differential equations. To incorporate environmental fluctuations, the model is extended by introducing stochastic perturbations into the transmission rate via a white noise term, yielding a system of multidimensional stochastic differential equations. The basic reproduction number is derived to establish the conditions under which the disease either dies out or persists. The effects of the vaccination strategy, as well as the model’s sensitivity to parameter variations, are thoroughly analyzed. Furthermore, the existence and uniqueness of solutions are proven, and the model’s equilibria are characterized. Finally, numerical simulations are conducted to illustrate and validate the analytical results.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17848,"journal":{"name":"Kuwait Journal of Science","volume":"53 1","pages":"Article 100473"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144771417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of scanning electron microscopy unraveling seed micromorphological characteristics in laticifers of family Apocynaceae and subfamily Asclepiadoideae","authors":"Saeeda Naz ,&nbsp;Moona Nazish ,&nbsp;Jawaher Alzahrani ,&nbsp;Haseeb-Ur Rehman ,&nbsp;Fozia Bibi ,&nbsp;Muhammad Zubair ,&nbsp;Muhammad Ishfaq Khan ,&nbsp;Muhammad Tahir Naseem ,&nbsp;Wajid Zaman","doi":"10.1016/j.kjs.2025.100477","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.kjs.2025.100477","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The understanding of trait variation within the seed collection provides an understanding of genetic variation and knowledge about plant conservation. In this study, twelve species of the lactiferous family Apocynaceae and subfamily Asclepiadoideae have been evaluated for seed macro-micromorphological characterization. Seed surface texture, dimension, seed shape and sculpture, seed wing surface cell, coma position, level and color, hilum position and shape were examined by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). This is the first study reporting coma surface sculpturing in Pakistan. Qualitative and quantitative features of seeds exhibited alteration among selected species of both families. The seed shapes were found oblong and flattened. Eight types of seed coat surface (reticulate-regular, reticulate-irregular, regular-rugose, aculeate, papillate, reticulate, ruminate, and striate), nine types of seed wing sculpturing, and four types of hilum surface cells that varied from reticulate to striate were observed. The maximum number of seed surfaces exhibited spiral to undulate hairy anticlinal wall ornamentation. The periclinal wall varied from smooth to warty. A taxonomic key was developed using seed morphological characters for the correct identification of lactiferous taxa. The variations among the studied species described the significance of SEM as a beneficial tool to vitalize the hidden micromorphological features among seeds of lactiferous taxa that eventually aid in seeds' accurate identification, delimitation, classification, and exploration in the future. Laticifer features are useful to understand the generic relationships within the family.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17848,"journal":{"name":"Kuwait Journal of Science","volume":"53 1","pages":"Article 100477"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144711474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Leveraging airport CCTV footage through video understanding techniques for visibility prediction","authors":"Zeonlung Pun ,&nbsp;Xinyu Tian ,&nbsp;Shan Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.kjs.2025.100470","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.kjs.2025.100470","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate atmospheric visibility prediction is critical for enhancing airport safety, especially under adverse weather conditions. However, existing visibility prediction methods predominantly rely on single-image analysis, using either traditional image processing techniques or deep learning models, which often fail to fully capture the dynamic and temporal characteristics inherent in video data. In this study, we explore various video understanding models for visibility prediction, achieving promising results and pioneering the use of video understanding techniques in this domain. Unlike traditional static image-based methods, our proposed three-stream network model integrates spatial information from individual frames, motion dynamics through optical flow, and key reference points extracted via SIFT (scale-invariant feature transform) descriptors. This enables the model to capture both short-term and long-term environmental changes. Experimental results show that our three-stream network significantly outperforms single-frame and image-based models in predicting <span><math><mrow><mi>R</mi><mi>V</mi><mi>R</mi><mtext>_</mtext><mn>1</mn><mi>A</mi></mrow></math></span> (average runway visibility range of one minute). Our model achieves an <span><math><msup><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math></span> mean of 0.896 and an accuracy mean of 0.860 on the test set, substantially outperforming traditional methods. These results not only demonstrate the superior performance of our approach in real-world scenarios but also highlight the potential of video understanding techniques for airport safety monitoring applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17848,"journal":{"name":"Kuwait Journal of Science","volume":"53 1","pages":"Article 100470"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144686607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced wheat growth and stress resilience under copper toxicity through ZnO─NPs and Azospirillum brasilense","authors":"Mohammad K. Okla ,&nbsp;Sadia Javed ,&nbsp;Muhammad Faran Tahir ,&nbsp;Ibrahim A. Saleh ,&nbsp;Ambreen Qadir ,&nbsp;Muhammad Anas ,&nbsp;Muhammad Hamzah Saleem ,&nbsp;Temoor Ahmed ,&nbsp;Abdulrahman Abdullah Alatar ,&nbsp;Bandar M. AlMunqedhi ,&nbsp;Shafaqat Ali","doi":"10.1016/j.kjs.2025.100476","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.kjs.2025.100476","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Copper (Cu) pollution in agricultural soils is considered a serious health risk due to its accumulation in plants, but fewer studies have been conducted on its effects and alleviation strategies by using nanoparticles (NPs) and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). Taking into consideration the positive effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO─NPs) and <em>Azospirillum brasilense</em> in reducing Cu toxicity in plants, the present study was conducted. A pot experiment was conducted to determine the effects of the application of different levels of 25 and 50 ppm of ZnO─NPs and <em>A. brasilense</em> i.e., 10 and 20 ppm, on Cu accumulation, morpho-physiological and antioxidative defense attributes of wheat (<em>Triticum aestivum</em> L.) exposed to severe Cu stress (0, 100, and 200 mg kg⁻¹). Results from the present study showed that the increasing levels of Cu in the soil significantly (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05) decreased plant growth and biomass, photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange attributes, sugars, and nutritional contents from the roots and shoots of the plants. In contrast, increasing levels of Cu in the soil significantly (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05) increased oxidative stress indicators in terms of malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and electrolyte leakage, and also increased organic acid exudation patterns in the roots of <em>T. aestivum</em>. Although the activities of enzymatic antioxidants and the response of their gene expressions in the roots and shoots of the plants and non-enzymatic ones, such as phenolic, flavonoid, ascorbic acid, and anthocyanin contents, were increased by increasing the Cu concentration in the soil. The negative impacts of Cu injury were reduced by the application of ZnO─NPs and <em>A. brasilense</em>, which increased plant growth and biomass, improved photosynthetic apparatus, antioxidant enzymes, and mineral uptake, as well as diminished the exudation of organic acids and oxidative stress indicators in roots of <em>T. aestivum</em> by decreasing Cr toxicity. Research findings, therefore, suggest that the application of ZnO─NPs and <em>A. brasilense</em> can ameliorate Cu toxicity in <em>T. aestivum</em>, resulting in improved plant growth and composition under metal stress, as depicted by balanced exudation of organic acids.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17848,"journal":{"name":"Kuwait Journal of Science","volume":"53 1","pages":"Article 100476"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144678826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}