Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination最新文献

{"title":"Flat sheet metakaolin ceramic membrane for water desalination via direct contact membrane distillation","authors":"Tsegahun Mekonnen Zewdie, N. Habtu, A. Dutta, B. Van der Bruggen","doi":"10.2166/wrd.2022.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2022.001","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Hydrophobic metakaolin-based flat sheet membrane was developed via phase inversion and sintering technique and modified through 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane grafting agents. The prepared membrane was characterized by different techniques such as XRD, FTIR, SEM, contact angle, porosity, and mechanical strength. Their results indicated that the wettability, structural, and mechanical properties of the prepared membrane confirm the suitability of the material for membrane distillation (MD) application. The prepared metakaolin-based flat sheet membrane acquired hydrophobic properties after surface modification with the water contact angle values of 113.2° to 143.3°. Afterward, the membrane performance was tested for different sodium chloride aqueous solutions (synthetic seawater) and various operating parameters (feed temperature, feed flow rate) using direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD). Based on the findings, the prepared membrane at metakaolin loading of 45 wt.% and sintered at 1,300 °C was achieved the best performance with >95% salt rejection and permeate flux of 6.58 ± 0.3 L/m2 · h at feed temperature of 80 °C, feed concentration of 35 g/L, and feed flow rate of 60 L/h. It can be concluded that further optimization of membrane porosity, mechanical, and surface properties is required to maximize the permeate flux and salt rejection.","PeriodicalId":17556,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43280794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Public perceptions and perspectives on alternative sources of water for reuse generated at the household level","authors":"M. Portman, Olga Vdov, M. Schuetze, Y. Gilboa, E. Friedler","doi":"10.2166/wrd.2022.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2022.002","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Studying perceptions about reuse of alternative water sources informs about conditions necessary for transition to large-scale decentralized water reuse. We administered a perceptions survey to the public based on results of initial open interviews of water management experts in Israel. Experts indicated their views on impediments to widespread household water reuse which became the basis for developing the questionnaire. The latter aimed to understand views among the general public of: (a) willingness to adopt reuse practices from three sources: greywater, air conditioner condensate and roof-harvested rainwater; and (b) preferences for targeted use of these three types of reused water. The survey elicited 372 responses. A maximum-likelihood regression analysis was conducted using independent variables (i.e., demographic characteristics, individual positions regarding the state of the country's water resources and plans for the provision of domestic water (i.e., desalination), knowledge of the reuse practices and views about risks from various uses of the reused water, including off-premise). Willingness to implement reuse practices served as the dependent variable. We found that respondents indicating that they heard of the reuse of the particular types of reuse practices (variable: ‘Knowledge’) was the most significant of the independent variables for all three alternative water sources. Also, using an analytic hierarchy process, we determined that health risks were much more important when compared to convenience of use and costs under hypothetical scenarios of both moderate and significant savings in monthly water expenditures.","PeriodicalId":17556,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46088093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced desalination efficiency of flow-through capacitive deionization cell by mesh electrode with granular aerogel carbon in the removal of ions from synthetic and real samples","authors":"Bahram Roshan, Hassan Rasoulzadeh, Mohamadreza Massoudinejad, Mohsen Saadani, Daryoush Sanaei","doi":"10.2166/wrd.2021.067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2021.067","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Flow-through capacitive deionization (FTCDI) is a traditional improved flow-by CDI cellular structure, used to remove ions from aqueous solutions. In this study, a new FTCDI was designed consisting of mesh electrodes (ME) containing ion-exchange membranes (IEM) and aerogel carbon granules with a specific surface area of 489 m²/g. All analyses and experiments performed showed that the new design can remove nitrate, phosphate, sodium, calcium, and chloride. Under optimal conditions, the new FTCDI system can remove 82.5, 49, 85, and 90% of sodium chloride, calcium chloride, nitrate, and phosphate with a maximum input concentration of 450 mg/L, 450 mg/L, 70 mg/L, and 3 mg/L, respectively. The efficiency of this system was also evaluated for real samples. Findings of the study showed that if the initial amount of turbidity is 12 NTU, total soluble solids (TDS) 1,700 mg/L, total hardness 540 mg/L, phosphate 0.09 mg/L, nitrate 28.8 mg/L, and electrical conductivity (EC) 3,480 μs/cm, the system can remove 25, 23.5, 33.3, 66.6, 54.4, and 39.1%, respectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":17556,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138530407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adsorption of phosphorus onto nanoscale zero-valent iron/activated carbon: removal mechanisms, thermodynamics, and interferences","authors":"Adel Adly, Nagwan G. Mostafa, Abdelsalam Elawwad","doi":"10.2166/wrd.2022.103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2022.103","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study investigated removal mechanisms, thermodynamics, and interferences of phosphorus adsorption onto nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI)/activated carbon composite. Activated carbon was successfully used as support for nZVI particles to overcome shortcomings of using nZVI include its tendency to aggregate and separation difficulties. A comprehensive characterization was done for the composite particles, which revealed a high specific surface area of 72.66 m²/g and an average particle size of 37 nm. Several adsorption isotherms and kinetic models have been applied to understand the removal mechanisms. Adsorption isotherm is best fitted by Freundlich and Langmuir models, which indicates that the estimated maximum phosphorus adsorption capacity is 53.76 mg/g at pH 4. Adsorption kinetics showed that the chemisorption process behaved according to a pseudo-second-order model. An adsorption mechanism study conducted using the intra-particle diffusion and Boyd kinetic models indicated that the adsorption rate is limited by surface diffusion. A thermodynamic study showed that phosphorus removal efficiency increased as the solution temperature increased from 15 to 37 °C. Finally, the results of an interference study showed that the presence of Ni²⁺, Cu²⁺, Ca²⁺, Na⁺ cations, nitrate ions (<span>⁠<img alt=\"\" data-src=\"https://iwa.silverchair-cdn.com/iwa/content_public/journal/jwrd/12/1/10.2166_wrd.2022.103/1/m_wreuse-d-21-00103if01.gif?Expires=1651762139&amp;Signature=mC4pvIcqjh7ScdlVBarklSj9BT0HppbRKVmmAsIVlupWE0SSjSia~1oqF16URluPJ5jMmAQ7K1~UFkkr6DJqnrJ-m0vl-HxFPunw8Dl3WVwx1~wHwGaotWJD93h3TaFGL8ZqX-QQU7rTeDZl2AW8ZKIYhECq2FW~ckLw~N9W-BRA36KyZp588j-MwkyMq3a2F5~uV2FwyTMTJEKg9U~RGdBQsh~xhTI8cTLWbDjohyvlfBRsX4yfrQU00O~I8dS-jLdnZ91yMSCXKe5IFFuCxEnfDUdenl5BvdoK0PVfkUOX-3H3jekukO9aekXCT~uOXPCwJZJwIK7uUZhXdgn44Q__&amp;Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA\" path-from-xml=\"wreuse-d-21-00103if01.gif\" src=\"https://iwa.silverchair-cdn.com/iwa/content_public/journal/jwrd/12/1/10.2166_wrd.2022.103/1/m_wreuse-d-21-00103if01.gif?Expires=1651762139&amp;Signature=mC4pvIcqjh7ScdlVBarklSj9BT0HppbRKVmmAsIVlupWE0SSjSia~1oqF16URluPJ5jMmAQ7K1~UFkkr6DJqnrJ-m0vl-HxFPunw8Dl3WVwx1~wHwGaotWJD93h3TaFGL8ZqX-QQU7rTeDZl2AW8ZKIYhECq2FW~ckLw~N9W-BRA36KyZp588j-MwkyMq3a2F5~uV2FwyTMTJEKg9U~RGdBQsh~xhTI8cTLWbDjohyvlfBRsX4yfrQU00O~I8dS-jLdnZ91yMSCXKe5IFFuCxEnfDUdenl5BvdoK0PVfkUOX-3H3jekukO9aekXCT~uOXPCwJZJwIK7uUZhXdgn44Q__&amp;Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA\"/>⁠</span>), and sodium acetate improves removal efficiency, while the presence of sulfate ions (<span>⁠<img alt=\"\" data-src=\"https://iwa.silverchair-cdn.com/iwa/content_public/journal/jwrd/12/1/10.2166_wrd.2022.103/1/m_wreuse-d-21-00103if02.gif?Expires=1651762139&amp;Signature=Xh2YjnzypwuJnKmNkqGYhGVKqDTu8-t6K5DVm82-FeZoGi~FXSQgfUhGxrs3yMR5UayN0jBxkS07R0Wh0tClEnytxQXPFKxThs8K41-Nsqyan1pbFJuoJT0VOOgX3ETVdP26QwdPlF5y2Xz9eWNJ27sli5P0bIuSJDUiCrRbHnB9MShy7uKKA~dEzbGIz63Jf36CxYKcLu6vqmTEixkn","PeriodicalId":17556,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138542156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low-cost poly(vinyl formal) for heavy metal removal from water of a polluted river","authors":"Francisca Villanueva-Flores, L. A. Palomares","doi":"10.2166/wrd.2022.077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2022.077","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Heavy metal pollution in drinking water is a serious health risk, particularly in developing countries. Membranes of poly(vinyl formal) (PFA) were synthesized to explore their use for heavy metal removal from water samples from the polluted Mexican river ‘Atoyac.’ A single incubation step with PFA membranes for 24 h was sufficient to reduce lead, iron, manganese, arsenic, and thallium concentrations to acceptable levels for drinking water, according to the Mexican standards. PFA showed high adsorption capacities (Qe), even in the presence of multiple metals and low cation concentration. Mass transport phenomena were characterized as a function of the crosslinking degree and pH. To simulate real-life operation conditions, water fluxes across PFA membranes were characterized as a function of their crosslinking degrees and controlled external pressures. PFA membranes allowed fluxes at pressures of up to 2 kg/cm2 with no deformation or breaking. Tensile strength, strain stress, elastic deformation, and Young's modulus were assessed. In contrast with previous reports, no further PFA modifications were required to obtain an excellent adsorption performance, which results in lower production costs. The ease of PFA synthesis and handling, and low production cost make it an ideal material to be applied for remediating the polluted urban water.","PeriodicalId":17556,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43584181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance evaluation of a HDH desalination system using direct contact packed towers: experimental and mathematical modeling study","authors":"Taleb Zarei, M. Miroliaei","doi":"10.2166/wrd.2022.095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2022.095","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Humidification–dehumidification desalination (HDH) is one of the suitable methods for desalination of saline and brackish water in a small scale. In this research, a HDH desalination method with a direct contact dehumidifier has been analyzed theoretically and experimentally. The setup consists of two similar packing towers for humidification and dehumidification, 10 inches in diameter, which are filled up to 1 m with Rushing packing. In this new HDH configuration, seawater and freshwater recirculation has been used in humidifier and dehumidifier sections, respectively. A steady-state mathematical model based on the mass and energy equations for each system component is presented. The effect of various input parameters on the freshwater production, gain output ratio (GOR) and specific energy consumption has been investigated. The results revealed that the inlet seawater and air temperature to the humidification tower had the highest and the lowest effect on the produced freshwater, respectively. Also, the maximum value of the GOR is 3.3, which is obtained in the equilibrium condition of the dehumidifier. The experiments show that the freshwater production of the proposed HDH device is 300 L/day, which can provide water for domestic consumption of a small family.","PeriodicalId":17556,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47341396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of denitrification performance and microbial community structure in a bio-electrochemical reactor under different current densities with wheat-rice stone powder","authors":"Hengyuan Liu, Qili Hu","doi":"10.2166/wrd.2022.086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2022.086","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Nitrate widely exists in water pollution and is the most stable form of nitrogen pollution. This study investigated the effect of the current density (CD) and the wheat-rice stone powder (WP) on denitrification performance, microbial diversity and enzyme activity in a bio-electrochemical reactor (BER). It was found that an optimum CD of 200 mA/m2 and the addition of WP significantly improved the nitrate removal rate constant compared with the control group (12.28 d−1 versus 9.75 d−1) and remarkably reduced the intermediate accumulation of nitrite. The application of both optimum CD and WP enhanced the microbial diversity and catalytic activity of nitrate reductase (Nar) and nitrite reductase (Nir). The most dominant microbial taxa in our reactor were Methyloversatilis, Methylotenera, and an unclassified genus of the family Methylophilaceae. Moreover, WP allowed the denitrifiers to better withstand the stress of high CD. This study presented results supporting the use of an optimum CD and natural mineral addition to improving the performance of the denitrification process within a BER.","PeriodicalId":17556,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47142360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling and optimization of process parametric interaction during high-rate anaerobic digestion of recycled paper mill wastewater using the response surface methodology","authors":"H. M. Zwain, Hind Barghash, M. Vakili, I. Dahlan","doi":"10.2166/wrd.2022.088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2022.088","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This study carried out the anaerobic digestion of recycled paper mill wastewater (RPMW) in a high-rate novel anaerobic baffled reactor. The parametric interaction between influent chemical oxygen demand (CODin) and hydraulic retention time (HRT) was modeled, and process responses were optimized by the response surface methodology (RSM) using a three-level factorial design. The results showed that the optimal condition was determined at CODin of 4,000 mg/L and HRT of 2 days and predicted values for COD removal, biological oxygen demand (BOD) removal, lignin removal, CH4 content, and CH4 production were found to be 94%, 98%, 68%, 85%, and 20.8 L CH4/d, respectively. According to the statistical analysis of the RSM, all models were significant with very low probability values (from 0.0045 to <0.0001). The parametric interaction showed that increasing the CODin positively influenced the COD, BOD, and lignin removal efficiencies, effluent alkalinity, and methane content and production but was unfavorable for pH and effluent volatile fatty acid (VFA). Shorting the HRT negatively affected the COD, BOD, and lignin removal efficiencies, pH level, alkalinity, and methane content and production, and increased the VFA effluent concentration. The optimal conditions were established at 4,000 mg/L COD and HRT of 2 days, corresponding to the predicted COD, BOD, and lignin removal efficiencies of 91, 98, and 71%, respectively, whereas 28 mg/L of VFA and 0.125 L of CH4/g CODremoved were generated.","PeriodicalId":17556,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49581931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Process evaluation of urban river replenished with reclaimed water from a wastewater treatment plant based on the risk of algal bloom and comprehensive acute toxicity","authors":"Danyan Sun, Xiaohu Lin, Zhibo Lu, Ju-wen Huang, Guangming Li, Jing-cheng Xu","doi":"10.2166/wrd.2021.023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2021.023","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Municipal wastewater reuse has an important role to play with scarce water resources and serious water pollution. However, the impact of reclaimed water on the aquatic ecology and organisms of the receiving water needs to be assessed. This study investigated one ecological restoration project of an urban river replenished with reclaimed water, and evaluated the risk of algal bloom and acute biological toxicity in the river. Results showed that the concentrations of permanganate index and ammonia nitrogen in the river could stably remain below the standard values, the concentrations of total phosphorus were high and most of the monitoring values were between 0.42 and 0.86 mg/L. The content of chlorophyll a was relatively lower, ranging from 0.06 to 0.10 mg/m3. The maximum value of Fv/Fm was 0.42, which was lower than the algal bloom prediction threshold of 0.63. Moreover, the results of luminescence inhibition rate on luminescent bacteria showed that the reclaimed water did not cause significant biological toxicity to the aquatic ecology. The study suggested that implementing urban reclaimed water reuse projects requires a series of ecological purification and restoration technologies in the receiving water, which can effectively guarantee the stability of water quality and the safety of water ecological environment.","PeriodicalId":17556,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43995748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of rooftop rainwater harvesting in Ajloun, Jordan","authors":"Z. Al-Houri, A. Al-Omari","doi":"10.2166/wrd.2021.064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2021.064","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In response to water scarcity in Ajloun governorate, Jordan, the effectiveness of implementing rooftop rainwater harvesting (RRWH) was investigated. In addition, a structured questionnaire was prepared and distributed to randomly selected residents to assess the status of the current RRWH practices in the governorate and the people's perceptions of this practice. It was found that between 0.39 million cubic meters (MCM) in a dry year (2017) and 0.96 MCM in a wet year (2018) can be harvested, which is equivalent to 7.6% and 16.8% of the domestic water supply for these years, respectively. The analysis of a total of 360 questionnaires revealed that only 14.2% of the households in Ajloun governorate own a RRWH system. However, the majority, 80.6%, of those who do not own a RRWH system showed interest in installing one. An overwhelming majority of the sample, 96.7%, believes that the government should provide incentives to subsidize the construction of RRWH systems, which is attributed to the high initial cost of these systems. The technical and social feasibilities of RRWH, in addition to the high cost of the alternatives, justifies providing incentives, such as cost sharing for the consumers in Ajloun to implement RRWH systems.","PeriodicalId":17556,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41623584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}