Raúl Sanz-Horta, Ana Matesanz, Alberto Gallardo, Helmut Reinecke, José Luis Jorcano, Pablo Acedo, Diego Velasco, Carlos Elvira
{"title":"Technological advances in fibrin for tissue engineering.","authors":"Raúl Sanz-Horta, Ana Matesanz, Alberto Gallardo, Helmut Reinecke, José Luis Jorcano, Pablo Acedo, Diego Velasco, Carlos Elvira","doi":"10.1177/20417314231190288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20417314231190288","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fibrin is a promising natural polymer that is widely used for diverse applications, such as hemostatic glue, carrier for drug and cell delivery, and matrix for tissue engineering. Despite the significant advances in the use of fibrin for bioengineering and biomedical applications, some of its characteristics must be improved for suitability for general use. For example, fibrin hydrogels tend to shrink and degrade quickly after polymerization, particularly when they contain embedded cells. In addition, their poor mechanical properties and batch-to-batch variability affect their handling, long-term stability, standardization, and reliability. One of the most widely used approaches to improve their properties has been modification of the structure and composition of fibrin hydrogels. In this review, recent advances in composite fibrin scaffolds, chemically modified fibrin hydrogels, interpenetrated polymer network (IPN) hydrogels composed of fibrin and other synthetic or natural polymers are critically reviewed, focusing on their use for tissue engineering.</p>","PeriodicalId":17384,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tissue Engineering","volume":"14 ","pages":"20417314231190288"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/29/ea/10.1177_20417314231190288.PMC10426312.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10355843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jiah Shin Chin, Ulla Milbreta, David L Becker, Sing Yian Chew
{"title":"Targeting connexin 43 expression via scaffold mediated delivery of antisense oligodeoxynucleotide preserves neurons, enhances axonal extension, reduces astrocyte and microglial activation after spinal cord injury.","authors":"Jiah Shin Chin, Ulla Milbreta, David L Becker, Sing Yian Chew","doi":"10.1177/20417314221145789","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20417314221145789","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Injury to the central nervous system (CNS) provokes an inflammatory reaction and secondary damage that result in further tissue damage and destruction of neurons away from the injury site. Upon injury, expression of connexin 43 (Cx43), a gap junction protein, upregulates and is responsible for the spread and amplification of cell death signals through these gap junctions. In this study, we hypothesise that the downregulation of Cx43 by scaffold-mediated controlled delivery of antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (asODN), would minimise secondary injuries and cell death, and thereby support tissue regeneration after nerve injuries. Specifically, using spinal cord injury (SCI) as a proof-of-principle, we utilised a fibre-hydrogel scaffold for sustained delivery of Cx43asODN, while providing synergistic topographical cues to guide axonal ingrowth. Correspondingly, scaffolds loaded with Cx43asODN, in the presence of NT-3, suppressed Cx43 up-regulation after complete transection SCI in rats. These scaffolds facilitated the sustained release of Cx43asODN for up to 25 days. Importantly, asODN treatment preserved neurons around the injury site, promoted axonal extension, decreased glial scarring, and reduced microglial activation after SCI. Our results suggest that implantation of such scaffold-mediated asODN delivery platform could serve as an effective alternative SCI therapeutic approach.</p>","PeriodicalId":17384,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tissue Engineering","volume":"14 ","pages":"20417314221145789"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/6e/0c/10.1177_20417314221145789.PMC9926388.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10748981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"In vivo vascularized scaffold with different shear-exposed models for lymphatic tissue regeneration.","authors":"Hui-Yi Hsiao, Gina Alicia Mackert, Yung-Chun Chang, Jia-Wei Liu, Frank Chun-Shin Chang, Jung-Ju Huang","doi":"10.1177/20417314231196212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20417314231196212","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Current clinical treatments on lymphedema provide promising results, but also result in donor site morbidities. The establishment of a microenvironment optimized for lymphangiogenesis can be an alternative way to enhance lymphatic tissue formation. Hemodynamic flow stimuli have been confirmed to have an influential effect on angiogenesis in tissue engineering, but not on lymphatic vessel formation. Here, the three <i>in vivo</i> scaffolds generated from different blood stimuli in the subcutaneous layer, in the flow through pedicle, and in an arterio-venous (AV) loop model, were created to investigate potential of lymphangiogenesis of scaffolds containing lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs). Our results indicated that AV loop model displayed better lymphangiogenesis in comparison to the other two models with slower flow or no stimuli. Other than hemodynamic force, the supplement of LECs is required for lymphatic vessel regeneration. The <i>in vivo</i> scaffold generated from AV loop model provides an effective approach for engineering lymphatic tissue in the clinical treatment of lymphedema.</p>","PeriodicalId":17384,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tissue Engineering","volume":"14 ","pages":"20417314231196212"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/fa/4d/10.1177_20417314231196212.PMC10472829.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10669331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhaohua Wang, Si Wen, Meiqi Zhong, Ziming Yang, Wei Xiong, Kuo Zhang, Shude Yang, Huizheng Li, Shu Guo
{"title":"Epigenetics: Novel crucial approach for osteogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells.","authors":"Zhaohua Wang, Si Wen, Meiqi Zhong, Ziming Yang, Wei Xiong, Kuo Zhang, Shude Yang, Huizheng Li, Shu Guo","doi":"10.1177/20417314231175364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20417314231175364","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bone has a robust regenerative potential, but its capacity to repair critical-sized bone defects is limited. In recent years, stem cells have attracted significant interest for their potential in tissue engineering. Applying mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for enhancing bone regeneration is a promising therapeutic strategy. However, maintaining optimal cell efficacy or viability of MSCs is limited by several factors. Epigenetic modification can cause changes in gene expression levels without changing its sequence, mainly including nucleic acids methylation, histone modification, and non-coding RNAs. This modification is believed to be one of the determinants of MSCs fate and differentiation. Understanding the epigenetic modification of MSCs can improve the activity and function of stem cells. This review summarizes recent advances in the epigenetic mechanisms of MSCs differentiation into osteoblast lineages. We expound that epigenetic modification of MSCs can be harnessed to treat bone defects and promote bone regeneration, providing potential therapeutic targets for bone-related diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":17384,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tissue Engineering","volume":"14 ","pages":"20417314231175364"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/45/be/10.1177_20417314231175364.PMC10278427.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10301181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Tissue engineering in growth plate cartilage regeneration: Mechanisms to therapeutic strategies.","authors":"Ruoyi Guo, Hanjie Zhuang, Xiuning Chen, Yulong Ben, Minjie Fan, Yiwei Wang, Pengfei Zheng","doi":"10.1177/20417314231187956","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20417314231187956","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The repair of growth plate injuries is a highly complex process that involves precise spatiotemporal regulation of multiple cell types. While significant progress has been made in understanding the pathological mechanisms underlying growth plate injuries, effectively regulating this process to regenerate the injured growth plate cartilage remains a challenge. Tissue engineering technology has emerged as a promising therapeutic approach for achieving tissue regeneration through the use of functional biological materials, seed cells and biological factors, and it is now widely applied to the regeneration of bone and cartilage. However, due to the unique structure and function of growth plate cartilage, distinct strategies are required for effective regeneration. Thus, this review provides an overview of current research on the application of tissue engineering to promote growth plate regeneration. It aims to elucidates the underlying mechanisms by which tissue engineering promotes growth plate regeneration and to provide novel insights and therapeutic strategies for future research on the regeneration of growth plate.</p>","PeriodicalId":17384,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tissue Engineering","volume":"14 ","pages":"20417314231187956"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/f7/be/10.1177_20417314231187956.PMC10359656.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10301443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Augmented effect of fibroblast growth factor 18 in bone morphogenetic protein 2-induced calvarial bone healing by activation of CCL2/CCR2 axis on M2 macrophage polarization.","authors":"Worachat Namangkalakul, Shigenori Nagai, Chengxue Jin, Ken-Ichi Nakahama, Yuki Yoshimoto, Satoshi Ueha, Kazunari Akiyoshi, Kouji Matsushima, Tomoki Nakashima, Masaki Takechi, Sachiko Iseki","doi":"10.1177/20417314231187960","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20417314231187960","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling plays essential roles in various biological events. FGF18 is one of the ligands to be associated with osteogenesis, chondrogenesis and bone healing. The mouse critical-sized calvarial defect healing induced by the bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2)-hydrogel is stabilized when FGF18 is added. Here, we aimed to investigate the role of FGF18 in the calvarial bone healing model. We first found that FGF18 + BMP2 hydrogel application to the calvarial bone defect increased the expression of anti-inflammatory markers, including those related to tissue healing M2 macrophage (M2-Mø) prior to mineralized bone formation. The depletion of macrophages with clodronate liposome hindered the FGF18 effect. We then examined how FGF18 induces M2-Mø polarization by using mouse primary bone marrow (BM) cells composed of macrophage precursors and BM stromal cells (BMSCs). In vitro studies demonstrated that FGF18 indirectly induces M2-Mø polarization by affecting BMSCs. Whole transcriptome analysis and neutralizing antibody treatment of BMSC cultured with FGF18 revealed that chemoattractant chemokine (c-c motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) is the major mediator for M2-Mø polarization. Finally, FGF18-augmented activity toward favorable bone healing with BMP2 was diminished in the calvarial defect in <i>Ccr2-</i>deleted mice. Altogether, we suggest a novel role of FGF18 in M2-Mø modulation via stimulation of CCL2 production in calvarial bone healing.</p>","PeriodicalId":17384,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tissue Engineering","volume":"14 ","pages":"20417314231187960"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/c2/72/10.1177_20417314231187960.PMC10387695.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10304672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jae Wan Suh, Kyoung-Mi Lee, Eun Ae Ko, Dong Suk Yoon, Kwang Hwan Park, Hyun Sil Kim, Jong In Yook, Nam Hee Kim, Jin Woo Lee
{"title":"Promoting angiogenesis and diabetic wound healing through delivery of protein transduction domain-BMP2 formulated nanoparticles with hydrogel.","authors":"Jae Wan Suh, Kyoung-Mi Lee, Eun Ae Ko, Dong Suk Yoon, Kwang Hwan Park, Hyun Sil Kim, Jong In Yook, Nam Hee Kim, Jin Woo Lee","doi":"10.1177/20417314231190641","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20417314231190641","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Decreased angiogenesis contributes to delayed wound healing in diabetic patients. Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP2) has also been demonstrated to promote angiogenesis. However, the short half-lives of soluble growth factors, including rhBMP2, limit their use in wound-healing applications. To address this limitation, we propose a novel delivery model using a protein transduction domain (PTD) formulated in a lipid nanoparticle (LNP). We aimed to determine whether a gelatin hydrogel dressing loaded with LNP-formulated PTD-BMP2 (LNP-PTD-BMP2) could enhance the angiogenic function of BMP2 and improve diabetic wound healing. In vitro, compared to the control and rhBMP2, LNP-PTD-BMP2 induced greater tube formation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells and increased the cell recruitment capacity of HaCaT cells. We inflicted large, full-thickness back skin wounds on streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice and applied gelatin hydrogel (GH) cross-linked by microbial transglutaminase containing rhBMP2, LNP-PTD-BMP2, or a control to these wounds. Wounds treated with LNP-PTD-BMP2-loaded GH exhibited enhanced wound closure, increased re-epithelialization rates, and higher collagen deposition than those with other treatments. Moreover, LNP-PTD-BMP2-loaded GH treatment resulted in more CD31- and α-SMA-positive cells, indicating greater neovascularization capacity than rhBMP2-loaded GH or GH treatments alone. Furthermore, in vivo near-infrared fluorescence revealed that LNP-PTD-BMP2 has a longer half-life than rhBMP2 and that BMP2 localizes around wounds. In conclusion, LNP-PTD-BMP2-loaded GH is a viable treatment option for diabetic wounds.</p>","PeriodicalId":17384,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tissue Engineering","volume":"14 ","pages":"20417314231190641"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/67/f6/10.1177_20417314231190641.PMC10434183.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10305939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
David Xinzheyang Li, Zhiyao Ma, Alexander Ra Szojka, Xiaoyi Lan, Melanie Kunze, Aillette Mulet-Sierra, Lindsey Westover, Adetola B Adesida
{"title":"Non-hypertrophic chondrogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells through mechano-hypoxia programing.","authors":"David Xinzheyang Li, Zhiyao Ma, Alexander Ra Szojka, Xiaoyi Lan, Melanie Kunze, Aillette Mulet-Sierra, Lindsey Westover, Adetola B Adesida","doi":"10.1177/20417314231172574","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20417314231172574","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cartilage tissue engineering aims to generate functional replacements to treat cartilage defects from damage and osteoarthritis. Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSC) are a promising cell source for making cartilage, but current differentiation protocols require the supplementation of growth factors like TGF-β1 or -β3. This can lead to undesirable hypertrophic differentiation of hBM-MSC that progress to bone. We have found previously that exposing engineered human meniscus tissues to physiologically relevant conditions of the knee (mechanical loading and hypoxia; hence, mechano-hypoxia conditioning) increased the gene expression of hyaline cartilage markers, <i>SOX9</i> and <i>COL2A1</i>, inhibited hypertrophic marker <i>COL10A1</i>, and promoted bulk mechanical property development. Adding further to this protocol, we hypothesize that combined mechano-hypoxia conditioning with TGF-β3 growth factor withdrawal will promote stable, non-hypertrophic chondrogenesis of hBM-MSC embedded in an HA-hydrogel. We found that the combined treatment upregulated many cartilage matrix- and development-related markers while suppressing many hypertrophic- and bone development-related markers. Tissue level assessments with biochemical assays, immunofluorescence, and histochemical staining confirmed the gene expression data. Further, mechanical property development in the dynamic compression treatment shows promise toward generating functional engineered cartilage through more optimized and longer culture conditions. In summary, this study introduced a novel protocol to differentiate hBM-MSC into stable, cartilage-forming cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":17384,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tissue Engineering","volume":"14 ","pages":"20417314231172574"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/4f/45/10.1177_20417314231172574.PMC10192798.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10350364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shan He, Han Wu, Junqun Huang, Qingyan Li, Zijie Huang, Huangding Wen, Zhiqing Li
{"title":"3-D tissue-engineered epidermis against human primary keratinocytes apoptosis via relieving mitochondrial oxidative stress in wound healing.","authors":"Shan He, Han Wu, Junqun Huang, Qingyan Li, Zijie Huang, Huangding Wen, Zhiqing Li","doi":"10.1177/20417314231163168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20417314231163168","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The tissue-engineered epidermal (TEE), composed of biocompatible vectors and autogenous functional cells, is a novel strategy to solve the problem of shortage of donor skin sources. The human primary keratinocyte (HPK), the major skin components, are self-evident vital in wound healing and was considered as one of the preferred seed cells for TEEs. Since the process of separating HPKs from the skin triggers a stress state of the cells, achieving its rapid adhesion and proliferation on biomaterials remains challenging. The key to the clinical application is to ensure the normal function of cells while improving the proliferation ability in vitro, and to complete the complex mesenchymal epithelialization to achieve tissue remodeling after vivo implantation. Herein, in order to aid HPKs adhesion and proliferation in vitro and promoting wound healing, we developed a three dimensional collagen scaffold with Y-27632 sustainedly released from the nanoplatform, hollow mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles (HMON). The results showed that the porous structure within the TEE supports the implanted HPKs expanding in a three-dimensional mode to jointly construct the tissue-engineered epidermis in vitro and inhibited the mitochondria-mediated cell apoptosis. It was confirmed that the TEEs with suitable degradation rate could maintain drug release after implantation and could accelerate vascularization of wound base and further revealed the involvement of mesenchymal transformation of transplanted HPKs during skin regeneration in a nude mouse model with full-thickness skin resection. In conclusion, our study highlights the great potential of constructing TEE using a nanoparticle platform for the treatment of large-area skin defects.</p>","PeriodicalId":17384,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tissue Engineering","volume":"14 ","pages":"20417314231163168"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/90/c6/10.1177_20417314231163168.PMC10071207.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9276693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Óscar Lecina-Tejero, María Ángeles Pérez, Elena García-Gareta, Carlos Borau
{"title":"The rise of mechanical metamaterials: Auxetic constructs for skin wound healing.","authors":"Óscar Lecina-Tejero, María Ángeles Pérez, Elena García-Gareta, Carlos Borau","doi":"10.1177/20417314231177838","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20417314231177838","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Auxetic materials are known for their unique ability to expand/contract in multiple directions when stretched/compressed. In other words, they exhibit a negative Poisson's ratio, which is usually positive for most of materials. This behavior appears in some biological tissues such as human skin, where it promotes wound healing by providing an enhanced mechanical support and facilitating cell migration. Skin tissue engineering has been a growing research topic in recent years, largely thanks to the rapid development of 3D printing techniques and technologies. The combination of computational studies with rapid manufacturing and tailored designs presents a huge potential for the future of personalized medicine. Overall, this review article provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of research on auxetic constructs for skin healing applications, highlighting the potential of auxetics as a promising treatment option for skin wounds. The article also identifies gaps in the current knowledge and suggests areas for future research. In particular, we discuss the designs, materials, manufacturing techniques, and also the computational and experimental studies on this topic.</p>","PeriodicalId":17384,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tissue Engineering","volume":"14 ","pages":"20417314231177838"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/bb/7d/10.1177_20417314231177838.PMC10285607.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10291742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}