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The Oxford Handbook of South Korean Politics最新文献

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Labour Union Activism 工会活动
The Oxford Handbook of South Korean Politics Pub Date : 2022-02-14 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192894045.013.21
Soonmee Kwon
{"title":"Labour Union Activism","authors":"Soonmee Kwon","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192894045.013.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192894045.013.21","url":null,"abstract":"The Great Workers’ Struggle of 1987 marked a critical juncture in the transformation of South Korea’s authoritarian labour regime. This chapter examines the political and historical development of the country’s unique labour activism. That militant unionism has contributed to the improvement of the economic and social status of the working class. However, it has also turned out to be one of the main causes of organized labour’s deepening social and political isolation. As a result, labour market inequality has been further exacerbated by the combination of enterprise unionism and a social insurance system that prioritizes protection for regular workers. This suggests the limits of South Korean labour activism, which has neither established an encompassing union structure, nor extended the protection of universal citizenship to non-regular workers.","PeriodicalId":177101,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of South Korean Politics","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123396414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Press 媒体
The Oxford Handbook of South Korean Politics Pub Date : 2022-02-14 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192894045.013.26
K. Kwak
{"title":"The Press","authors":"K. Kwak","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192894045.013.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192894045.013.26","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines how partisanship and progressive–conservative divisions have influenced the press and the relationship between the press and political parties in Korea since the 1990s. To better understand this dynamic, it identifies the major features of the Korean press and examines the way in which the legacy of authoritarianism has affected political reporting and the press–party relationship. It argues that the interplay between the press and the political parties has continued to be marked by elements of a parallel relationship between the two—the major features of the Korean press mirror the characteristics of the political parties. It also argues that political parties and the press have been the major contributors to the current conservative–progressive divisions in Korea, and this has been worsened because the country’s press has been continuously subjugated to its own political and ideological commitments.","PeriodicalId":177101,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of South Korean Politics","volume":"148 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123397460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Parties and Party Systems 政党和政党制度
The Oxford Handbook of South Korean Politics Pub Date : 2021-12-08 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192894045.013.14
Sunghack Lim
{"title":"Parties and Party Systems","authors":"Sunghack Lim","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192894045.013.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192894045.013.14","url":null,"abstract":"Since the late 1980s, South Korea has established democratic rules and institutions to protect the political freedom and civil rights of its citizens. In this process, political parties played a pivotal role in building democratic institutions and became a necessary actor for democratic governance. The characteristics of South Korean political parties and party system such as non-ideological regional factionalism, personality-based party organization, growing electoral volatility due to party changes, and a cartelized two-party system have contributed to weak party system institutionalization (PSI). Despite weak PSI, South Korea successfully underwent three peaceful power transfers, thus exceeding Huntington’s two turnover test of democratic consolidation. The stability of interparty competition has been maintained despite moderate electoral volatility. While regionalism is still the most important factor in voter decisions, the ideological linkage between parties and voters has been tightening. The South Korean parties and party system have a long way to go before achieving the levels of PSI seen in the West, but they have followed in these countries’ footstep to some extent. More sophisticated measures and concepts should be developed to analyse political parties and party systems in new democracies.","PeriodicalId":177101,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of South Korean Politics","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129166640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Chaebol
The Oxford Handbook of South Korean Politics Pub Date : 2021-12-08 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192894045.013.8
Sang-young Rhyu
{"title":"Chaebol","authors":"Sang-young Rhyu","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192894045.013.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192894045.013.8","url":null,"abstract":"Chaebol is a very contentious word in Korea, both practically and theoretically. Chaebols serve as genes, deeply imprinted on the structural characteristics and historical origins of all sectors, including politics, society, and culture, as well as the economy and business management in South Korea. The assessment of Chaebols is largely expressed using one of three metaphors: angels, demons, or necessary evils in South Korea’s political economy. The democratization in 1987 and the 1997 Asian economic crisis served as dual pressures that triggered economic reform and resulted in extensive institutional change and Chaebol reform. Under the pressures of globalization and democratization, the country’s developmental state and Chaebols are all going through the process of reform and evolution. The sustainability and future of Chaebols will depend on how innovative they are in the global market and how much they can enhance social trust in South Korea.","PeriodicalId":177101,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of South Korean Politics","volume":"106 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128092240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Conservative Democratization 保守的民主化
The Oxford Handbook of South Korean Politics Pub Date : 2021-12-08 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192894045.013.6
W. Kang
{"title":"Conservative Democratization","authors":"W. Kang","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192894045.013.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192894045.013.6","url":null,"abstract":"South Korea celebrated the thirtieth anniversary of democratization in 2017. Over the thirty years since democratization in 1987, Korea has successfully institutionalized democracy. The last thirty years of democracy in Korea, however, have a dual aspect. The fierce resistance of students and civil society triggered the democratization process in 1987. However, the political pact between the political elites institutionalized the democratic transition. The 1987 system created through the political pact between political elites with the exclusion of civil society’s influence functioned as a political cartel and a high barrier to new political forces. One of the significant consequences of this cartel system has been the underrepresentation of political minorities such as youth and non-regular workers. Democracy does not mean elite rotation. The democratization of democracy must begin for Korean democracy, which started a new cycle after the 2016–2017 Candlelight Uprising, to become a responsive system that reflects many citizens’ preferences.","PeriodicalId":177101,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of South Korean Politics","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124543762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Constitutional Politics 宪法政治
The Oxford Handbook of South Korean Politics Pub Date : 2021-12-08 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192894045.013.10
Won-taek Kang
{"title":"Constitutional Politics","authors":"Won-taek Kang","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192894045.013.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192894045.013.10","url":null,"abstract":"In 1948, the Constitution was enacted by the Constitutional National Assembly, and a presidential system was adopted. But it was a hybrid system with both presidential and parliamentary system elements. Even though nine constitutions have been promulgated since then, this characteristic has remained fundamentally unchanged. Under the authoritarian regimes, the dictators forcibly revised the Constitution to strengthen their power and extend their terms of office. Constitutional politics, then, was fraught with serious conflict. South Korea was democratized in 1987, and the Constitution was democratically revised accordingly. The most important thing in this new Constitution was the restoration of the popularly elected presidential system. But the 1987 Constitution was modelled on the 1962 Constitution, and does not fit well with today’s democratized and diverse Korean society. The need to decentralize the authority and power of central government is another reason for constitutional reform.","PeriodicalId":177101,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of South Korean Politics","volume":"290 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122782420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Presidentialism with Parliamentary Characteristics 具有议会特征的总统制
The Oxford Handbook of South Korean Politics Pub Date : 2021-12-08 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192894045.013.4
Jeonghun Han
{"title":"Presidentialism with Parliamentary Characteristics","authors":"Jeonghun Han","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192894045.013.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192894045.013.4","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines the characteristics of presidentialism in South Korea, equipped with several parliamentary institutional elements in the Constitution. Although the performance of these parliamentary elements have been actively disused, it has not been analysed in a systematic way. In redressing this weakness, this chapter aims to illustrate the conditions under and extent to which these elements distinguish South Korean presidentialism from other presidential systems. In so doing, it first reviews the historical development of these institutions and then explores their long-term performance, focusing both on the National Assembly’s involvement in the president’s appointment of personnel and on executive legislation. The analysis shows that constitutionally the South Korean political regime can be clearly identified as a presidential system. In addition, the parliamentary elements are unlikely to serve as a check on South Korean presidents to orient the political system into one which relies on a mutual dependence between the executive and the legislature.","PeriodicalId":177101,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of South Korean Politics","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125843364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Legislative Politics 立法的政治
The Oxford Handbook of South Korean Politics Pub Date : 2021-12-08 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192894045.013.11
B. Sohn
{"title":"Legislative Politics","authors":"B. Sohn","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192894045.013.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192894045.013.11","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses the general characteristics of the South Korean National Assembly frequently observed since democratization in 1987. Among other things, the chapter primarily focuses on the two major actors in the South Korean parliamentary arena, standing committees and legislative parties. It starts by describing the evolution of the National Assembly, maintaining that the South Korean legislative process has been heavily dominated by the president and the executive branch in one way or another. This observation was never truer than during the authoritarian eras, but has also been the case since the start of the Sixth Republic. With respect to the major actors, political parties in the National Assembly can be said to play a predominant role, while the standing committees have atrophied despite their nominal centrality and positional importance. All the explanations in this chapter suggest that the so-called inter-party consultative system more often than not gives way to majoritarianism in the actual legislative process when the two modes collide.","PeriodicalId":177101,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of South Korean Politics","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125602271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The History of South Korea, 1945–1987 韩国历史，1945-1987
The Oxford Handbook of South Korean Politics Pub Date : 2021-12-08 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192894045.013.3
T. Park
{"title":"The History of South Korea, 1945–1987","authors":"T. Park","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192894045.013.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192894045.013.3","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explains the flow of modern Korean political history by looking at events beginning with the 1948 election and ending with the 1987 democratization process. The historical events before 1987 can be largely divided into four periods: the period of the First Republic; the period of the Second Republic and the Park Chung-hee administration; the period of the Yusin regime; and the period of the Gwangju Uprising, new military leaders, and the Democratization Uprising in 1987. The purpose of this chapter is to show the macro-flow of modern Korean politics through historical events, focusing on the causal relationships explaining each regime change by describing the characteristics and tendencies of each regime. The events and changes explain how the structure of conflict in modern Korean politics changed from democratization versus authoritarian forces to progressive versus conservative forces and show where the pro-democratization tendency of Korean politics began.","PeriodicalId":177101,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of South Korean Politics","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130264606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Executive Politics 高管政治
The Oxford Handbook of South Korean Politics Pub Date : 2021-12-08 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192894045.013.12
Jongkon Lee
{"title":"Executive Politics","authors":"Jongkon Lee","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192894045.013.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192894045.013.12","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explains the historical origins of strong bureaucratic power in South Korea and recent changes in which the concentration of bureaucratic power has weakened. In the 1960s and 1970s, economic growth was South Korea’s top priority, and economic policy agencies such as the Economic Planning Board (EPB) led the nation’s overall policy decisions under the protection of the powerful president, Park Chung-hee. As the economy grew, however, various social demands, such as welfare, labour rights, and environmental protection, were expressed by the public, and many institutions that could reflect these demands grew within the bureaucracy in the 1980s and 1990s. As a consequence, the influence of the EPB was relatively reduced. Since the 2000s, democratization has matured and the ability of the National Assembly to make policy decisions and keep the administration in check has been strengthened. As a result, the bureaucrats’ influence on policy further diminished.","PeriodicalId":177101,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of South Korean Politics","volume":"136 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123209008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
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