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Journal of The American Leather Chemists Association最新文献

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Production of Carboxymethyl Starches from Oxidized Starches and Determination of Their Tanning Characteristics 氧化淀粉制备羧甲基淀粉及其鞣制特性的测定
IF 0.9 4区 工程技术
Journal of The American Leather Chemists Association Pub Date : 2021-06-03 DOI: 10.34314/jalca.v116i6.4311
Cigdem Ozkan, H. Ozgunay
{"title":"Production of Carboxymethyl Starches from Oxidized Starches and Determination of Their Tanning Characteristics","authors":"Cigdem Ozkan, H. Ozgunay","doi":"10.34314/jalca.v116i6.4311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34314/jalca.v116i6.4311","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrogen peroxide and sodium metaperiodate oxidation of starch and their possible utilization in tanning/retanning were examined in our previous studies. In the present part, accordingly with our previous findings, hydrogen peroxide and sodium metaperiodate oxidation products having appropriate molecular weight/size were selected and additionally carboxymethylated. The yields of the processes (carboxymethyl starches) were characterized comprehensively and the effect of carboxymethylation process on structures and tanning abilities were tried to be identified. The characterization results revealed that the carboxymethyl groups were successfully included into the structure and the water solubility of oxidized starches (especially periodate oxidized ones) increased by carboxymethylation process. From the evaluation of the tanning results and considering its properties i.e. gentle tanning effect with less astringency and correspondingly a relatively soft leather handle and smooth grain, it is concluded that dialdehyde carboxymethyl starch (CMS 1:0.7) can be utilized as yet another good alternative sustainable green tanning/retanning agent from starch.","PeriodicalId":17201,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The American Leather Chemists Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72920539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Valorisation of Tannery Waste and Animal By-Product for Acoustics Applications 制革废料和动物副产品声学应用的价值计算
IF 0.9 4区 工程技术
Journal of The American Leather Chemists Association Pub Date : 2021-06-03 DOI: 10.34314/jalca.v116i6.4308
Tesfay Gebryergs, C. Sivaranjani, N. Fathima
{"title":"Valorisation of Tannery Waste and Animal By-Product for Acoustics Applications","authors":"Tesfay Gebryergs, C. Sivaranjani, N. Fathima","doi":"10.34314/jalca.v116i6.4308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34314/jalca.v116i6.4308","url":null,"abstract":"Disposal of chromium-containing solid wastes generated from the leather industry poses a major threat to tanners worldwide. Herein, we propose a strategy to utilize chrome shaving waste for sound absorption application by blending it with natural fiber, wool. The composites were prepared at various ratios with different thickness by compression molding method and subjected to characterizations like scanning electron microscope, porosity measurements, and tensile strength analysis. The sound absorption behavior of the composites was evaluated using the two-microphone impedance tube method. The results indicate that the composites with higher thickness show better sound absorption at higher frequencies when compared to the natural wool and composites with lesser thicknesses. Thus, this material can be used as a sound-absorbing material thereby paving the alternative use of leather waste utilization.","PeriodicalId":17201,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The American Leather Chemists Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72384000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Biochemical and Physical Changes in Goatskin during Bacterial Putrefaction 山羊皮肤在细菌腐烂过程中的生化和物理变化
IF 0.9 4区 工程技术
Journal of The American Leather Chemists Association Pub Date : 2021-06-03 DOI: 10.34314/jalca.v116i6.4310
Vimudha Muralidharan, R. Ramesh, B. Madhan, S. Palanivel
{"title":"Biochemical and Physical Changes in Goatskin during Bacterial Putrefaction","authors":"Vimudha Muralidharan, R. Ramesh, B. Madhan, S. Palanivel","doi":"10.34314/jalca.v116i6.4310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34314/jalca.v116i6.4310","url":null,"abstract":"The quality of the raw animal skin decides the final quality of leather. Preservation processes of raw animal skins until leather making predominantly uses salting as a popular method owing to the bacteriostatic effect provided by salt. The detrimental impact caused by the usage of salt from the leather processing is well established. This necessitates the quest for developing an economical, efficacious and environment-friendly preservation system. The present work investigates the effects on the physical and chemical characteristics of the animal skin caused by the putrefactive bacteria with respect to time. Physical changes were studied using visual examination, SEM analysis, and histological staining techniques where the structural deterioration was evidently established. Changes in biochemical aspects were studied by observing degradation in proteoglycan levels and collagen from the goat skin taken at various time intervals. Furthermore, the microorganisms that were responsible for the degradation of various skin components were isolated from the skin over the period of 36 hours from flaying. The occurrence of collagen-degrading organisms within 6 hours of initiation of putrefaction and increased number of proteolytic and collagenolytic bacteria at the end of 36-hours observation were indicative of tremendous skin spoilage leading to deteriorated quality of raw material.","PeriodicalId":17201,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The American Leather Chemists Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72432924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Learning to Recognize Irregular Features on Leather Surfaces 学习识别皮革表面的不规则特征
IF 0.9 4区 工程技术
Journal of The American Leather Chemists Association Pub Date : 2021-05-03 DOI: 10.34314/jalca.v116i5.4291
Masood Aslam, T. Khan, S. Naqvi, Geoff Holmes, Rafea Naffa
{"title":"Learning to Recognize Irregular Features on Leather Surfaces","authors":"Masood Aslam, T. Khan, S. Naqvi, Geoff Holmes, Rafea Naffa","doi":"10.34314/jalca.v116i5.4291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34314/jalca.v116i5.4291","url":null,"abstract":"As part of industrial quality control in the leather industry, it is important to identify the abnormal features in wet-blue leather samples. Manual inspection of leather samples is the current norm in industrial settings. To comply with the current industrial standards that advocate large-scale automation, visual inspection based leather processing is imperative. Visual inspection of irregular surfaces is a challenging problem as the characteristics of the abnormalities can take a variety of shape and color variations. The aim of this work is to automatically categorize leather images into normal or abnormal by visual analysis of the surfaces. To achieve this aim, a deep learning based approach is devised that learns to recognize regular and irregular leather surfaces and categorize leather images on its basis. To this end, we propose an ensemble of multiple convolutional neural networks for classifying leather images. The proposed ensemble network exhibited competitive performance obtaining 92.68% test accuracy on our own curated leather images dataset.","PeriodicalId":17201,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The American Leather Chemists Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88534878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Effects of a Clean Subcritical Degreasing System on Wool Fibers 清洁亚临界脱脂系统对羊毛纤维的影响
IF 0.9 4区 工程技术
Journal of The American Leather Chemists Association Pub Date : 2021-05-03 DOI: 10.34314/jalca.v116i5.4292
Qiaoping Xia, Y. Wang, Meina Zhang, Zongcai Zhang, H. Dai
{"title":"Effects of a Clean Subcritical Degreasing System on Wool Fibers","authors":"Qiaoping Xia, Y. Wang, Meina Zhang, Zongcai Zhang, H. Dai","doi":"10.34314/jalca.v116i5.4292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34314/jalca.v116i5.4292","url":null,"abstract":"It makes sense to use environmentally friendly methods of degreasing in fur-making process. In this study, subcritical n-pentane was used to degrease wool fibers. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to observe and analyze the properties of the subcritical n-pentane degreased wool fibers. The results showed that the thermal stability of the fibers increased. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to analyze the structural changes of macromolecular chains in wool fibers. It was found that when the pressure was higher than 0.4 MPa, the wool fibers underwent a conformational change with the α-helix changing to β-folding. If the pressure was as high as 0.6 MPa, the disulfide bonds in the wool fibers scale layer appeared to break. X-ray powder diffraction experiment was used to study changes in wool fiber aggregation morphology. It was demonstrated that the crystalline zone of wool fibers changed and the fibers index grew, from 22.89% to 30.19%. Field emission scanning electron microscopy and ultra-depth of field microscopy was used to analyze changes in the surface morphology of wool fibers. The results suggested that after the treatment, the wool fibers were not damaged and the impurities on the wool surface were reduced.","PeriodicalId":17201,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The American Leather Chemists Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84568179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Oxidized Maltodextrin: A Novel Ligand for Aluminum–Zirconium Complex Tanning 氧化麦芽糊精:铝锆复合鞣剂的新型配体
IF 0.9 4区 工程技术
Journal of The American Leather Chemists Association Pub Date : 2021-05-03 DOI: 10.34314/jalca.v116i5.4293
Xu Guo, Yue Yu, Ya-nan Wang, B. Shi
{"title":"Oxidized Maltodextrin: A Novel Ligand for Aluminum–Zirconium Complex Tanning","authors":"Xu Guo, Yue Yu, Ya-nan Wang, B. Shi","doi":"10.34314/jalca.v116i5.4293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34314/jalca.v116i5.4293","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) oxidized maltodextrin was prepared as the ligand for aluminum–zirconium complex tanning. The effects of catalyst dosage, initiation temperature, and H2O2 dosage on maltodextrin oxidation were investigated. FT-IR analysis demonstrated that carboxyl groups were successfully introduced into oxidized maltodextrin. The carboxyl content and degradation degree of oxidized maltodextrin increased with the increase of H2O2 dosage.  Maltodextrin oxidized by 40% H2O2 and 0.015% Cu–Fe catalyst at an initiation temperature of 70°C (OD-40) with moderate carboxyl group (6.75 mmol/g) and molecular weight (Mw 450) promoted the penetration and fixation of aluminum–zirconium salts in leather and showed better tanning performance, such as hydrothermal stability and porosity of leather, than traditional citric acid ligand.","PeriodicalId":17201,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The American Leather Chemists Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77670137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Collagen Fiber Opening of Cattle Hides in Urea/Calcium Hydroxide Solutions 牛皮在尿素/氢氧化钙溶液中的胶原纤维开口
IF 0.9 4区 工程技术
Journal of The American Leather Chemists Association Pub Date : 2021-05-03 DOI: 10.34314/jalca.v116i5.4290
Qian Zhang, Jie Liu, Xiu-Ling Liu, Hui Liu, Yadi Hu, K. Tang
{"title":"Collagen Fiber Opening of Cattle Hides in Urea/Calcium Hydroxide Solutions","authors":"Qian Zhang, Jie Liu, Xiu-Ling Liu, Hui Liu, Yadi Hu, K. Tang","doi":"10.34314/jalca.v116i5.4290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34314/jalca.v116i5.4290","url":null,"abstract":"In the beamhouse, liming might directly affect the structure and performance of collagen, as well as the quality of resultant leather. However, the influences of composition and content of liming agents on liming mechanism are quite complicated. In this study, calcium hydroxide and urea were utilized in liming. The solution pH, hide swelling ratio and non-collagenous protein removal were quantitatively analyzed. The morphologies of both limed and fresh hides were studied by optical microscopy. The reaction mechanism of fiber opening up of cattle hides was analyzed and speculated by the combination of thermogravimetric analysis and Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy. It was found that the fiber bundles of hides limed by urea/calcium hydroxide have a better opening up effect than that by pure calcium hydroxide. The mechanism of liming in an urea/calcium hydroxide solution system was proposed.","PeriodicalId":17201,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The American Leather Chemists Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86700474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Chemically Modified Castor Oil for Softening of Leather– A Novel Approach 化学改性蓖麻油软化皮革的新方法
IF 0.9 4区 工程技术
Journal of The American Leather Chemists Association Pub Date : 2021-04-01 DOI: 10.34314/jalca.v116i4.4283
B. Sahu, M. Sathish, G. Jayakumar
{"title":"Chemically Modified Castor Oil for Softening of Leather– A Novel Approach","authors":"B. Sahu, M. Sathish, G. Jayakumar","doi":"10.34314/jalca.v116i4.4283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34314/jalca.v116i4.4283","url":null,"abstract":"Fatliquoring is an important step of post tanning process of leathermanufacturing where incorporation of self-emulsified oil (lubricant)makes the leather soft. There are several methods which introducepolarity into oil and provide the path where reactive species ofmodified oil can interact with water which leads to form a fatliquor.The aim of this work is to introduce an extra polarity into the fattyacid moiety through chemical modification of castor oil by carbeneintermediate. The spectroscopic characterisation such as FTIR,1H-NMR and 13C-NMR of fatliquor have been carried out. Particle size analysis of fatliquor has also been done. The experimental leathers have been tested for physical strength characterisation such as tensile and tear strength verses control and found to have better properties than control. SEM analysis for morphological study of experimental leather were also carried out which clearly indicates the uniform dispersion of fiber bundles due to the fine distribution of the novel and self-emulsifying fatliquor throughout the matrix.","PeriodicalId":17201,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The American Leather Chemists Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83010664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Hide Defects of Feedlot Cattle: Assessment of Cattle Management, Breed Type, Sex, Live Market Weight, and Source Factors on Hide Quality 饲养场牛皮缺陷:牛管理、品种类型、性别、活市重及源因素对皮质量的影响
IF 0.9 4区 工程技术
Journal of The American Leather Chemists Association Pub Date : 2021-04-01 DOI: 10.34314/jalca.v116i4.4284
W. T. Wright, C. Richardson, M. Bonds, G. Pollard, P. O. Sudharkaran, A. M. Gonzalez, S. Martínez
{"title":"Hide Defects of Feedlot Cattle: Assessment of Cattle Management, Breed Type, Sex, Live Market Weight, and Source Factors on Hide Quality","authors":"W. T. Wright, C. Richardson, M. Bonds, G. Pollard, P. O. Sudharkaran, A. M. Gonzalez, S. Martínez","doi":"10.34314/jalca.v116i4.4284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34314/jalca.v116i4.4284","url":null,"abstract":"Twenty groups of finished feedlot cattle (thirteen steer groups, seven heifer groups) of known origin, breed type, sex and implant status were studied after marketing to determine the type and extent of hide defects as related to days on feed, live market weight, and hot carcass weight. Origin of cattle did not significantly influence the five hide characteristics evaluated (hide defects score, hide vein score, healed scratches, ringworm, and warts). Live weight and sex influenced the weight of the hides (P < 0.05), with steers being heavier and having heavier hides. Days on feed increased (P = 0.06) the amount of vein damage observed on the hides but was not sex related. Results from this study indicate that under typical commercial cattle feeding practices in Texas, hide defects differ among cattle under the same management and are related to the days on feed in the feedlot, which influences final market weight and degree of finish.","PeriodicalId":17201,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The American Leather Chemists Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91094997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Evaluation of Dye Fixatives – A Comparative Study 染料固定剂的评价——比较研究
IF 0.9 4区 工程技术
Journal of The American Leather Chemists Association Pub Date : 2021-04-01 DOI: 10.34314/jalca.v116i4.4285
V. Sundar, C. Muralidharan
{"title":"Evaluation of Dye Fixatives – A Comparative Study","authors":"V. Sundar, C. Muralidharan","doi":"10.34314/jalca.v116i4.4285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34314/jalca.v116i4.4285","url":null,"abstract":"Dyeing is the important unit process in leather manufacturing, which adds value to the leather. Although formic acid is used for fixing of dyes in leather processing, difficulties do arise in fixation of certain dye stuffs. Further high quantities of formic acid used do create health issues and adds to high cost of production. Compounds such as formic acid, acetic acid, mixture of organic acids and quaternary ammonium compounds have been found to function as dye fixatives. The efficacy of these compounds to function as dye fixatives for various dye stuffs and substances either alone or along with formic acid has been studied in detail in this work. The physical and color characteristics of leather and spent liquor analysis have been carried out.","PeriodicalId":17201,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The American Leather Chemists Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82204528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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