Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society最新文献

The curious case of the iniquitous in-laws: Oirat disloyalty in Mongol Iran 姻亲不忠的怪事：蒙古伊朗的花魁不忠

IF 0.3 4区社会学

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Pub Date : 2024-09-19 DOI: 10.1017/s1356186324000129

Tobias Xavier Jones

{"title":"The curious case of the iniquitous in-laws: Oirat disloyalty in Mongol Iran","authors":"Tobias Xavier Jones","doi":"10.1017/s1356186324000129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1356186324000129","url":null,"abstract":"The Oirats were key supporters of the Mongol enterprise and helped to bring Chinggis Khan to power. Chinggis and his family intermarried with the royal lineage of the Oirats who were descended from Qutuqa Beki. As these marriages continued throughout Mongol history, descendants of Qutuqa Beki and Chinggis's daughter Checheyigen became key supporters of various successor khanates. In the Ilkhanate of Iran, one of their relatives, Tanggiz Küregen, and his family were intimately connected with the ruling house. The importance of Oirat military support for the Ilkhanid government was to such an extent that he and his descendants were regularly pardoned for treasonous acts. While other elite lineages such as the Juvainīs, the family of Arghun Aqa, and the Chupanids all had had great power and influence, they met violent ends at the hands of their Ilkhanid rulers. Tanggiz and his descendants however, were not only not overly punished for their acts of lèse-majesté, but in fact outlived the Ilkhanid Dynasty itself. This culminated in the government of ʿAlī Pādshāh, who ruled much of the former Ilkhanid realm through a puppet khan for a short period in 1336. This article investigates how Oirat power was both central to the Ilkhanid regime and helped cause its downfall.","PeriodicalId":17566,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142266466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Ibn Khaldūn's reception in colonial South Asia 伊本-哈勒敦在南亚殖民地的接受情况

IF 0.3 4区社会学

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Pub Date : 2024-09-19 DOI: 10.1017/s1356186324000191

Baqar Hassan Syed

引用次数: 0

Clay sealings from Perlis, Malaysia, and the wider world of the Bodhigarbhālaṅkāralakṣa-Dhāraṇī 马来西亚珀里斯的粘土封印和更广阔的菩提迦叶世界

IF 0.3 4区社会学

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Pub Date : 2024-09-19 DOI: 10.1017/s1356186324000087

Eng Jin Ooi, Nasha Rodziadi Khaw

{"title":"Clay sealings from Perlis, Malaysia, and the wider world of the Bodhigarbhālaṅkāralakṣa-Dhāraṇī","authors":"Eng Jin Ooi, Nasha Rodziadi Khaw","doi":"10.1017/s1356186324000087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1356186324000087","url":null,"abstract":"Multiple copies of a particular clay sealing bearing the Buddhist Bodhigarbhālaṅkāralakṣa-dhāraṇī (mantra) inscription were discovered in Gua Berhala—a cave in Perlis, Malaysia. These sealings can be roughly assigned to the tenth century and they appear to have been stamped with an identical seal. However, critical reading of the textual rendition of the dhāraṇī had not yet been done despite several attempts to study it. Therefore, based on several fragments of these sealings, this article provides a detailed reading and translation of the dhāraṇī and considers the cultural significance of their production. The article also examines the textual structure of this Perlis dhāraṇī and compares it with similar dhāraṇīs preserved in a palm-leaf manuscript and other materials found across Asia. This includes a survey on the wider transmission of the dhāraṇī in the continent. In this comparative exercise, the physical characteristics of the Perlis sealing appear to be unique and express a distinct artistic style, while its textual tradition is slightly compressed compared with others, with no identical equivalent found elsewhere. This observation suggests that Perlis, with its proximity to the Bujang Valley, participated in the wider network of dhāraṇī culture rooted in Eastern India and was just not a passive recipient of this practice.","PeriodicalId":17566,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142266694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Greatest Name of God: ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib as a cosmic image in Rajab al-Bursī's Mashāriq al-anwār 最伟大的神名：ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib 在 Rajab al-Bursī's Mashāriq al-anwār 中的宇宙形象

IF 0.3 4区社会学

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Pub Date : 2024-09-19 DOI: 10.1017/s1356186324000130

Mohammad Amin Mansouri

{"title":"The Greatest Name of God: ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib as a cosmic image in Rajab al-Bursī's Mashāriq al-anwār","authors":"Mohammad Amin Mansouri","doi":"10.1017/s1356186324000130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1356186324000130","url":null,"abstract":"ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib (d. 40/661)—a revered figure in Islamic history as both the first Shiʿi imam and the fourth caliph—serves as a significant image of sacral power in the Persianate world and beyond. ʿAlī's authority underwent a profound reimagining in the early modern era as he emerged as a captivating imperial emblem from the Timurid renaissance to the Safavid revolution, rivalling other prominent figures of political authority such as Chinggis Khan (d. 1227), and becoming a symbol of human perfection for both Sunni and Shiʿi intellectuals alike. ʿAlī transcended his role as a Shiʿi imam to assume the status of a cosmic figure, gradually becoming an ideal symbol for imperial branding. However, there is little scholarly knowledge and appreciation of his changing role in this period. This article examines how al-Ḥāfiẓ Rajab al-Bursī's (d. circa 814/1411) Mashāriq al-anwār, which has remained highly popular throughout the Persianate and Shiʿi world, contributed to the reshaping of ʿAlī's image, portraying him as the quintessential archetype of sacral power and unmatched authoritative feats.","PeriodicalId":17566,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142266464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Mobilising human resources to build a national communications network: the case of Japan before the Pacific War 调动人力资源建设国家通信网络：太平洋战争前的日本案例

IF 0.3 4区社会学

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Pub Date : 2024-04-02 DOI: 10.1017/s1356186324000075

Janet Hunter

{"title":"Mobilising human resources to build a national communications network: the case of Japan before the Pacific War","authors":"Janet Hunter","doi":"10.1017/s1356186324000075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1356186324000075","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyses labour-intensive workforce strategies in Japan's government-run informational infrastructure (post, telegraph, and telephone) and in the adjunct services associated with their administration in the decades up to the Pacific War. It asks to what extent the growing scale of employment in Japan's communications infrastructure in this period confirms the existence of labour-intensive growth outside the manufacturing sector, and how far the growth of the labour force in post and telecommunications was facilitated by specific labour-absorbing institutions—that is, formal or informal institutions designed to mobilise or incentivise large numbers of employees. The discussion of these two associated questions shows not only that this area of infrastructure provision was highly labour-intensive in terms of the numbers employed and the diverse tasks undertaken, but also that the government-run postal system in effect depended for its growth and development on labour strategies and labour-absorbing institutions analogous to those usually associated with manufacturing development. The article also seeks to establish how far we can see in this sector the gradual improvement in the quality of labour normally associated with the labour-intensive industrialisation process, providing evidence that the evolving institutions were closely associated with a gradual improvement in the quality of labour and its ability to interact with rapidly changing needs and technologies.","PeriodicalId":17566,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140600090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

New dawn in Mughal India: longue durée Neoplatonism in the making of Akbar's sun project 莫卧儿印度的新曙光：阿克巴太阳计划中的长期新柏拉图主义

IF 0.3 4区社会学

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Pub Date : 2024-04-02 DOI: 10.1017/s1356186323000664

Jos Gommans, Said Reza Huseini

引用次数: 0

Trading locomotives between the USA and Japan: Okura & Co. at the beginning of the twentieth century 美国和日本之间的机车贸易：二十世纪初的大仓机车公司

IF 0.3 4区社会学

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Pub Date : 2024-03-11 DOI: 10.1017/s1356186323000548

Naofumi Nakamura

{"title":"Trading locomotives between the USA and Japan: Okura & Co. at the beginning of the twentieth century","authors":"Naofumi Nakamura","doi":"10.1017/s1356186323000548","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1356186323000548","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines international transactions related to steam locomotives at the beginning of the twentieth century while focusing on Japanese trading companies. In particular, it considers in detail how Japanese trading companies acquired the knowledge and know-how of locomotive trading to carry out their business transactions through a case study of Okura & Co.'s New York branch office. The analysis highlights the following three factors that supported Okura's locomotive trade in New York: first, the company took advantage of business opportunities by collecting information through networks of Japanese contacts in New York and local experts; second, it utilised social and technological infrastructure, including international communication lines, transportation, and financial systems, as key fundamentals of its overseas activities; third, a former oyatoi (hired foreigner) played a critical role as its consulting engineer. In particular, the overseas activities of Japanese trading companies drew heavily on formerly hired foreign engineers, whose technological knowledge and networks became an essential route of knowledge transfer in cross-regional commercial management. These will contribute to the evolution of history related to the starting points of global activities of Japanese trading companies.","PeriodicalId":17566,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140100080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Seeking employment during Japan's early industrialisation: new engineering graduates and their struggles before 1900 日本早期工业化时期的求职：1900 年前的新工科毕业生及其奋斗历程

IF 0.3 4区社会学

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Pub Date : 2024-03-11 DOI: 10.1017/s1356186323000603

Masanori Wada

{"title":"Seeking employment during Japan's early industrialisation: new engineering graduates and their struggles before 1900","authors":"Masanori Wada","doi":"10.1017/s1356186323000603","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1356186323000603","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the social background of engineers in Meiji Japan by analysing their employment-seeking activities and their role in fostering industrial development. In particular, it focuses on the graduates from the Imperial College of Engineering (ICE) in Tokyo. One of the most prestigious schools for technical education, the ICE was established by the Meiji government in 1871 and opened in 1873. In traditional Japanese society, the handicraft manufacturing sector was held in low regard. The difficulties that graduates faced while the industry was still developing serve as a stark reminder of the widespread contempt and disdain for manufacturing that existed in Japan before the new profession of engineer gained traction. By scrutinising the memoirs of these engineers, this study shows that new engineering graduates faced barriers to employment in industry due to the low social prestige of those working in manufacturing in the private sector and the conflict with traditional workers, as well as the fact that private companies could not afford to employ engineers in the early years of industrialisation.","PeriodicalId":17566,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140099562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Divergent tracks: Korean Government Railways’ employment and training systems under Japanese colonial rule, 1910–45 不同的轨道：1910-45 年日本殖民统治时期韩国政府铁路公司的就业和培训制度

IF 0.3 4区社会学

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Pub Date : 2024-03-11 DOI: 10.1017/s1356186323000597

Chaisung Lim

{"title":"Divergent tracks: Korean Government Railways’ employment and training systems under Japanese colonial rule, 1910–45","authors":"Chaisung Lim","doi":"10.1017/s1356186323000597","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1356186323000597","url":null,"abstract":"This study employs annual reports, time-series statistics, and internal training records of the colonial-era Korean Government Railways (KGR) to conduct a quantitative analysis of its labour management practices. It addresses the colonial characteristics associated with Japanese techno-imperialism beyond ethnic discrimination, revealing a dual-pronged labour strategy that adopted a Japanese government employee system to manage middle- and upper-level personnel and directly recruited on-site workers for the lower echelons. This deviates from the low rates of local employment in Western colonies, particularly self-governing British territories or integrated French territories. In contrast, KGR's employment practices demonstrated economic and ethnic inequalities. It predominantly made Koreans on-site labourers, whereas Japanese not only held similar roles, but also occupied upper- and middle-management positions. Worker mobility, particularly among Japanese employees, grew following the outbreak of war between Japan and the USA, leading to the mass external recruitment of Koreans and the expansion of internal education to alleviate labour shortages. Nevertheless, preferential treatment toward Japanese individuals, which had been in relative decline for promotion, wages, and admission rates to training schools, ultimately persisted. Understanding KGR's employment structure shows how colonisation mediated Korea's modernisation and imposed technical limitations on the management of local labour. National technological decolonisation thus required Koreans to further introduce external technologies after the end of Japan's imperial reign.","PeriodicalId":17566,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140099802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Kṛṣṇa the Magician: metapoesis and ambivalence in Faiḍī's Mahābhārat 魔术师 Kṛṣṇa：Faiḍī 的《Mahābhārat》中的隐喻和矛盾心理

IF 0.3 4区社会学

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Pub Date : 2024-02-15 DOI: 10.1017/s1356186323000639

Justin N. Smolin

{"title":"Kṛṣṇa the Magician: metapoesis and ambivalence in Faiḍī's Mahābhārat","authors":"Justin N. Smolin","doi":"10.1017/s1356186323000639","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1356186323000639","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, I discuss the vilification of Kṛṣṇa as a deceitful sorcerer in the Mughal poet-laureate Shaikh Abū'l Faiḍ bin Mubārak, or ‘Faiḍī's Mahābhārat and his correspondent apotheosis as the ‘essence of the True God' in the Shāriq al-maʿrifat, a treatise also ascribed to Faiḍī. As I argue, this inconsistency, or ambivalence, is a common and overlooked facet of the elite Islamicate engagement with religious diversity and difference in early modern Hindustan. In the case of the Mahābhārat, however, Faiḍī's portrayal of Kṛṣṇa as a deceitful illusionist reflects not only an Islamic discomfort with Vaishnavite theology, but Faiḍī's own performative insecurities as a Hindustani writer of Persian poetry and literary prose. Kṛṣṇa's so-called ‘magic’ lies in large part in his way with words: the verbal and social manipulation he uses to stoke the flames of conflict. The character thus becomes a kind of shadow or double of Faiḍī himself-a demiurgic author of the Mahābhārat upon which the poet can displace the classical Islamicate association of poetry with sorcery and deceit.","PeriodicalId":17566,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139757541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0