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I₂-convergence and I₂-cauchy double sequences in topological groups 拓扑群中的I₂-收敛和I₂-柯西双列
Karaelmas Science and Engineering Journal Pub Date : 2018-06-30 DOI: 10.7212/ZKUFBD.V8I1.804
Ö. Kişi
{"title":"I₂-convergence and I₂-cauchy double sequences in topological groups","authors":"Ö. Kişi","doi":"10.7212/ZKUFBD.V8I1.804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7212/ZKUFBD.V8I1.804","url":null,"abstract":"Let  be a family of all subsets of N×N. Following the definition of ideal convergence in a metric space by Kostyrko et al. in 2000, ideal convergence for double sequences in a metric space was introduced by Das et al. (2008). In this paper, I inverstigate I ₂ -convergence and -convergence of double sequences in a topological space and establish some basic teorems. Furthermore we introduce of I ₂ -Cauchy and -Cauchy notions for double sequences in topological groups.","PeriodicalId":17742,"journal":{"name":"Karaelmas Science and Engineering Journal","volume":"78 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84890392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
İçme sularından pentaklorofenol (PCP) giderimi için en iyi arıtma alternatiflerinin çok ölçütlü karar verme metotları (MCDM) kullanılarak belirlenmesi
Karaelmas Science and Engineering Journal Pub Date : 2018-06-30 DOI: 10.7212/ZKUFBD.V8I1.1196
Emrah Ozturk
{"title":"İçme sularından pentaklorofenol (PCP) giderimi için en iyi arıtma alternatiflerinin çok ölçütlü karar verme metotları (MCDM) kullanılarak belirlenmesi","authors":"Emrah Ozturk","doi":"10.7212/ZKUFBD.V8I1.1196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7212/ZKUFBD.V8I1.1196","url":null,"abstract":"Pentaklorofenol (PCP) toksik ozelliklerinden dolayi oncelikli mikrokirletici olarak siniflandirilmaktadir. PCP biyosit olarak yaygin kullanim alanlarina sahiptir. PCP’ler tehlikeli atik bertaraf sahalarindan ve tarimsal alanlardan (yagmursulari ve ruzgar etkisiyle suruklenmeyle) icme suyu kaynaklarina tasinmaktadir. Ozellikle icme sulari ve gidalar uzerindeki PCP kalintilarinin insan vucuduna alinmasi insan sagligi uzerinde onemli bir risk olusturmaktadir. Bu calismada, PCP’nin icme sularindan uzaklastirilmasinda kullanilabilinecek en iyi aritma alternatifi cok olcutlu karar verme metotlarindan (MCDM) yararlanilarak belirlenmistir. En iyi aritma alternatifinin belirlenmesi surecinde kriter agirliklandirma (KAM), agirlikandirilmis toplama (ATM) ve basit siralama (BSM) metotlarinin bir kombinasyonundan olusan bir analiz modeli kullanilmistir. Bu kapsamda tanimlanan 18 degerlendirme kriterine gore literaturdeki benzer calisma verilerinden ve uzman goruslerinden de yararlanilarak kapsamli ve sistematik bir degerlendirme yapilmistir. Sonucta membran filtrasyon proseslerinin (nanofiltrasyon (NF) ve ters ozmos (RO)) yuksek giderim performanslarina sahip olmasi, kolay kurulum, isletim ve bakim kolayligi, kimyasal gereksiniminin az olmasi, yaygin kullanima sahip olmasi ve oturmus bir teknoloji olmasi, aritilmis su kalitesinin yuksek olmasi, yan urun ya da daha toksik metabolitlerin olusmamasi gibi avantajlara sahip olmasi nedeniyle en iyi aritma alternatifi olarak belirlenmistir.","PeriodicalId":17742,"journal":{"name":"Karaelmas Science and Engineering Journal","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81780351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Okyanus ve Deniz Altı Madenciliğin Kısa Tarihçesi
Karaelmas Science and Engineering Journal Pub Date : 2018-06-26 DOI: 10.7212/ZKUFBD.V8I1.1002
Arman Ehsani, Osman Sivrikaya
{"title":"Okyanus ve Deniz Altı Madenciliğin Kısa Tarihçesi","authors":"Arman Ehsani, Osman Sivrikaya","doi":"10.7212/ZKUFBD.V8I1.1002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7212/ZKUFBD.V8I1.1002","url":null,"abstract":"Bu calismada okyanus ve deniz alti madenciligin tarihsel gelisimine kisa ve ozet bir sekilde deginilecektir. Okyanuslar ve denizler dunyamizin yaklasik % 71 ini kapsamaktadir. Deniz alti ve okyanus maddeciliginin gelisimi deniz-okyanus bilimi (osinografi) calismalari kapsaminda hayata gecmistir. Deniz ve deniz alti ile ilgili ilk arastirmalar M.O. 2000 yillarda Giritliler ve Fenikeliler tarafindan gerceklestirilmistir. Osinografi dalinda modern teknikler ile yapilan ilk arastirma, 1855 yilinda okyanuslarin derinliginin olculmesi (bathymetric) calismalari olarak goze carpmaktadir. British Challenger gemisi ile 1872 yilinda 4 yil suren bir arastirma seyahatinde Kuzey Kutbu Denizi haric butun okyanus ve denizler gezilerek mangan iceren yumrulu yataklar saptanmistir. 1968 yilinda Golmar Challenger denizalti araci deniz alti ve okyanus tabani hakkinda inceleme calismalarina baslamistir. 2005 yilinda ise ilk okyanus-deniz alti madenciligi uygulamasi olan Solwara projesinin ilk sondaj calismalari Papua Yeni Gine aciklarinda baslamistir. Anahtar Kelimeler : Okyanus madenciligi, Osinografi, British Challenger, Solwara","PeriodicalId":17742,"journal":{"name":"Karaelmas Science and Engineering Journal","volume":"72 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81491845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Covarient Derivatives of Structures with Respect to Lifts on Tangent Bundle 结构对切线束上升力的协变导数
Karaelmas Science and Engineering Journal Pub Date : 2018-06-26 DOI: 10.7212/zkufbd.v8i1.1038
Haşim Çayır
{"title":"Covarient Derivatives of Structures with Respect to Lifts on Tangent Bundle","authors":"Haşim Çayır","doi":"10.7212/zkufbd.v8i1.1038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7212/zkufbd.v8i1.1038","url":null,"abstract":"The differential geometry of tangent bundles was studied by several authors, for example: D. E. Blair (Blair 1976), V. Oproiu (Oproiu 1973), A. Salimov (Salimov 2013), Yano and Ishihara (1973) and among others. It is well known that differant structures defined on a manifold can be lifted to the same type of structures on its tangent bundle. Our goal is to study covariant derivatives of almost contact structure and almost paracontact structure with respect to and on tangent bundle","PeriodicalId":17742,"journal":{"name":"Karaelmas Science and Engineering Journal","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84995697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Bir robot tutucunun yorulma hasarının bilgisayar destekli mühendislik(bdm) ile araştırılması
Karaelmas Science and Engineering Journal Pub Date : 2018-06-26 DOI: 10.7212/ZKUFBD.V8I1.885
Olcay Ekşi, Sencer Süreyya Karabeyoğlu, Erol Turkes, İsmet Tikiz
{"title":"Bir robot tutucunun yorulma hasarının bilgisayar destekli mühendislik(bdm) ile araştırılması","authors":"Olcay Ekşi, Sencer Süreyya Karabeyoğlu, Erol Turkes, İsmet Tikiz","doi":"10.7212/ZKUFBD.V8I1.885","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7212/ZKUFBD.V8I1.885","url":null,"abstract":"Bu calismada, AISI 1040 celik malzemeden talasli sekil verme ile uretilmis bir robot tutucunun yorulma hasari, SolidWorks Simulations yazilimi kullanilarak arastirilmistir. Tutucunun kati modeli SolidWorks yaziliminda olusturulmus, SolidWorks Simulations ile lineer gerilme analizi ve yorulma hasari kontrolu yapilmistir. Tutucunun tasarimi degistirilerek alternatif tasarimlar arastirilmistir. Sonuc olarak tutucunun tasarimi geri beslemeli bir surec sonrasinda degismistir. Tutucunun agirliginda yaklasik % 20 azalma saglanmistir. Yapilan tasarim degisikligi sonrasinda tutucuda olusan maksimum gerilmelerin azaldigi ve simulasyon sonuclarina gore parcanin calisma omrunun arttigi belirlenmistir.","PeriodicalId":17742,"journal":{"name":"Karaelmas Science and Engineering Journal","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84158111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Students’ Opinions about Problem-Based Learning (PBL) and Scenario Applied in Teaching ‘Electrochemistry’ 学生对“电化学”教学中问题导向学习(PBL)与情境教学法的看法
Karaelmas Science and Engineering Journal Pub Date : 2018-06-26 DOI: 10.7212/ZKUFBD.V8I1.1171
Tuğçe Günter, S. K. Alpat
{"title":"Students’ Opinions about Problem-Based Learning (PBL) and Scenario Applied in Teaching ‘Electrochemistry’","authors":"Tuğçe Günter, S. K. Alpat","doi":"10.7212/ZKUFBD.V8I1.1171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7212/ZKUFBD.V8I1.1171","url":null,"abstract":"This research aimed to determine students’ opinions about both problem-based scenario developed and the sessions of problem-based learning (PBL) used for the topic of ‘Electrochemistry’ in an Analytical Chemistry course. The research was conducted with students who were studying in the fourth year in the Department of Chemistry Education, Secondary Science and Mathematics Education, Faculty of Buca Education, Dokuz Eylul University (N=15). Students’ opinions concerning the scenario and the PBL sessions were gathered by using a structured data collection tool. In addition, the attempt was made to determine whether the students could themselves design a scenario or different learning materials for the relevant topic. The data obtained from the structured data collection tool consisted of answers to 11 open-ended questions which were evaluated by content analysis. Students stated positive opinions related to PBL sessions and problem-based scenario in general. The study proposes that the scope of the applied scenario could be further expanded by increasing content of the topic related to activities associated with daily life.","PeriodicalId":17742,"journal":{"name":"Karaelmas Science and Engineering Journal","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82186081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Toprak Örneklerinden Asidik ve Bazik Sulara Arsenik, Bakır, Demir, Kurşun Geçişinin İncelenmesi
Karaelmas Science and Engineering Journal Pub Date : 2018-06-26 DOI: 10.7212/ZKUFBD.V8I1.812
Tüli̇n Deniz Çiftçi
{"title":"Toprak Örneklerinden Asidik ve Bazik Sulara Arsenik, Bakır, Demir, Kurşun Geçişinin İncelenmesi","authors":"Tüli̇n Deniz Çiftçi","doi":"10.7212/ZKUFBD.V8I1.812","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7212/ZKUFBD.V8I1.812","url":null,"abstract":"Bu calisma ile yuksek derisimde arsenik icerdigi daha onceki calismalarda tespit edilen artezyen sularinin cikarildigi topraklardan farkli pH’lardaki cozeltilere gecen arsenik, bakir, demir ve kursunun tayin edilmesiyle, birbirleri arasinda bir iliski olup olmadigi belirlenmistir. Calismayla, topraktaki agir metallerin cozeltilere gecme miktarinin pH’a bagli olarak nasil degistigi incelenmistir. Topragin tamamen bozundurulmasi yerine, cevre kosullarina daha uygun olmasi hedeflenerek lic etme yontemi kullanilmistir. Deneyler sonucunda, yuksek derisimde arsenik iceren sularin cikarildiklari topraktan cozeltilere de yuksek derisimde arsenik gectigi belirlenmistir. Tum toprak ve su ornekleri icin bakir ve kursun derisimleri 1 mg/L’nin altinda olarak belirlenmistir. Demir ve arsenik derisimleri ise sirasiyla 154 mg/L ve 553 µg/L’yi bulmaktadir. Literaturde cogunlukla asidik ortamda veya pH 7’ye kadar cikilarak topraktan cozeltiye gecis incelenirken bu calisma ile pH 12’de kuvvetli bazik ortamda arsenik, bakir, demir ve kursunun gecisi incelenmis ve asidik ortama gore topraktan daha yuksek derisimde cozeltiye gecis oldugu belirlenmistir. Bu calismanin sonuclarindan; topraktan agir metal gidermek-yikamak icin yararlanilabilecegini ve ileride yapilacak arastirma projelerine de zemin olusturacagini tahmin ediyoruz.","PeriodicalId":17742,"journal":{"name":"Karaelmas Science and Engineering Journal","volume":"76 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78383437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Sucrose Determination From Gummy Candy with Imprinted Polymer 印迹聚合物法测定软糖中的蔗糖
Karaelmas Science and Engineering Journal Pub Date : 2018-06-26 DOI: 10.7212/ZKUFBD.V8I1.886
F. Telli, Burcu Okutucu
{"title":"The Sucrose Determination From Gummy Candy with Imprinted Polymer","authors":"F. Telli, Burcu Okutucu","doi":"10.7212/ZKUFBD.V8I1.886","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7212/ZKUFBD.V8I1.886","url":null,"abstract":"Sucrose is a valuable carbohydrate because of its broad usage in the chemical, microbiological, pharmaceutical, and food industries. The determination of sucrose content in all of these products is very desirable process. The t molecularly imprinted polymers are candidate materials for analyzing carbohydrates without any derivatization. In this study; we synthesized 2,6-bis(acrylamido) pyridine as a designed monomer and also crosslinker. Spectroscopic characterization studies (FTIR and NMR) were carried out the monomer and for the sucrose-monomer complex. The sucrose imprinted polymer was used to determine sucrose from gummy candy. The 60 % of sucrose was recognized from gummy candy by sucrose imprinted polymer.","PeriodicalId":17742,"journal":{"name":"Karaelmas Science and Engineering Journal","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83748352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Basınç Çubuğu Bünye Bağıntısının Boşluklu Dolgu Duvarlı Betonarme Çerçevelerin Artımsal İtme Analizine Etkisi
Karaelmas Science and Engineering Journal Pub Date : 2018-06-26 DOI: 10.7212/ZKUFBD.V8I1.1003
Taner Uçar, Onur Ozturkoglu
{"title":"Basınç Çubuğu Bünye Bağıntısının Boşluklu Dolgu Duvarlı Betonarme Çerçevelerin Artımsal İtme Analizine Etkisi","authors":"Taner Uçar, Onur Ozturkoglu","doi":"10.7212/ZKUFBD.V8I1.1003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7212/ZKUFBD.V8I1.1003","url":null,"abstract":"Yapilarin dogrusal elastik analizinde, dolgu duvarlarin geometrik ve mekanik ozellikleri yonetmeliklerde verilen bagintilar esas alinarak belirlenen iki ucu mafsalli kosegen esdeger basinc cubugu olarak analitik modele dahil edilmesi yaygin kabul goren bir yaklasimdir. Ayni modelleme tekniginin dogrusal elastik olmayan analizde kullanilmasi durumunda kosegen esdeger basinc cubugunun bunye bagintisina da ihtiyac duyulmaktadir. Homojen ve izotrop olmayan yapisi ve uygulanmasindaki farkliliklara bagli olarak dolgu duvarlar icin tek ve kesin bir analitik modelden ve bunye bagintisindan soz etmek oldukca zordur. Bu calismada, literaturde esdeger basinc cubugunun eksenel kuvvet–kisalma iliskisine ait farkli yaklasimlarin duzleminde farkli konum ve oranlarda bosluk bulunan dolgu duvarli bir betonarme cercevenin artimsal itme analizinden elde edilen cesitli parametrelere etkisi incelenmistir. Acilan bosluktan dolayi dolgu duvarda meydana gelen rijitlik kaybi, dolgu duvarin sonlu elemanlar ile modellendigi analizlerden elde edilen rijitlik azaltma faktoru yardimiyla dikkate alinmis ve bu etki kosegen esdeger basinc cubugunun bunye bagintisina yansitilmistir. Dogru parcalari ile ideallestirilen itme egrisinin tipik noktalarina ait taban kesme kuvveti ve tepe yerdegistirmesi degerleri ile dolgu duvarin gocmesiyle dayanimda meydana gelen azalma farkli eksenel kuvvet­–kisalma bagintilari icin belirlenmis ve karsilastirilmistir.","PeriodicalId":17742,"journal":{"name":"Karaelmas Science and Engineering Journal","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89968546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Dorse Tasarımında Stres Dağılım Analizi ve Topoloji Optimizasyonu
Karaelmas Science and Engineering Journal Pub Date : 2018-06-26 DOI: 10.7212/ZKUFBD.V8I1.1073
Oğuz Koçar, Oğuz Koçar
{"title":"Dorse Tasarımında Stres Dağılım Analizi ve Topoloji Optimizasyonu","authors":"Oğuz Koçar, Oğuz Koçar","doi":"10.7212/ZKUFBD.V8I1.1073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7212/ZKUFBD.V8I1.1073","url":null,"abstract":"Agir sanayi urunlerinin (demir celik endustrisi vb.) tasimasinda dorseler onemli bir rol oynamaktadir. Dorseler tasiyacaklari yuk kapasitesine ve cesidine gore farkli sasi (frame) ve kasa tiplerine sahip olabilirler. Dorselerin sasi tasarimlarinda (mak. yuk kapasitesi goz onune alinarak) gereksiz agirliklardan kurtulmak icin bosaltma islemi yapilmaktadir. Bu calismada 26 ton kapasiteli acik kasa kuru yuk dorsesi sasi ana tasiyicisi incelenmistir. Dorsenin numerik modeli kurularak statik yuk altinda gerilme dagilimlari incelenmistir. Strain gage kullanilarak sasi ana tasiyicisi uzerinde farkli noktalarda gerilme olcumleri gerceklestirilerek modelin dogrulamasi yapilmistir. Sonuclar incelendiginde sasi ana tasiyicisi uzerinde hafifletme icin yapilan bosaltmanin yorulma dayaniminin azalmasina sebep oldugu ve servis omru dolmadan hasar riskini arttirdigi belirlenmistir. Ve gerilme dagilimi, Emniyet katsayi (EKS) goz onune alinarak yeni bir tasarim onerilmistir.","PeriodicalId":17742,"journal":{"name":"Karaelmas Science and Engineering Journal","volume":"97 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91473940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
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