Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association最新文献_第3页

A physical explanation of the lognormality of pollutant concentrations. 对污染物浓度对数正态性的物理解释。

IF 2.7 4区环境科学与生态学

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association Pub Date : 1990-10-01 DOI: 10.1080/10473289.1990.10466789

W R Ott

{"title":"A physical explanation of the lognormality of pollutant concentrations.","authors":"W R Ott","doi":"10.1080/10473289.1990.10466789","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.1990.10466789","url":null,"abstract":"Investigators in different environmental fields have reported that the concentrations of various measured substances have frequency distributions that are lognormal, or nearly so. That is, when the logarithms of the observed concentrations are plotted as a frequency distribution, the resulting distribution is approximately normal, or Gaussian, over much of the observed range. Examples include radionuclides in soil, pollutants in ambient air, indoor air quality, trace metals in streams, metals in biological tissue, calcium in human remains. The ubiquity of the lognormal distribution in environmental processes is surprising and has not been adequately explained, since common processes in nature (for example, computation of the mean and the analysis of error) usually give rise to distributions that are normal rather than lognormal. This paper takes the first step toward explaining why lognormal distributions can arise naturally from certain physical processes that are analogous to those found in the environment. In this paper, these processes are treated mathematically, and the results are illustrated in a laboratory beaker experiment that is simulated on the computer.","PeriodicalId":17202,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association","volume":"40 10","pages":"1378-83"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"1990-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10473289.1990.10466789","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13408903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 355

Sources and fates of lead and cadmium in municipal solid waste. 城市固体废物中铅和镉的来源和归宿。

IF 2.7 4区环境科学与生态学

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association Pub Date : 1990-09-01 DOI: 10.1080/10473289.1990.10466766

E A Korzun, H H Heck

{"title":"Sources and fates of lead and cadmium in municipal solid waste.","authors":"E A Korzun, H H Heck","doi":"10.1080/10473289.1990.10466766","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.1990.10466766","url":null,"abstract":"Lead and cadmium enter the municipal solid waste stream as components of a variety of consumer products. Average empirical data from several resource recovery plants were analyzed to obtain an estimate of the source and fate of the subject elements. The total amounts of lead and cadmium found in municipal solid waste, determined from empirical data sources, were found to agree closely with those based on materials flow data. It was determined that most of the cadmium enters the waste stream in the combustible fraction and can account for a major share of the cadmium observed in fly ash and in atmospheric particulates. The most likely sources of cadmium are plastics and pigments. The lead emissions appeared to be derived from both combustible and noncombustible discards of batteries, plastics, and pigments. The data suggests that it would be useful to perform mass balance studies to provide primary data for the determination of the most effective methods for managing discards containing lead and cadmium. The purpose of the suggested research is the reduction of lead and cadmium emissions into the environment from resource recovery plants.","PeriodicalId":17202,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association","volume":"40 9","pages":"1220-6"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"1990-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10473289.1990.10466766","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13375490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 61

Indoor nitrogen dioxide exposure and children's pulmonary function. 室内二氧化氮暴露与儿童肺功能。

IF 2.7 4区环境科学与生态学

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association Pub Date : 1990-09-01 DOI: 10.1080/10473289.1990.10466779

B Brunekreef, D Houthuijs, L Dijkstra, J S Boleij

{"title":"Indoor nitrogen dioxide exposure and children's pulmonary function.","authors":"B Brunekreef, D Houthuijs, L Dijkstra, J S Boleij","doi":"10.1080/10473289.1990.10466779","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.1990.10466779","url":null,"abstract":"Elevated concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) are produced in the home by the use of unvented gas appliances. In studies on potential health effects of indoor exposure to NO2, exposure has mostly been estimated from the presence or absence of sources like gas cookers in the home. This leads to misclassification of exposure, as NO2 concentrations in the home depend also on source use, ventilation habits, time budgets, etc. The availability of cheap, passive monitoring devices has made it possible to measure indoor concentrations of NO2 directly in health effects studies, albeit with averaging times of one to several days. So far, it has not been evaluated whether this increases the sensitivity of a study to detect health effects of NO2. In this paper, a comparison is made between NO2 sources and weekly average indoor NO2 measurements, as predictors of pulmonary function in a study among children aged 6-12 years. The relationship between exposure and lung functions was found to be generally non-significant in this study. The results further suggested that in this study, measuring indoor NO2 concentrations with passive monitors offered no advantage over the simple use of source presence as exposure variable.","PeriodicalId":17202,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association","volume":"40 9","pages":"1252-6"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"1990-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10473289.1990.10466779","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13375491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 36

EPA releases first interim report to Congress on medical waste management in the U.S. 美国环保署向国会发布了第一份关于医疗废物管理的中期报告

IF 2.7 4区环境科学与生态学

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association Pub Date : 1990-09-01

引用次数: 0

Mobility of polychlorinated aromatic compounds in soils contaminated with wood-preserving oil. 多氯芳香族化合物在保鲜油污染土壤中的迁移率。

IF 2.7 4区环境科学与生态学

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association Pub Date : 1990-08-01 DOI: 10.1080/10473289.1990.10466758

D R Jackson, D L Bisson

{"title":"Mobility of polychlorinated aromatic compounds in soils contaminated with wood-preserving oil.","authors":"D R Jackson, D L Bisson","doi":"10.1080/10473289.1990.10466758","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.1990.10466758","url":null,"abstract":"Greater understanding of the mobility of polychlorinated aromatic compounds in soils is needed to investigate contamination and design suitable remediation strategies for sites contaminated with wood-preserving oil. The objectives of this study were (1) to develop a suitable aqueous batch extraction method for soil containing wood-preservative residues; (2) to determine partition coefficients for the primary contaminants [pentachlorophenol (PCP), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFS)] in oil, soil, and aqueous phases; and (3) to evaluate the potential soil migration of the primary contaminants. In a three-phase oil-soil-water mixture, PCP, PCDDs, and PCDFs were partitioned to the greatest extent in the oil phase. These results suggest that the migration of contaminants can occur in a saturated subsurface soil zone containing an oil phase at a wood-preserving site. In the absence of a free oil phase, PCDDs and PCDFs were highly partitioned onto soil and were considered non-leachable in the aqueous phase. However, PCP was considered highly leachable from contaminated soil containing only an aqueous liquid phase. Results from this study indicate that removal of any free oil phase present in subsurface soil should have highest priority during the cleanup of contaminated wood-preserving sites.","PeriodicalId":17202,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association","volume":"40 8","pages":"1129-33"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"1990-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10473289.1990.10466758","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13273876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 21

Identifying ecological indicators: an environmental monitoring and assessment program. 确定生态指标:环境监测和评估方案。

IF 2.7 4区环境科学与生态学

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association Pub Date : 1990-07-01 DOI: 10.1080/10473289.1990.10466748

S M Bromberg

引用次数: 10

Total human exposure: basic concepts, EPA field studies, and future research needs. 人体暴露总量:基本概念、EPA实地研究和未来研究需求。

IF 2.7 4区环境科学与生态学

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association Pub Date : 1990-07-01 DOI: 10.1080/10473289.1990.10466747

W R Ott

{"title":"Total human exposure: basic concepts, EPA field studies, and future research needs.","authors":"W R Ott","doi":"10.1080/10473289.1990.10466747","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.1990.10466747","url":null,"abstract":"Historically, environmental regulatory programs designed to protect public health have monitored pollutants only in geophysical carrier media (for example, outdoor air, streams, soil). Field studies have identified a gap between the levels observed in geophysical carrier media and the concentrations with which people actually come into contact: their daily exposures. A new approach--Total Human Exposure (THE)--has evolved to fill this gap and provide the critical data needed for accurately assessing public health risk. The THE approach considers a three-dimensional \"bubble\" around each person and measures the concentrations of all pollutants contacting that bubble, either through the air, food, water, or skin. Two basic THE approaches have emerged: (1) the direct approach using probability samples of populations and measuring pollutant concentrations in the food eaten, air breathed, water drunk, and skin contacted; and (2) the indirect approach using human activity pattern-exposure models to predict population exposure distributions. Using the direct approach, EPA has conducted over 20 field studies for pollutants representing four groups--volatile organic compounds, carbon monoxide, pesticides, and particles--in 15 cities in 12 states. The indirect modeling approach has been applied to several of these pollutants. Additional research is needed in a great variety of areas. Even from the few projects completed thus far, the THE approach has yielded a rich new data base for risk assessments and has provided many surprises about the relative contribution of various pollutant sources to public health risk.","PeriodicalId":17202,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association","volume":"40 7","pages":"966-75"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"1990-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10473289.1990.10466747","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13351748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 62

Impact of "designated smoking area" policy on nicotine vapor and particle concentrations in a modern office building. “指定吸烟区”政策对现代办公大楼内尼古丁蒸气及微粒浓度的影响。

IF 2.7 4区环境科学与生态学

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association Pub Date : 1990-07-01 DOI: 10.1080/10473289.1990.10466741

W M Vaughan, S K Hammond

{"title":"Impact of \"designated smoking area\" policy on nicotine vapor and particle concentrations in a modern office building.","authors":"W M Vaughan, S K Hammond","doi":"10.1080/10473289.1990.10466741","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.1990.10466741","url":null,"abstract":"A series of measurements of nicotine vapor and particle concentrations were carried out in a modern office building. The measurement program was designed to document the impact of the new smoking policy (e.g. smoking restricted to two specific areas) on air quality in various parts of the building. Measurements at over 30 locations examined areas where smoking was restricted, where smoking was permitted, and where an air handler shared the load of a designated smoking area. These measurements were taken at the same locations before and after the policy was implemented. The measurement results indicated that: After the policy was implemented, general employee exposure to nicotine vapor (as a surrogate for all environmental tobacco smoke) was reduced by about 98 percent on most floors. Other patterns related to spillover from designated smoking areas and changes in the designated smoking areas themselves are described in the paper. Substantial reductions in exposure to nicotine vapor were found even for those general office areas which had the highest concentrations after the policy was implemented.","PeriodicalId":17202,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association","volume":"40 7","pages":"1012-7"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"1990-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10473289.1990.10466741","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13528796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 36

The validation of a passive sampler for indoor and outdoor concentrations of volatile organic compounds. 室内和室外挥发性有机化合物浓度被动采样器的验证。

IF 2.7 4区环境科学与生态学

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association Pub Date : 1990-07-01 DOI: 10.1080/10473289.1990.10466751

M A Cohen, P B Ryan, Y Yanagisawa, S K Hammond

{"title":"The validation of a passive sampler for indoor and outdoor concentrations of volatile organic compounds.","authors":"M A Cohen, P B Ryan, Y Yanagisawa, S K Hammond","doi":"10.1080/10473289.1990.10466751","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.1990.10466751","url":null,"abstract":"Volatile organics compounds (VOCs) are ubiquitous in the air we breathe. The use of passive samplers to measure these concentrations can be an effective technique. When exposed for long durations, a passive sampler may be a good tool for investigating chronic exposures to chemicals in the environment. A passive sampler that was designed for occupational exposures can be used as such a tool. Laboratory validation under as many conditions as possible needs to be accomplished so as to characterize the sampler with known parameters. This paper describes the methods and results of an investigation into the validity of using a passive monitor to sample VOCs for a three-week period. Two concentration levels, two relative humidities, and five VOCs were studied. Results indicate that the samplers work best under conditions of high concentration with low relative humidity and low concentration with high relative humidity. For the passive sampler, excluding chloroform, percent deviations from the predicted values varied between -41 and +22 percent; while the values between the passive and the active samplers varied between -27 and +24 percent. Benzene, heptane, and perchloroethylene were sampled with equal precision and accuracy.","PeriodicalId":17202,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association","volume":"40 7","pages":"993-7"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"1990-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10473289.1990.10466751","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13527174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 20

A field intercomparison and fundamental characterization of various dust samplers with a reference sampler. 各种粉尘取样器与参考取样器的现场比较和基本特性。

IF 2.7 4区环境科学与生态学

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association Pub Date : 1990-06-01 DOI: 10.1080/10473289.1990.10466733

W Holländer, G Morawietz, D Bake, L Laskus, B G van Elzakker, A van der Meulen, K H Zierock

{"title":"A field intercomparison and fundamental characterization of various dust samplers with a reference sampler.","authors":"W Holländer, G Morawietz, D Bake, L Laskus, B G van Elzakker, A van der Meulen, K H Zierock","doi":"10.1080/10473289.1990.10466733","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.1990.10466733","url":null,"abstract":"The European Economic Community Council Directive 80/779/EEC describes air quality limit values and guide values for sulfur dioxide and suspended particulates. However, article 10, paragraph 1 does not define well enough the reference method required, amongst others, for the gravimetric measurement of suspended particulates. It is explicity stated in article 10, paragraph 5 of the directive, that \"the commission shall, in selected locations in the member states and in cooperation with the latter, carry out studies on the sampling...of suspended particulates. These studies shall be designed in particular to promote the harmonization of methods of sampling and analysis of these pollutants.\" Therefore, in a joint research program the Umweltbundesamt (grant #104 02263), the commission of European Communities (grant #84-B-6642-11-017-11-N) and the U.S. EPA (grant #2-432U-3580) funded the development of a reference dust sampler by the Fraunhofer-Institute of Toxicology and Aerosol Research (FhlTA, in Hannover, Federal Republic of Germany) in order: to study the particle size distribution of ambient air aerosol at a number of selected sites; to compare the results obtained with the reference dust sampler with those of particle samplers operated in Europe and the United States; to verify the applicability of wind tunnel results to sampling behaviour in the free atmosphere.","PeriodicalId":17202,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association","volume":"40 6","pages":"881-6"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"1990-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10473289.1990.10466733","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13517859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 11