Journal of Toxicology and Risk Assessment最新文献

{"title":"Evaluation of Lung Cell Toxicity of Surfactants for Inhalation Route","authors":"F. Lindenberg, F. Sichel, M. Lechevrel, R. Respaud, G. Saint-Lorant","doi":"10.23937/2572-4061.1510022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23937/2572-4061.1510022","url":null,"abstract":"Few data are available for excipients administered by inhalation route. This study evaluated the in vitro potential toxicity of three surfactants (Polysorbate 20, Polysorbate 80 and Poloxamer 188) by using an original air-liquid interface (ALI) method of exposure compared to liquid/liquid (L/L) model. Two cell toxicity tests were conducted on BE-AS-2B cells, a human immortalized bronchial epithelial cell lines; measurement of Lactate Dehydrogenase activity and XTT cell proliferation assay. We found that Polysorbate 20 appeared to be more toxic than Polysorbate 80, Poloxamer 188. An increased toxicity of Polysorbate 20 in L/L system as shown in comparison to ALI exposure. A toxicity was also observed for polysorbate 80 but at higher concentrations and without difference between L/L and ALI exposure. No toxicity was observed for Poloxamer 188 at high concentrations. Poloxamer 188 seems to be the better candidate, out of the three tested, for galenic formulations designed to the inhalation route such as biotherapies. To evaluate the cytotoxicity of excipients for inhalation route the ALI exposure have to be used instead of L/L.","PeriodicalId":174677,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Risk Assessment","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122700633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Public and Environmental Health Effects of Plastic Wastes Disposal: A Review","authors":"Alabi Okunola A, Ologbonjaye Kehinde I, A. Oluwaseun, Alalade Olufiropo E","doi":"10.23937/2572-4061.1510021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23937/2572-4061.1510021","url":null,"abstract":"Since 1950 to 2018, about 6.3 billion tonnes of plastics have been produced worldwide, 9% and 12% of which have been recycled and incinerated, respectively. Human population increase and consistent demand for plastics and plastic products are responsible for continuous increase in the production of plastics, generation of plastic waste and its accompanied environmental pollution. We have reviewed in this paper, the most relevant literatures on the different types of plastics in production, the hazardous chemical constituents, prevailing disposal methods and the detrimental effects of these constituents to air, water, soil, organisms and human health viz-a-viz the different disposal methods. Papers that reported environmental and public health effects of plastic constituents but not plastics directly were also reviewed. Varieties of plastics used in the production of many consumable products including medical devices, food packaging and water bottles contain toxic chemicals like phthalates, heavy metals, bisphenol A. brominated flame retardants, nonylphenol, polychlorinated biphenylethers, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene, phenanthrene etc. An estimated 8 million tonnes of plastic is yearly released into the ocean, leading to degradation of marine habitat which eventually affects aquatic organisms. Long term usage and exposure of plastics and plastic products to high temperature can lead to leaching of toxic chemical constituents into food, drinks and water. Indiscriminate disposal of plastics on land and open air burning can lead to the release of toxic chemicals into the air causing public health hazards. This paper also presents recommendations for global prevention and control of plastic wastes.","PeriodicalId":174677,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Risk Assessment","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121758549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Repeated Intravenous Dose Toxicity of Di-Isononyl Phthalate in Male Sprague-Dawley Rats","authors":"Xu Yanping, C. Ning, J. Tao","doi":"10.23937/2572-4061.1510020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23937/2572-4061.1510020","url":null,"abstract":"The systemic toxic effects of di-isononyl phthalate (DINP) were evaluated in a 4-wk study in male Sprague-Dawley rats. The animals were administered DINP intravenously at dosages of 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg every other day for 4 wk. The control and the positive control group were administered vehicle (egg yolk phosphatides plus glycerol solutions) and 500 mg/kg di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), respectively. Clinical signs were observed immediately after administration and consumption of food, and mean body weight was recorded once a week for 4 wk. The absolute and relative organ weights, hematology, clinical chemistry, and pathological changes were evaluated at the end of the study. No adverse effects nor death were observed in any animal in the DINP-treated groups. Food consumption, mean body weight, and absolute and relative organ weights of DINP-treated rats were not significantly different from those of the control group. Hematological parameters (LYMPH%, NEU%, and NEU#) in the 500 mg/kg DINP-treated group increased significantly, whereas no treatment-related changes in clinical chemistry parameters were observed in any DINP-treated animals. Lesions were observed in the liver and testis of rats treated with 500 mg/kg. In this 4-wk study, the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of DINP was 250 mg/kg, based on the pathological changes in the liver and testis and the significant changes in hematology observed in the 500 mg/kg DINP-treated group. Treatment related abnormalities, consisting of obvious pathological changes in the liver, kidney and testis, increases in hematological parameters, and increases in clinical chemistry parameters, were observed in the 500 mg/kg DEHP-treated group, which served as the positive control.","PeriodicalId":174677,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Risk Assessment","volume":"82 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125837336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing the Raman Scattering for Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Cancer Cells, Tissues and Tumors using Cadmium Oxide (Cdo) Nanoparticles","authors":"H. Alireza","doi":"10.23937/2572-4061.1510012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23937/2572-4061.1510012","url":null,"abstract":"In the current paper, the Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) effect induced by Cadmium Oxide (CdO) nanoparticles is used to observe Raman spectrum of human cancer cells, tissues and tumors. The diagnosis and treatment of human cancer cells, tissues and tumors in sample is investigated through Nanomaterial Surface Energy Transfer (NSET) process from human cancer cells, tissues and tumors to the surface of nanoparticles, and Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) process, as effective factors for Raman spectrum detection. For interaction of human cancer cells, tissues and tumors with Cadmium Oxide (CdO) nanoparticles, colloidal state and Self-Assembled Monolayer (SAM) methods were used. Both methods have shown good agreement with each other in detecting the Raman spectrum. It should be noted that these methods and techniques can be applied on different types of human’s cancer cells, tissues and tumors, respectively.","PeriodicalId":174677,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Risk Assessment","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130264404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incessant Risk Alarms Associated with Farming and Consuming Crops Cultivated in Host Communities of Gold Mining Operations in Ghana: Truth, Exaggeration, Ignorance or Mischief","authors":"Kenneth Bedu-Addo, Martha Ofori-Kuragu, Kwaku Boaky Apau","doi":"10.23937/2572-4061.1510015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23937/2572-4061.1510015","url":null,"abstract":"Heavy metals and metalloids, some of which are extremely beneficial for the survival of humans, flora and fauna can have devastating effects on same and the environment. Bioaccumulation and bio-magnification two methods via which metals and metalloids are assimilated into food chains as well as dermal and ingestion exposure to heavy metals and metalloids are believed by many residents in the Obuasi Municipality as leading public health threats to peasant farmers, their spouses and children. Risk assessment for three scenarios viz children, adult males and adult females were investigated using Average Daily Intake, Hazard Quotient and Hazard Index for ingestion and dermal exposure to metals and metalloids in soils at reclaimed sites backfilled with waste materials. Risk attributed to consuming staples namely Zea mays, Manihot esculenta and Musa paradisiaca cultivated at treatment (reclaimed) sites backfilled with waste materials and their corresponding control sites in the Obuasi Municipality were also ascertained using single/comprehensive contamination indices approaches and the soil-to-crop bio-concentration factor. Non-carcinogenic risk was absent from all three scenarios, adult male and female dermal absorption and children dermal absorption for arsenic with reference to agricultural use of the soil. Slight carcinogenic risks was observed for children at two treatment sites Nhyiaeso (1.28 × 10-4) and Sansu (1.08 × 10-4). Soil to cassava, soil to corn and soil to plantain transfer and bioaccumulation of studied metals in crops was low for all studied sites.","PeriodicalId":174677,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Risk Assessment","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128355913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exposure and Risk Assessment of Selected Chemical Hazards in Cabbage and Lettuce","authors":"W. OfosuIsaac, Akomea-Frempong Samuel, J. Owusu-AnsahEmmanuelDe-Graft, Darko Godfred","doi":"10.23937/2572-4061.1510014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23937/2572-4061.1510014","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study was to determine health risks associated with consumption of cabbage and lettuce sampled in an urban industrialized study area. Samples were initially digested in Teflon vessels using HNO3 and H2O2, homogenized in Na2SO4, agitated in a mixture of hexane/acetone, cleaned-up and analyzed in ICP MS in order to quantify toxic heavy metals. The PAH content was also quantified in GC-MS against reference PAH congeners. Food frequency questionnaire designed based on the US EPA format, was used to collect elements of chronic daily intake and information on consumption characteristics of the selected samples. The data was processed in Palisade@Risk-based Microsoft Excel, where distributions were fitted for the elements of chronic daily intake. Exposure quantifications of hazards based on the US EPA guidelines, presented hazard quotients and risks, relative to the respective reference doses and cancer slopes factors (CSF). Incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILTCR) were determined as the product of the CSF of the carcinogens and their chronic exposures. The modal and median mercury exposures were low but the exposures of total PAHs (expressed as benzo[a]pyrene -BaP) were extremely high. The hazard quotients revealed that cadmium and mercury had negligible risks (HQ ≤ 1). Though the median and modal ILTCR showed lead to have low health risk concerns (≤ 10-6), the uncertainty ranging from 0 to 3 out-10-thousand consumers revealed insidous risk unacceptability. Similarly, even though the modal and median values of ILTCR of arsenic appeared acceptable (≤ 10-6), the risk uncertainty ranging from 0 to 6 out-1-thousand consumers, still raise health concerns. The median and modal ILTCR values of BaP suggested both a cautiously acceptable risk (≥ 10-6 ≤ 10-4) and a barely negligible risk (≤ 10-6) levels respectively. Thus, every effort must be made to mitigate the seriously high risks lurking in the study area.","PeriodicalId":174677,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Risk Assessment","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131009128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent Advances in Mercury Detection; Towards Enabling a Sensitive and Rapid Point-of-Check Measurement","authors":"Busairi Nurfatini, S. Amir","doi":"10.23937/2572-4061.1510010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23937/2572-4061.1510010","url":null,"abstract":"Heavy metals emission, in particular, mercury is ever increasing due to global urbanization and industrialization. Due to increasing number of health problems related to heavy metals contamination, monitoring it becomes a crucial task for authorities and environmentalists. Therefore, the development of a nanobiosensing technique that can detect mercury ions as low as 1 ppb for its limit of quantification is necessary to provide sufficient information to ensure a sustainable and healthy environment for the community around the world. Herein we reviewed reported studies on the mercury ions bioavailability and recent progress of its detection methods. Comparison of detection methods based on electrochemical and optical technique has been made. There are two main technological gaps that need to be filled, which are sensitivity and practicality of measurement at point-of-check for in-situ analysis. the gold extraction technique, for example, is rampant across Africa and South America. This sector alone is estimated to produce 1000 tonnes of Mercury per annum [17]. If these industries are not tightly regulated, the level of heavy metals will be elevated tremendously in the environment and can cause severe problems to the biosphere [17,18]. Accumulation of heavy metal contaminants can be found in water, sludge, air, and soil. Indirect ingesting of these metals will cause bioaccumulation in living organisms and eventually will lead to biomagnification, a phenomenon of metal ions intensification in higher trophic levels [19,20]. A small amount of heavy metals including Arsenic, Chromium, and Cadmium have preferential metabolic functions. Obviously, however, it can be detrimental if it exceeds the maximum permissible limit (MPL) that is also known as the toxic dosage [21-25]. Lead, for example, is often associated with damage to the human kidney [26,27] and central nervous system [28,29]. It can also cause anemia [30], hypertension [31,32], immunotoxicity, and oxidative stress [33]. Very recently, it is suggested that the presence of lead causes a sympathovagal imbalance that leads to a high blood pressure [34]. Copper is another well-known heavy metal that is essential for human metabolism activities. Its hemeostasis is maintained by CsoR protein [35], and in the form of ceruloplasmin it aids the transport of iron to the cells [36,37]. Overexposure to this element, however, will lead to dermal toxicity [38], respiratory problem [39] and can lead to kidney damage through the up-regulation of tumor gene suppressor p53 and apoptotic gene caspase-3 [40]. Mercury, one of the top ten elements or chemicals that pose concerns in public Review ARticle","PeriodicalId":174677,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Risk Assessment","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126183570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute and Sub-Acute Toxicity Studies on the Trunk Bark Hydro-Ethanolic Extract of Stereospermum kunthianum Cham: In Wistar Rats","authors":"Kone Dieynaba, Sarr Abdou, Bah Fatoumata, Dieng Serigne Ibra Mbacké, Touré Aminata, Fall Alioune Dior, Cabral Mathilde, F. Mamadou","doi":"10.23937/2572-4061.1510051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23937/2572-4061.1510051","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":174677,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Risk Assessment","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121634724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}