Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association最新文献

{"title":"Technological innovation in hazardous waste remediation.","authors":"W W Kovalick,&nbsp;J B Cummings","doi":"10.1080/10473289.1991.10466851","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.1991.10466851","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The following is the first in a series of articles on various efforts to encourage and support innovation in hazardous waste treatment technologies for sites and affected groundwater. This article provides a brief discussion of the origins of the U.S. EPA's Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (OSWER) Technology Innovation Office (TIO), its mission, and the major initiatives underway or under contemplation. Subsequent articles will provide progress reports on these initiatives and other activities related to technology innovation by federal and state regulators, technology developers, responsible parties, the engineering community, and other interested parties.</p>","PeriodicalId":17202,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association","volume":"41 3","pages":"347-9"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"1991-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10473289.1991.10466851","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13215543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The transfer of trichloroethylene (TCE) from a shower to indoor air: experimental measurements and their implications.","authors":"T E McKone,&nbsp;J P Knezovich","doi":"10.1080/10473289.1991.10466844","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.1991.10466844","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Experiments were performed to measure the transfer of trichloroethylene (TCE), a volatile organic compound (VOC), from tap water in showers to indoor air. In these experiments, the loss of TCE from tap water in the shower is based on the difference between influent and effluent concentrations. We have developed and previously published a three-compartment model, which we use to simulate the 24-h concentration history of VOCs in the shower, bathroom, and remaining household volumes resulting from the use of contaminated tap water. An important input to this model is the transfer efficiency of the VOC from water to air. The experiments reveal that the transfer efficiency of TCE from shower water to air has an arithmetic mean value of 61 percent and an arithmetic standard deviation of 9 percent. Analysis of the results shows that there is no statistically significant difference between the transfer efficiency measured with hot (37 degrees C) or cold (22 degrees C) shower water and that there is no statistically significant change in transfer efficiency with time during a 20-min shower. The implications for exposure assessment are considered.</p>","PeriodicalId":17202,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association","volume":"41 3","pages":"282-6"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"1991-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10473289.1991.10466844","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13215540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EPA site demonstration of BioTrol aqueous treatment system.","authors":"M K Stinson,&nbsp;H S Skovronek,&nbsp;T J Chresand","doi":"10.1080/10473289.1991.10466839","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.1991.10466839","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BioTrol's pilot scale, fixed-film biological system was evaluated, under the EPA's SITE program, for its effectiveness at removing pentachlorophenol from groundwater. The demonstration was performed in the summer of 1989 at a wood preserving site in New Brighton, Minnesota. The system employs indigenous microorganisms amended with a specific pentachlorophenol-degrading bacterium. Groundwater from a well on the site was fed to the system at 1, 3, and 5 gpm with no pretreatment other than pH adjustment, nutrient addition, and temperature control. Each flowrate was maintained for about two weeks while samples were collected for extensive analyses. At 5 gpm, the system was capable of eliminating about 96 percent of the pentachlorophenol in the groundwater and producing effluent with pentachlorophenol concentrations of about 1 ppm. At the lower flows (1 and 3 gpm) removal was higher (about 99 percent) and effluent pentachlorophenol concentrations were well below 0.5 ppm. The system consistently produced a completely nontoxic effluent at all three flowrates. Review of other data provided by BioTrol indicates that the process is also effective on other hydrocarbons, including solvents and fuels. The system appears to be a compact and cost-effective treatment for contaminated wastewaters requiring minimal operating attention once acclimated.</p>","PeriodicalId":17202,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association","volume":"41 2","pages":"228-33"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"1991-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10473289.1991.10466839","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13209874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The recovery of selenious acid aerosols on glass fiber filters.","authors":"G J Oehm,&nbsp;P T Crisp,&nbsp;J Ellis","doi":"10.1080/10473289.1991.10466836","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.1991.10466836","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Previous workers have shown that selenium is only partially trapped on a filter during air sampling. In some cases, these losses have been attributed to volatilization of selenium dioxide. Our results demonstrate that selenium dioxide, in the presence of moist air, is completely recovered (apparently as selenious acid aerosols) and that the previous shortfalls must be due to other selenium species as yet unidentified. Selenious acid aerosols in our study were formed by volatilizing selenium dioxide (approximately 3 mg) into a stream of moist ambient air (relative humidity, greater than 50%), and trapped on glass fiber filters using a high-volume air sampler. Selenium(IV) was ultrasonically extracted from the filter with water and analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry. Selenious acid aerosols were trapped on the filters with high efficiency (105 +/- 5 percent) using a 50 minute sampling period. With an extended sampling period (24 hours) the recovery was 103 +/- 6 percent.</p>","PeriodicalId":17202,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association","volume":"41 2","pages":"190-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"1991-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10473289.1991.10466836","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13209979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Indoor and outdoor concentrations of inorganic acidic aerosols and gases.","authors":"M Brauer,&nbsp;P Koutrakis,&nbsp;G J Keeler,&nbsp;J D Spengler","doi":"10.1080/10473289.1991.10466834","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.1991.10466834","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Annular denuder-filter pack sampling systems were used to make indoor and outdoor measurements of aerosol strong H+, SO4(2-), NH4+, NO3- and NO2-, and the gaseous pollutants SO2, HNO3, HONO and NH3 during summer and winter periods in Boston, Massachusetts. Outdoor levels of SO2, HNO3, H+ and SO4(2-) exceeded their indoor concentrations during both seasons. Winter indoor/outdoor ratios were lower than during the summer, probably due to lower air exchange rates during the winter period. During both monitoring periods, indoor/outdoor ratios of aerosol strong H+ were 40-50 percent of the indoor/outdoor SO4(2-) ratio. Since aerosol strong acidity is typically associated with SO4(2-), this finding is indicative of neutralization of the acidic aerosol by the higher indoor NH3 levels. Geometric mean indoor/outdoor NH3 ratios of 3.5 and 23 respectively were measured for the summer and winter sampling periods. For HONO, NH3, NH4+ and NO2-, indoor concentrations were significantly higher than ambient levels. Indoor levels of NO3- were slightly less than outdoor concentrations.</p>","PeriodicalId":17202,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association","volume":"41 2","pages":"171-81"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"1991-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10473289.1991.10466834","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13209978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Use of an indoor air quality model (IAQM) to estimate indoor ozone levels.","authors":"S R Hayes","doi":"10.1080/10473289.1991.10466833","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.1991.10466833","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Currently, outdoor ozone levels in many U.S. cities exceed the primary health-based national ambient air quality standard. While outdoor ozone levels are an important measure of the severity of those exceedances, people typically spend more than 80 percent of their time indoors, where ozone levels are lower. Indoor ozone levels range from 10 to 80 percent of outdoor levels, with many people receiving a substantial portion of their ozone exposure while indoors. This paper uses an indoor air quality model (IAQM) to estimate indoor ozone levels by microenvironment type (home, office, and vehicle) and configuration (windows open, windows closed, older construction, weatherized, and air conditioned). The formulation of IAQM is discussed, along with specification of model parameters for ozone. The multicompartment version of IAQM is described, with a single-compartment version used for the analyses. IAQM-calculated ozone indoor-outdoor ratios compare well with research-reported values. Results indicate that ozone peak-concentration indoor-outdoor ratios range as follows: home--0.65 (windows open), 0.36 (air conditioned), 0.23 (typical construction, windows closed), and 0.05 (energy-efficient construction, windows closed); office--0.82 (heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems supplying 100 percent outdoor air), 0.60 (typical HVAC), and 0.32 (energy-efficient HVAC); and vehicle--0.41 (85 mph), 0.33 (55 mph), and 0.21 (10 mph). Analysis results are presented to characterize IAQM's sensitivity to assumed model parameters.</p>","PeriodicalId":17202,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association","volume":"41 2","pages":"161-70"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"1991-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10473289.1991.10466833","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13209977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trimethylphenylammonium-smectite as an effective adsorbent of water soluble aromatic hydrocarbons.","authors":"W F Jaynes,&nbsp;S A Boyd","doi":"10.1080/10473289.1990.10466811","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.1990.10466811","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Homoionic trimethylphenylammonium (TMPA)- and tetramethylammonium (TMA)-clays were prepared by ion-exchange reactions using two smectite clays that differed in their cation exchange capacities and surface charge densities. These clays are referred to as a low-charge (SAC) and high-charge (SWa)-smectite. The organo-clays were evaluated as adsorbents of water soluble aromatic hydrocarbons including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, p-xylene, butylbenzene, and naphthalene. All of the aromatic hydrocarbons tested were effectively removed from water by the low-charge TMPA-smectite. The low-charge TMA-smectite was an effective adsorbent for benzene but was ineffective in the removal of the alkylbenzenes and naphthalene from water. The effect of surface charge on the adsorption properties of TMPA-smectite was pronounced. The uptake of benzene and toluene by the high-charge TMPA-smectite was greatly reduced as compared to the low-charge TMPA-smectite. These results suggest the utility of TMPA-smectite as a liner material for petroleum storage containers and waste disposal reservoirs. The use of TMPA-smectite in conjunction with Na-smectite would provide a barrier with the ability to impede the flow of water and to effectively adsorb dissolved organic contaminants.</p>","PeriodicalId":17202,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association","volume":"40 12","pages":"1649-53"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"1990-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10473289.1990.10466811","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13443097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An analytical method to determine Henry's law constant for selected volatile organic compounds at concentrations and temperatures corresponding to tap water use.","authors":"M V Tancrède,&nbsp;Y Yanagisawa","doi":"10.1080/10473289.1990.10466813","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.1990.10466813","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Henry's law constants (H) are needed to model human exposure to Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in indoor air resulting from the use of tap water. This paper presents an experimental method to determine Hs for several common tap water pollutants at concentrations and temperatures used in household water. For 5 VOCs Henry's law constants were obtained simultaneously over the 25 degrees C to 45 degrees C temperature range, providing data on H beyond the currently available data (up to 35 degrees C). Henry's law constants were obtained as the ratio of equilibrium concentrations of VOCs in air and water, using simultaneous sampling from sealed bottles kept at constant temperatures. Air and water samples were concentrated by a purge-and-trap method, thermally desorbed from a Tenax trap, and analyzed with a gas chromatograph with an electron capture detector (GC-ECD). Experimental results agreed well with available literature data.</p>","PeriodicalId":17202,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association","volume":"40 12","pages":"1658-63"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"1990-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10473289.1990.10466813","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13443098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The current practice of health risk assessment: potential impact on standards for toxic air contaminants.","authors":"D J Paustenbach,&nbsp;J D Jernigan,&nbsp;B L Finley,&nbsp;S R Ripple,&nbsp;R E Keenan","doi":"10.1080/10473289.1990.10466808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.1990.10466808","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since the Bhopal incident, the public has placed pressure on regulatory agencies to set community exposure limits for the dozens of chemicals that may be released by manufacturing facilities. More or less objective limits can be established for the vast majority of these chemicals through the use of risk assessment. However, each step of the risk assessment process (i.e., hazard identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment, and risk characterization) contains a number of pitfalls that scientists need to avoid to ensure that valid limits are established. For example, in the hazard identification step there has been little discrimination among animal carcinogens with respect to mechanism of action or the epidemiology experience. In the dose-response portion, rarely is the range of \"plausible\" estimated risks presented. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PB-PK) models should be used to understand the difference between the tissue doses and the administered dose, as well as the difference in target tissue concentrations of the toxicant between rodents and humans. Biologically-based models like the Moolgavkar-Knudson-Venzon (MKV) should be developed and used, when appropriate. The exposure assessment step can be significantly improved by using more sensitive and specific sampling and analytical methods, more accurate exposure parameters, and computer models that can account for complex environmental factors. Whenever possible, model predictions of exposure and uptake should be validated by biological monitoring of exposed persons (urine, blood, adipose) or by field measurements of plants, soil, fish, air, or water. In each portion of an assessment, the weight of evidence approach should be used to identify the most defensible value. In the risk characterization, the best estimate of the potential risk as well as the highest plausible risk should be presented. Future assessments would be much improved if quantitative uncertainty analyses were conducted. Procedures are currently available for making future assessments. By correcting some of these shortcomings in how health risk assessments have been conducted, scientists and risk managers should be better able to identify scientifically appropriate ambient air standards and emission limits.</p>","PeriodicalId":17202,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association","volume":"40 12","pages":"1620-30"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"1990-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10473289.1990.10466808","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13443096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical simulation of the thermal destruction of some chlorinated C1 and C2 hydrocarbons.","authors":"E M Fisher,&nbsp;C P Koshland","doi":"10.1080/10473289.1990.10466790","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.1990.10466790","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We have numerically modeled the breakdown of small quantities of several chlorinated hydrocarbons (CH3Cl, CH2Cl2, CHCl3, CCl4, C2H3Cl, and C2H5Cl) in a lean mixture of combustion products between 800 and 1480 K. This simulates the fate of poorly atomized waste in a liquid-injection incinerator. Kinetics calculations were performed using the CHEMKIN and SENKIN programs, with a reaction mechanism that was developed at Louisiana State University to model flat-flame burner experiments. A 99.99-percent destruction efficiency was attained in one second at temperatures ranging from 1280 to 960 K, with CCl4 requiring the highest temperature for destruction and C2H5Cl the lowest. For all compounds except C2H5Cl, there was a range of temperatures at which byproducts accounted for several percent of the elemental chlorine at the outlet. The more heavily chlorinated compounds formed more byproducts even though the amount of elemental chlorine was the same in all cases. The sensitivity of results to residence time, equivalence ratio, temperature profile, and the presence of additional chlorine, was examined for the case of CHCl3.</p>","PeriodicalId":17202,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association","volume":"40 10","pages":"1384-90"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"1990-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10473289.1990.10466790","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13408904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}