{"title":"Lessons Learned From Clinical Trials of Immunotherapeutics for COVID-19.","authors":"Inyeong Lee, Christopher R Lupfer","doi":"10.1111/imr.13422","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/imr.13422","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus was arguably one of the worst public health disasters of the last 100 years. As many infectious disease experts were focused on influenza, MERS, ZIKA, or Ebola as potential pandemic-causing agents, SARS-CoV-2 appeared to come from nowhere and spread rapidly. As with any zoonotic agent, the initial pathogen was able to transmit to a new host (humans), but it was poorly adapted to the immune environment of the new host and resulted in a maladapted immune response. As the host-pathogen interaction evolved, subsequent variants of SARS-CoV-2 became less pathogenic and acquired immunity in the host provided protection, at least partial protection, to new variants. As the host-pathogen interaction has changed since the beginning of the pandemic, it is possible the clinical results discussed here may not be applicable today as they were at the start of the pandemic. With this caveat in mind, we present an overview of the immune response of severe COVID-19 from a clinical research perspective and examine clinical trials utilizing immunomodulating agents to further elucidate the importance of hyperinflammation as a factor contributing to severe COVID-19 disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":178,"journal":{"name":"Immunological Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142643550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Balanced regulation of ROS production and inflammasome activation in preventing early development of colorectal cancer.","authors":"Longjun Li, Tao Xu, Xiaopeng Qi","doi":"10.1111/imr.13417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/imr.13417","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and inflammasome activation are the key components of the innate immune response to microbial infection and sterile insults. ROS are at the intersection of inflammation and immunity during cancer development. Balanced regulation of ROS production and inflammasome activation serves as the central hub of innate immunity, determining whether a cell will survive or undergo cell death. However, the mechanisms underlying this balanced regulation remain unclear. Mitochondria and NADPH oxidases are the two major sources of ROS production. Recently, NCF4, a component of the NADPH oxidase complex that primarily contributes to ROS generation in phagocytes, was reported to balance ROS production and inflammasome activation in macrophages. The phosphorylation and puncta distribution of NCF4 shifts from the membrane-bound NADPH complex to the perinuclear region, promoting ASC speck formation and inflammasome activation, which triggers downstream IL-18-IFN-γ signaling to prevent the progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). Here, we review ROS signaling and inflammasome activation studies in colitis-associated CRC and propose that NCF4 acts as a ROS sensor that balances ROS production and inflammasome activation. In addition, NCF4 is a susceptibility gene for Crohn's disease (CD) and CRC. We discuss the evidence demonstrating NCF4's crucial role in facilitating cell-cell contact between immune cells and intestinal cells, and mediating the paracrine effects of inflammatory cytokines and ROS. This coordination of the signaling network helps create a robust immune microenvironment that effectively prevents epithelial cell mutagenesis and tumorigenesis during the early stage of colitis-associated CRC.</p>","PeriodicalId":178,"journal":{"name":"Immunological Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142612331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Role of inflammasomes and neuroinflammation in epilepsy.","authors":"Ava Hollis, John R Lukens","doi":"10.1111/imr.13421","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/imr.13421","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Epilepsy is a brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizures, which are brief episodes of abnormal electrical activity in the brain and involuntary movement that can lead to physical injury and loss of consciousness. Seizures are canonically accompanied by increased inflammatory cytokine production that promotes neuroinflammation, brain pathology, and seizure propagation. Understanding the source of pro-inflammatory cytokines which promote seizure pathogenesis could be a gateway to precision epilepsy drug design. This review discusses the inflammasome in epilepsy including its role in seizure propagation and negative impacts on brain health. The inflammasome is a multiprotein complex that coordinates IL-1β and IL-18 production in response to tissue damage, cellular stress, and infection. Clinical evidence for inflammasome signaling in epileptogenesis is reviewed followed by a discussion of emerging strategies to modulate inflammasome activity in epilepsy.</p>","PeriodicalId":178,"journal":{"name":"Immunological Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142612334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wei-Qing Liu, Wan-Rong Lin, Li Yan, Wen-Hao Xu, Jun Yang
{"title":"Copper homeostasis and cuproptosis in cancer immunity and therapy","authors":"Wei-Qing Liu, Wan-Rong Lin, Li Yan, Wen-Hao Xu, Jun Yang","doi":"10.1111/imr.13276","DOIUrl":"10.1111/imr.13276","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Copper is an essential nutrient for maintaining enzyme activity and transcription factor function. Excess copper results in the aggregation of lipoylated dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase (DLAT), which correlates to the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, resulting in proteotoxic stress and eliciting a novel cell death modality: cuproptosis. Cuproptosis exerts an indispensable role in cancer progression, which is considered a promising strategy for cancer therapy. Cancer immunotherapy has gained extensive attention owing to breakthroughs in immune checkpoint blockade; furthermore, cuproptosis is strongly connected to the modulation of antitumor immunity. Thus, a thorough recognition concerning the mechanisms involved in the modulation of copper metabolism and cuproptosis may facilitate improvement in cancer management. This review outlines the cellular and molecular mechanisms and characteristics of cuproptosis and the links of the novel regulated cell death modality with human cancers. We also review the current knowledge on the complex effects of cuproptosis on antitumor immunity and immune response. Furthermore, potential agents that elicit cuproptosis pathways are summarized. Lastly, we discuss the influence of cuproptosis induction on the tumor microenvironment as well as the challenges of adding cuproptosis regulators to therapeutic strategies beyond traditional therapy.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":178,"journal":{"name":"Immunological Reviews","volume":"321 1","pages":"211-227"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10254250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"NETosis: Sculpting tumor metastasis and immunotherapy","authors":"Yanyan Hu, Houhong Wang, Yang Liu","doi":"10.1111/imr.13277","DOIUrl":"10.1111/imr.13277","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The process of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation, called NETosis, is a peculiar death modality of neutrophils, which was first observed as an immune response against bacterial infection. However, recent work has revealed the unique biology of NETosis in facilitating tumor metastatic process. Neutrophil extracellular traps released by the tumor microenvironment (TME) shield tumor cells from cytotoxic immunity, leading to impaired tumor clearance. Besides, tumor cells tapped by NETs enable to travel through vessels and subsequently seed distant organs. Targeted ablation of NETosis has been proven to be beneficial in potentiating the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy in the metastatic settings. This review outlines the impact of NETosis at almost all stages of tumor metastasis. Furthermore, understanding the multifaceted interplay between NETosis and the TME components is crucial for supporting the rational development of highly effective combination immunotherapeutic strategies with anti-NETosis for patients with metastatic disease.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":178,"journal":{"name":"Immunological Reviews","volume":"321 1","pages":"263-279"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10235386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marie-Noelle Kronig, Marc Wehrli, Diego Salas-Benito, Marcela V. Maus
{"title":"“Hurdles race for CAR T-cell therapy in digestive tract cancer”","authors":"Marie-Noelle Kronig, Marc Wehrli, Diego Salas-Benito, Marcela V. Maus","doi":"10.1111/imr.13273","DOIUrl":"10.1111/imr.13273","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Digestive tract cancers (DTC) belong to the most investigated family of tumors. The incidence, prevalence, and mortality rate of DTC remain high, especially for patients with pancreatic cancer. Even though immunotherapy such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have revolutionized the treatment of solid cancer types, ICI are still restricted to a very small group of patients and seem to be more efficacious in combination with chemotherapy. Cellular immunotherapy such as CAR T-cell therapy has entered clinical routine in hematological malignancies with outstanding results. There is growing interest on translating this kind of immunotherapy and success into patients with solid malignancies, such as DTC. This review attempts to describe the major advances in preclinical and clinical research with CAR T cells in DTC, considering the most relevant hurdles in each subtype of DTC.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":178,"journal":{"name":"Immunological Reviews","volume":"320 1","pages":"100-119"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10200800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lu Li, Tian Li, Xinyu Qu, Guangwei Sun, Qi Fu, Guang Han
{"title":"Stress/cell death pathways, neuroinflammation, and neuropathic pain","authors":"Lu Li, Tian Li, Xinyu Qu, Guangwei Sun, Qi Fu, Guang Han","doi":"10.1111/imr.13275","DOIUrl":"10.1111/imr.13275","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Neuropathic pain is a common and debilitating modality of chronic pain induced by a lesion or disease of the somatosensory nervous system. Albeit the elucidation of numerous pathophysiological mechanisms and the development of potential treatment compounds, safe and reliable therapies of neuropathic pain remain poor. Multiple stress/cell death pathways have been shown to be implicated in neuroinflammation during neuropathic pain. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of stress/cell death pathways and present an overview of the roles and molecular mechanisms of stress/cell death pathways in neuroinflammation during neuropathic pain, covering intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis, autophagy, mitophagy, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis, and phagoptosis. Small molecule compounds that modulate stress/cell death pathways in alleviating neuropathic pain are discussed mainly based on preclinical neuropathic pain models. These findings will contribute to in-depth understanding of the pathological processes during neuropathic pain as well as bridge the gap between basic and translational research to uncover new neuroprotective interventions.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":178,"journal":{"name":"Immunological Reviews","volume":"321 1","pages":"33-51"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10244119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shutong Li, Aoxue Wang, Yongya Wu, Shengyuan He, Wen Shuai, Min Zhao, Yumeng Zhu, Xiuying Hu, Yubin Luo, Guan Wang
{"title":"Targeted therapy for non-small-cell lung cancer: New insights into regulated cell death combined with immunotherapy","authors":"Shutong Li, Aoxue Wang, Yongya Wu, Shengyuan He, Wen Shuai, Min Zhao, Yumeng Zhu, Xiuying Hu, Yubin Luo, Guan Wang","doi":"10.1111/imr.13274","DOIUrl":"10.1111/imr.13274","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which has a high rate of metastatic spread and drug resistance, is the most common subtype of lung cancer. Therefore, NSCLC patients have a very poor prognosis and a very low chance of survival. Human cancers are closely linked to regulated cell death (RCD), such as apoptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis. Currently, small-molecule compounds targeting various types of RCD have shown potential as anticancer treatments. Moreover, RCD appears to be a specific part of the antitumor immune response; hence, the combination of RCD and immunotherapy might increase the inhibitory effect of therapy on tumor growth. In this review, we summarize small-molecule compounds used for the treatment of NSCLC by focusing on RCD and pharmacological systems. In addition, we describe the current research status of an immunotherapy combined with an RCD-based regimen for NSCLC, providing new ideas for targeting RCD pathways in combination with immunotherapy for patients with NSCLC in the future.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":178,"journal":{"name":"Immunological Reviews","volume":"321 1","pages":"300-334"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10189385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Claudia Galassi, Vanessa Klapp, Takahiro Yamazaki, Lorenzo Galluzzi
{"title":"Molecular determinants of immunogenic cell death elicited by radiation therapy","authors":"Claudia Galassi, Vanessa Klapp, Takahiro Yamazaki, Lorenzo Galluzzi","doi":"10.1111/imr.13271","DOIUrl":"10.1111/imr.13271","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Cancer cells undergoing immunogenic cell death (ICD) can initiate adaptive immune responses against dead cell-associated antigens, provided that (1) said antigens are not perfectly covered by central tolerance (antigenicity), (2) cell death occurs along with the emission of immunostimulatory cytokines and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that actively engage immune effector mechanisms (adjuvanticity), and (3) the microenvironment of dying cells is permissive for the initiation of adaptive immunity. Finally, ICD-driven immune responses can only operate and exert cytotoxic effector functions if the microenvironment of target cancer cells enables immune cell infiltration and activity. Multiple forms of radiation, including non-ionizing (ultraviolet) and ionizing radiation, elicit bona fide ICD as they increase both the antigenicity and adjuvanticity of dying cancer cells. Here, we review the molecular determinants of ICD as elicited by radiation as we critically discuss strategies to reinforce the immunogenicity of cancer cells succumbing to clinically available radiation strategies.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":178,"journal":{"name":"Immunological Reviews","volume":"321 1","pages":"20-32"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10535252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}