PSN: Sustainable Development (Topic)最新文献

{"title":"Towards an Enabling Environment for Social Accountability in Bangladesh.","authors":"Hossain Ahmed Taufiq","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3891781","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3891781","url":null,"abstract":"Social accountability refers to promoting good governance by making ruling elites more responsive. In Bangladesh, where bureaucracy and legislature operate with little effective accountability or checks and balances, traditional horizontal or vertical accountability proved to be very blunt and weak. In the presence of such faulty mechanisms, ordinary citizen’s access to information is frequently denied, and their voices are kept mute. It impasses the formation of an enabling environment, where activists and civil society institutions representing the ordinary people’s interest are actively discouraged. They become vulnerable to retribution. Social accountability, on the other hand, provides an enabling environment for activists and civil society institutions to operate freely. Thus, leaders and administration become more accountable to people. An enabling environment means providing legal protection, enhancing the availability of information and increasing citizen voice, strengthening institutional and public service capacities and directing incentives that foster accountability. Donors allocate significant shares of resources to encouraging civil society to partner with elites rather than holding them accountable. This paper advocate for a stronger legal environment to protect critical civil society and whistle-blowers, and for independent grant-makers tasked with building strong, self-regulating social accountability institutions.","PeriodicalId":175326,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Sustainable Development (Topic)","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115284809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Chinese Financial Institutions in Promoting Sustainable Investment Under the One Belt One Road Initiative","authors":"Bingyu Liu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3148085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3148085","url":null,"abstract":"Chinese financial institutions are playing an increasingly important role in Chinese companies’ investment overseas in the context of China’s One Belt One Road Initiative (OBOR). While the financial support is flowing under OBOR, one concern is the management of environmental and social risks by Chinese financial institutions, particularly in countries with weak environmental governance. Questions have been raised on whether Chinese financial institutions are properly incorporating social and environmental risk into their investment overseas, and on the extent to which the project cycle is governed by financial institutions in a transparent and accountable manner. The integration of environmental, social considerations into its business operations and lending practices, is pivotal to embrace the sustainable development of Chinese foreign investment in the long-term. Few scholars have generally examined Chinese financial institutions’ social and environmental governance of their overseas financed projects during OBOR construction. This paper fills this gap by analyzing the role of financial institutions in promoting sustainable investment. Beyond scholarly contributions, this paper has practical policy implications. It provides a better understanding on how to promote the development of Chinese financial institutions’ environmental and social protection frameworks and the inclusion of environmental and social considerations into their lending and investment policies. The paper first outlines the relationship between environmental and social risks with Chinese financial institutions and advocates the necessity to develop green finance in ensuring that China’s overseas investment is made in a manner that is green, inclusive, and accountable. The paper further introduces Chinese and Chinese-led financial institutions participating in OBOR and China’s policy development of sustainable lending and investment. Through comparing the environmental and social protection framework between Chinese financial institutions and multilateral financial institutions, the paper proposes policy and management suggestions to promote China’s sustainable financial investment in the future.","PeriodicalId":175326,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Sustainable Development (Topic)","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127361394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integration of Reusing Materials as a Tool in Sustainable Design Education","authors":"Ahmed H. Radwan, A. Morsi","doi":"10.21125/INTED.2018.2448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21125/INTED.2018.2448","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this paper is to study the process of integrating reusing materials aspects in the programs of architecture schools especially those which focus on sustainability as a design methodology, and how it could lead to a better architecture educationquality, the research focus on the Egyptian case of Architecture schools, after studying some global cases, with a special focus on the case of the Architecture department of the Faculty of fine Arts, where such experiences has been applied not only among the students of Architecture, but also among students from other departments. Reusing materials wasn’t only a tool to train students of Architecture programs on a specific course, but also was used as a methodology of understanding the materials and dealing with the resources in a better way, thus increasing the awareness of students towards sustainability especially in their early stages of Architecture education. The curriculum and the teaching system of the Architecture Bachelor program of Faculty of Fine Arts, applied reusing materials in various assignments to the students in many courses, since many decades, and in different programs as mentioned above rather than the architecture department, yet the research is focusing more on the linkage that could be established between reusing materials as a learning tool and sustainability as a design methodology that students should be aware of in the different stages of their education process.","PeriodicalId":175326,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Sustainable Development (Topic)","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123524362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable Reimbursements: Towards a Unified Framework for Pricing Drugs with Significant Uncertainties","authors":"Sylvain Chassang, V. Mantua, E. Snowberg, E. Xoxi, L. Pani","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3138425","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3138425","url":null,"abstract":"Recent political events have thrust the bulk negotiation of drug prices by Medicare and Medicaid back into the spotlight. Yet, even if politically feasible, there is no clear framework for negotiating prices of new drugs with uncertain target populations—for example, due to imprecise estimates or off-label use—or uncertain clinical effects—for example, due to heterogeneous patient response. We create such a framework using two-price programs developed in the economics of procurement literature. This framework delivers new payment strategies, and unifying them with theoretical advances in pharmaceutical reimbursement like capitation and value-based pricing. Two-price programs substantially reduce uncertainty for both payers and pharmaceutical companies, while still creating financial incentives for those companies that innovate and create value for patients.","PeriodicalId":175326,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Sustainable Development (Topic)","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127236434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Re-uso de agua en usuarios residenciales de la ciudad de Bogotá y su impacto (Re-Use of Water in Residential Users of the Bogotá City and its Impact)","authors":"Alex Javier Garzón Orduña, Rafael Orlando Ortiz Mosquera","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3113738","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3113738","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Spanish Abstract:</b> Para toda empresa prestadora del servicio de agua potable es importante conocer el modo como los usuarios demandan el servicio, el caudal neto entregado, su distribución en el tiempo y el rango de caudales en los que se consume la mayor parte del volumen de agua entregado. Igualmente, es importante contar con curvas características y patrón de consumo reales para cada tipo de usuario, que permitan determinar los consumos netos reales diarios para cada habitante, incorporando en este análisis variables adicionales asociadas a las costumbres de consumo y re-uso de la población, y su impacto directo en los consumos de los usuarios. El presente trabajo se centra en estimar el consumo neto per cápita de agua en usuarios de tipo residencial de la ciudad de Bogotá, y a partir de la determinación características y hábitos de re-uso de agua de la población, determinar la influencia de este re-uso en los consumos diarios de cada habitante y su impacto potencial en el uso racional del recurso. <b>English Abstract:</b> For every company that provides drinking water service (Utility), it is important to know how users demand the service, the net flow delivered, its distribution over time and the range of flows in which most of the volume of water delivered is consumed. Likewise, it is important to have real characteristic curves and consumption patterns for each type of user, which allow to determine the daily net daily intakes for each settler, incorporating in this analysis additional variables associated with the habits of consumption and re-use of the population , and its direct impact on users' consumption. The present work focuses on estimating the per capita net consumption of water in residential users of the Bogotá City, and from the determination of characteristics and habits of re-use of water of the population, determine the influence of this re-use in the daily consumption of each settler and its potential impact on the rational use of the resource.","PeriodicalId":175326,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Sustainable Development (Topic)","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127085789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Housing Environmental Risk in Urban Areas: Cross Country Comparison and Policy Implications","authors":"B. Chiarini, Antonella D’Agostino, E. Marzano, Andrea Regoli","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3127350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3127350","url":null,"abstract":"The main aim of this paper is to assess whether there is a statistically significant environmental impact of cities within European countries. Second, starting from the estimated environmental impact of cities within European countries, the paper investigates whether cross-country variation can be explained by macro-economic factors and government policies which can play a role in mitigating such an impact. We start from individual evidence (EU-SILC data) to obtain a measure of the environmental impact of cities within countries, and then correlate the latter with macro variables to explain European heterogeneity. These estimates confirm that the environmental risk for households is particularly perceived in more densely populated urban agglomerations, although the marginal effects are quite heterogeneous between countries. Macroeconomic factors such as inequality, wealth, taxation and public spending on the environment, and macroeconomic constraints such as the public finance disequilibrium produce a strong heterogeneity between countries in determining the marginal effects of urban metropolises on household environmental risk.","PeriodicalId":175326,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Sustainable Development (Topic)","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132194666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of Energy Prices on Employment and Environmental Performance: Evidence from French Manufacturing Establishments","authors":"Giovanni Marin, F. Vona","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3089662","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3089662","url":null,"abstract":"This paper evaluates the historical influence of energy prices on a series of measures of environmental and economic performance for a panel of French manufacturing establishments over the period 1997-2010. The focus on energy prices is motivated by the fact that changes in environmental and energy policies have been dominated by substantial reductions in discounts for large consumers, making the evaluation of each policy in isolation exceedingly difficult. To identify price effects, we construct a shift-share instrument that captures only the exogenous variation in establishment-specific energy prices. Our results highlight a trade-off between environmental and economic goals: although a 10 percent increase in energy prices brings about a 6 percent reduction in energy consumption and an 11 percent reduction in CO2 emissions, such an increase also has a modestly negative impact on employment (-2.6 percent) and very small impact on wages and productivity. The negative employment effects are mostly concentrated in energy-intensive and trade-exposed sectors. Simulating the effect of a carbon tax, we show that job losses for the most exposed sectors can be quite large. However, these effects are upper bounds and we show that they are significantly mitigated in multi-establishment firms by labor reallocation across establishments.","PeriodicalId":175326,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Sustainable Development (Topic)","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124432924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Agenda 2030 Measurements and Finance Interaction of International Investment Law and Sustainability","authors":"Dan Denny, D. Castro, 马晓燕 Emma Xiaoyan Ma","doi":"10.18623/RVD.V14I30.1146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18623/RVD.V14I30.1146","url":null,"abstract":"This work analyzes the Agenda 2030 in its main potentiality to lead public policies and private actions towards a more sustainable path. At the same time it acknowledges its dependency on measurements and finance mechanisms for the Sustainable Development Goals implementation. The main argument is that public expectations face difficulties to be translated in public actions, due to, among other factors, the lack of measurement and finance mechanisms. With this purpose it starts describing what is the Agenda 2030, and how this United Nations lead international declaration is structured to be monitored and implemented by States and others multi stakeholders. Secondly it analyses the importance of the measurements to address critical social environmental challenges and to allow comparison between the achievements of each member state. Third it remarks the role-played by international financial institutions, by international investment and by the private sector in general. Forth, the article highlights the drawbacks the methodology of goals can represent when used to overcome collective challenges marked by moral issues and diffuse impacts, being highly dependent on measurements and finance tools. The methodology chosen was the descriptive and normative, the techniques used were documentary, legislative and bibliographic research.","PeriodicalId":175326,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Sustainable Development (Topic)","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122915737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Managing the Sustainability of Economic System As the Basis of Investment Development in Ukraine","authors":"S. Kozlovskyi, I. Khadzhynov, I. Vlasenko, Liliya Marynchak","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3087305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3087305","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays, studying the categories of \"economic sustainability\", \"economic sustainability management\" and the peculiarities of these concepts are especially relevant. Their use would provide an opportunity to ensure the sustainable and most effective functioning of the subject of economic relations in the current period of time, as well to create a high potential for its development and ensuring the conditions for investing capital in the Ukrainian economy. All this determined the purpose of this study, which consists in the study of the theory and essence of the concept of economic sustainability, the interpretation of the concept of \"economic sustainability of the system\" and the concept of \"management of economic sustainability of the system\", distinguishing factors affecting the sustainability of the economic system of Ukraine, determining the relationship of economic sustainability with economic security, investing as well as forecasting the level of sustainability of the Ukrainian economy based on the use of innovative modeling methods. The object of research is the process of developing the theory of the concept of \"economic sustainability\" and determining the level of economic sustainability of the economy aimed at raising the investment climate in Ukraine. To ensure the development, security and investment attractiveness of the Ukrainian economy, an organizational structure of the management model for the sustainability of the Ukrainian economic system was developed using the developed economic and mathematical model.","PeriodicalId":175326,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Sustainable Development (Topic)","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133689838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Industrial Sustainability and the Circular Economy as Counterparts to the Self-Referral Structure of Natural Law: Part II – A Global Case Study","authors":"Lee Fergusson","doi":"10.23954/OSJ.V2I4.1219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23954/OSJ.V2I4.1219","url":null,"abstract":"Part I of this two-part series of research papers identified the theoretical foundations of industrial sustainability and circular economy in the structure of Natural Law, as explained by Maharishi Vedic Science. Part I showed that all levels of a manifest hierarchy are governed by self-referral and self-interacting feedback loops, and maintained that the circular economic model represents a counterpart to the self-referral mechanics of Natural Law and is therefore more in accord with Natural Law than the standard linear ‘take, make, dispose’economic model, which is unsustainable due to its attitude to and management of energy and other resource portfolios, waste and end-of-life products. This Part II explores the self-referral structure of Natural Law in the context of one of the world’s largest industrial hazardous wastes: alumina refinery residue or ‘red mud’. The paper examines how this solid waste residue, which is generated at a rate of more than 120 million tonnes each year, can: a) be incorporated into a sustainable, circular economic model in order to reduce waste and improve productivity; and b) be reused or repurposed as either a feedstock to other industrial and municipal processes, such as concrete and cementitious product manufacture, agriculture and mine site rehabilitation, or, if such reuse applications generate other forms of waste, how these, too, can enter further cascading circular economies through beneficial reuse. I propose that a long-term economic and environmental benefit from alumina refinery residue can be liberated when its reuse is based on the principles of self-referral and self-interacting feedback loops as described by Maharishi Vedic Science, and suggest that the deep-rooted commercial, human and environmental risks posed by this industrial waste stream can be minimized or even eliminated through a circular approach to waste management, thereby leading to a more sustainable economic future for the world.","PeriodicalId":175326,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Sustainable Development (Topic)","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127887818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}