Sushil Giri, Kailash Chandra Semwal, S. Agarwal, Gautam Singh Bhandari, Ashok Kumar, D. Akash, Sandhya Dogra
{"title":"Resistance acquiring Mycobacterium tuberculosis in human body during drug therapy: resistance mechanism and future anticipations","authors":"Sushil Giri, Kailash Chandra Semwal, S. Agarwal, Gautam Singh Bhandari, Ashok Kumar, D. Akash, Sandhya Dogra","doi":"10.31254/jsir.2022.11203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31254/jsir.2022.11203","url":null,"abstract":"Acquiring of the resistance to the variant line of the drugs used in drug therapy for M. tuberculosis is becoming a crucial problem for the entire globe. Mutation in cord factor led to the bacterium resistant against antibiotics therapy. These changes drive the chromosomal mutations resultant, the drugs which are sensitive against the M. tuberculosis becomes the resistant via overexpression or modification of the drug target. Essential for viability and virulence, enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of mycolic acid represents novel target for drug development. This is particularly relevant to the impact on global health given the rise of MDR and XDR strains of M. tuberculosis. According to the intrinsic drug resistance mechanism the unusual composition and structure of the bacterial cell envelop and the low numbers of the porins assign notably to the envelope’s low compound permeability. For better diffusion of antibiotics across the cell envelope there are require a high membrane fluidity. Though, the lipid-rich nature builds the cell wall exceedingly hydrophobic and prevents the permeation of hydrophilic compounds. Acquired resistance accomplish when a bacterium has the ability to resist the activity of an antimicrobial agent to which it was previously susceptible. The acquisition of the acquired resistance follows up the case of successful gene mutations. Although M. tuberculosis has low genetic diversity as compare to the other pathogens but the genetic diversity of the M. tuberculosis can influence multiple aspects in therapy of drug resistance tuberculosis. From mono drug resistant to MDR and XDR, is threatening to make TB once again an untreatable disease if new therapeutic option does not soon become available.","PeriodicalId":17221,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74008349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effect of Seeding Ratios of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and Rhodes Grass (Chloris gayana) Mixtures on Dry Matter Yield and Nutritive Quality of the Fodder","authors":"D. Abate, M. Tilahun, Nebi Husen, Daniel Wana","doi":"10.31254/jsir.2022.11202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31254/jsir.2022.11202","url":null,"abstract":"The study was conducted at Adami Tulu on-station and Shashemene (FTC) sites for two (2019-2020) consecutive years with the objective to determine the appropriate proportions of seeding ratio that could optimize the dry matter yield and quality of Alfalfa and Rhodes grass mixture. The treatment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Different seeding ratios of Alfalfa and Rhodes grass were arranged according to the following treatments: T1; 100% Alfalfa +0 % Rhodes, T2; 0% Alfalfa +100% Rhodes, T3; 50% Alfalfa +50% Rhodes, T4; 75% Alfalfa +25% Rhodes and T5; 25% Alfalfa +75% Rhodes. The results showed that number of tillers per plant of Rhodes grass and leaf to stem ratio of alfalfa, CP% content, NDF% and ADF% were showed a significance (p<0.05) difference among the seeding ratios. The result indicated that seeding ratio has significant (p<0.05) effect on the total dry matter yield of the mixture of alfalfa and Rhodes at both sites. The highest dry matter yield (8.47 t ha-1 ) was obtained from seeding ratio of 25:75, followed by seeding ratio of 50:50 (7.84 tha-1 ). The land equivalent ratios for the mixture were more than one showing that mixture of alfalfa with Rhodes is more advantageous than pure stand of forage. The highest CP% content (21.2%) was recorded from pure stand of alfalfa followed by seeding ratio 75:25 (18.5%), 50:50 (16.8%) and 25:75 (14.6%) while pure stand of Rhodes grass produced the least (11.1%) CP% value. The highest values of NDF% (34.48%) and ADF% (21.25%) were obtained from pure stands of Rhodes grass while the least values were recorded from pure Alfalfa. Thus, it can be concluded that seeding ratio combination of 50:50 could be recommended for use in the study areas and similar agro-ecologies due to its high dry matter yield, good quality and more balanced mixture of forage.","PeriodicalId":17221,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82008211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Is Oral Cancer predictable with miRNA: A Review","authors":"K. Muktawat","doi":"10.31254/jsir.2022.1104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31254/jsir.2022.1104","url":null,"abstract":"Oral cancer 6th most common cancer worldwide. Main contributing factor for oral cancer is tobacco chewing, smoking and alcohol consumption. The 5-year survival rate for oral cancer is approximately 50%. This due to late detection of oral cancer. miRNA (micro Ribo Nucleic Acid) is small noncoding RNA. Its functions are in RNA silencing and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression miRNA can be used as early diagnostic tool. This review aims to present the fundamental aspects of microRNA in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), oral premalignant lesions and progression of premalignant lesion to oral cancer. With help of miRNA, we can not only predict oral cancer, but also prediction of transformation of oral premalignant lesion to oral squamous carcinoma. Specific miRNAs are dysregulated in Oral cancer, oral Premalignant lesion and in progression of premalignant lesion to OSCC. Specific miRNAs are dysregulated in oral cancer, oral premalignant lesion and in progression of premalignant lesion to OSCC. In oral cancer miRNA-223, miRNA-211, miRNA182-5p, miRNA-450a are upregulated in comparison to healthy controls. miRNA-1290, miR-1246, miR-1258, miRNA-199a-5p, miRNA-495 are downregulated in oral cancer. In premalignant oral lesion miRNA-146a and miRNA-155 are upregulated. We can predict transformation of premalignant lesion to oral cancer because miR21, miR-181b are upregulated and miR-345 downregulated.","PeriodicalId":17221,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81422867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Thwe, Han Su Mon, T. Htwe, Aye Sandar Sandar, K. M. Lwin
{"title":"In vitro Regeneration of Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L) through Gamma Irradiation","authors":"A. Thwe, Han Su Mon, T. Htwe, Aye Sandar Sandar, K. M. Lwin","doi":"10.31254/jsir.2022.11104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31254/jsir.2022.11104","url":null,"abstract":"The present research work was carried out employing gamma irradiation to create mutant Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) and in vitro regeneration to regenerate those mutants. Sugarcane buds were exposed to three doses of gamma radiation (20, 30 and 40Gy) using 60Co and the agronomical properties of 20 Gy irradiated mutant sugarcane were the best among these dosages. Furthermore, 20 Gy irradiated mutant sugarcane had higher sugar contents (22%) than control sugarcane (18%). In contrast, standardizing of callus induction and plantlet regeneration protocols from 20 Gy irradiated sugarcane plants (M1 generation) was established through in vitro culture using young meristem as an explant. Using various concentrations and combinations of growth regulators, shoot regeneration at varying frequency was recorded. In MS media enriched with 2.5 mg/l, 2-4 D, callus induction was detected. On MS medium with BAP 2.0 mg/L + NAA 0.5 mg/L, the best response in terms of multiple shoot induction was reported. Rooting was more profuse when in vitro shootlets were placed on halfstrength MS basal media supplemented with 2.0 mg/L NAA. Hardening shoots were transplanted into the green house after they had been rooted.","PeriodicalId":17221,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research","volume":"2015 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89616015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Clinical Evaluation of Tamra Yoga in Rajo Kshaya With special reference to PCOD","authors":"R. Rugmini, C. Sridurga, P. Suneela","doi":"10.31254/jsir.2022.11102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31254/jsir.2022.11102","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Polycystic Ovarian Disease (PCOD) is one of the most common endocrinological disorder affecting women of reproductive age in the recent times. Based on clinical features, this disease can be correlated with the condition Rajo Kshaya (Oligomenorrhoea or Amenorrhea) mentioned in Ayurveda. Tamra Yoga is one of the special formulations found in Rasa Tantra Sara va Siddha Prayoga Sangraha - Prathama Khanda – Bhasma Prakarana. Aims: To evaluate the effectiveness of Tamra Yoga in the treatment of Rajo Kshaya w. s. r to PCOD. Materials & Methods: A total of 32 patients having signs and symptoms of PCOD were selected for the non-randomized, non-group, open labeled clinical trial. Tamra Yoga was administered in a dose of 655 mg two times a day after meals with hot water for 45 days. Follow-up was done after a period of 45 days. Evaluation was done totally grounded on the variations in the clinical features of PCOD and observations made by ultrasound. Results were analyzed statistically using ANOVA test. Results: Statistically highly significant relief (P<0.001) was seen in Interval and Duration of menstruation, Quantity of menstrual bleeding, Pain associated with menstrual bleeding, Right and Left Ovarian volume, Number of follicles and in Acne. Conclusion: This study substantiates the efficacy of Tamra Yoga in the management of PCOD.","PeriodicalId":17221,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82658982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Pelvic ultrasound and histopathological findings in post-menopausal patients with uterine bleeding in Western Kenya","authors":"Ayiro Allan, Abuya Joseph, O. Orang’o","doi":"10.31254/jsir.2022.11103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31254/jsir.2022.11103","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Post-menopausal bleeding is a common gynecologic problem accounting for a significant number of yearly visits to our outpatient gynecologic clinic. Ultrasound in comparison with histopathology aids in the early diagnosis of possible causes. Objective: To ascertain the diagnostic accuracy of pelvic ultrasonography in patients with postmenopausal bleeding in our hospital. Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study done between July 2017 and June 2018 at Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital. Consecutive sampling on consenting patients presenting with a clinical diagnosis of post-menopausal bleeding was done. A total of 67 participants were included. A structured questionnaire was administered to the participants. Categorical data was summarized as well as continuous variables. Data analysis and statistical computing was done. Results: The mean age was at 54.6 years. The years post menopause ranged from 1-15 years with a mean age of 4.6 years. There were 31 (46.2%) participants with endometrial thickness greater than 5mm. Uterine fibroids in 2 participants while endometrial fluid was seen in 2 participamts. On histopathological diagnosis, atrophic endometritis accounted for 48% of the cases. Endometrial hyperplasia was at 22%, endometrial carcinoma at 13%, chronic endometritis 8%, endometrial polyp 6% and unremarkable (normal) diagnosis at 3%. A level of agreement for malignancy calculated was found to be 57%. Conclusion: Increase in endometrial thickness is associated with an increased risk in malignancy. The level of agreement between ultrasound and histopathology is low at 53 %.","PeriodicalId":17221,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75717363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. M. Lynn, E. P. Kyaw, S. Yu, Khine Zar Lin, H. Mon, Mostafa A. Zhran, N. Aung, Sabai Thant, Nan Nan Oo
{"title":"Investigation on the variations of soil properties of different agricultural soils in central Myanmar","authors":"T. M. Lynn, E. P. Kyaw, S. Yu, Khine Zar Lin, H. Mon, Mostafa A. Zhran, N. Aung, Sabai Thant, Nan Nan Oo","doi":"10.31254/jsir.2022.11101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31254/jsir.2022.11101","url":null,"abstract":"Soil properties are varied under human disturbance and understanding how the soil properties change is vital to know the potential of soils and their sensitivity to different soil managements. The aim of this study was to analyze the variation in soil physicochemical characters as influenced by different soil managements (orchards, crop rotation, and intensive use of fertilizer), in central dry zone in Myanmar. Eight soil properties such as soil texture, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter (OM), total nitrogen, available phosphate (Olsen P), extractable potassium (extractable K), cultivable bacterial counts were analyzed for top soil samples collected from twenty-one agricultural sites which planted for seven different crops. The results showed that studied soil properties except from soil texture were significantly different among studied soils (P<0.05), Olsen P were significantly higher in orchard soils (most intact), than other soil. (OM), (EC), and extractable K were significantly higher in onion soils (intensive use of fertilizer), Clay percent is significantly and positively correlated with most of the soil properties except from Olsen P. These results imply that soil properties are varied based on soil type and land use; therefore, agricultural management is important to maintain and enhance soil physicochemical properties and sustain ecosystem.","PeriodicalId":17221,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73227312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Bruce, F. Onyegbule, O. O. Anyanwu, Chioma R Ezenwelu, C. O. Ezugwu
{"title":"Bioactive constituents, hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of the Sub-fractions of Fadogia cienkowskii leaves Schweinf (Rubiaceae)","authors":"S. Bruce, F. Onyegbule, O. O. Anyanwu, Chioma R Ezenwelu, C. O. Ezugwu","doi":"10.31254/jsir.2021.10401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31254/jsir.2021.10401","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Fadogia cienkowskii is claimed to ethnomedicinally cure general body debility, inflammation, liver diseases, oxidative stress-related diseases, diarrhoea, fever, and other ailments. Aim and Objectives: The aim of this study is to determine the bioactive compounds using UV-Vis and FTIR spectroscopic techniques and also to investigate the hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities of the VLC sub-fractions of Fadogia cienkowskii leaves. Methodology: The ethyl acetate fraction was fractionated using vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC) (n-Hexane/ ethyl acetate and ethyl acetate/ methanol) and bulked using thin layer chromatography to obtain the VLC sub-fractions. The hepatoprotection was determined using paracetamolinduced liver damage model in rat, and antioxidant screening evaluated using both in vivo and in vitro models. The UV-VIS and FTIR analysis were carried out using standard methods. Results: The administration of the VLC sub-fractions of the leaves of F. cienkowskii at the different doses, led to significant reduction (P ≤ 0.05) in the liver and antioxidant enzymes and also the DPPH free radicals. The FTIR analysis identified the presence of the following functional groups, chloro, ether, ethene, amine, ester, carboxylic, nitriles, thiocyanate, methylene and alcohol. Conclusion: The effect of the eleven (11) VLC sub-fractions led to a significant reduction (P< 0.05) in the liver and antioxidant enzymes and also the DPPH free radicals. The presence of various functional groups and phytocompounds confirm the claims by the herbalists that F. cienkowskii leaf is used in the management of liver diseases and oxidative stress related diseases.","PeriodicalId":17221,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research","volume":"86 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85994622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Control of browning in Plant Tissue Culture: A Review","authors":"Emiru Chimdessa Gemechu, Gerema Amante","doi":"10.31254/jsir.2021.10402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31254/jsir.2021.10402","url":null,"abstract":"Browning is one of the severe problems in plant tissue culture that hampers successful in vitro propagation of plants especially woody and perennial plants. In order to control the browning problem, different attempts have been made in vitro such as presoaking of explants in antioxidant solution, incorporation of antioxidants in to medium, culturing in the dark period and frequent subculturing of explants. Presoaking of explants in antioxidant solution like polyvinylpyrrolidone (PvP) and ascorbic acid (AC) is one of the most frequently used. Incorporation of antioxidants such as 0.2-0.5g/l PvP and 15-250mg/l ascorbic acid in to MS medium are commonly used to control browning in different plants and explants followed by activated charcoal, citrc acid, MES, and AIP. Moreover, frequent sub culturing and incubation of explants in the dark period is the other alternative. This review attempts to explore and provide comprehensive idea on the different methods used to control browning problem in plant tissue culture which need to be further optimized for successful control of browning when using the same or different crops as well as explants.","PeriodicalId":17221,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83770655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
VS Salini, RR Geethesh, Ravindra Angadi, A. Bn, VS Sushmitha
{"title":"Experimental evaluation of preventive action of baladimandura in gastric ulcer based on histopathological reports","authors":"VS Salini, RR Geethesh, Ravindra Angadi, A. Bn, VS Sushmitha","doi":"10.31254/jsir.2021.10304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31254/jsir.2021.10304","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Peptic ulcer diseases constitute a major disease that affects the Gastro Intestinal tract. Gastric ulcers are one among the types of Peptic ulcers in which the ulcers are manifested in the lining of gastric mucosa. Annadrava shoola can be correlated with gastric ulcer due to its similarity in symptomatology. Baladimandura is a drug of choice in the management of Amlapitta and Parinamashoola mentioned in Rasakamadhenu. Aims & Objectives: To evaluate the gastric ulcer preventive action of Baladimandura in pyloric ligated albino rats through the histopathology examination of stomach tissue. Methodology: 24 wistar strain albino rats were grouped into 4; all the rats were free access to food and water ad libitum along with standard and test drug to the respective groups for 8 days. On 9th day all the rats were kept for fasting and 10th day pyloric ligation performed followed by sacrificing the rats for taking the stomach tissue for histopathology examination. Results: By comparing the histopathology report of all the rats the test group showed no ulcer formation. However slight inflammation was observed in the test drug group. Discussion & Conclusion: Gastric ulcers are manifested when the gastric mucosal barrier fails to prevent the entry of excess HCL into the cells. Baladimandura acts as Amlapitta hara, Parinama shoola hara and as a powerful ulcer preventive drug due to its gastro protective action.","PeriodicalId":17221,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85282540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}