Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment最新文献

{"title":"Duration record for a GPS-transmitter fitted to a vulture","authors":"Antoni Margalida","doi":"10.1002/fee.2773","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.2773","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The bearded vulture (<i>Gypaetus barbatus</i>) is the most threatened vulture species in Europe. On 14 May 2009, during our long-term study on its conservation in the Pyrenees (Spain, France, Andorra) (<i>Ecol Monog</i> 2020; doi.org/10.1002/ecm.1414), we captured a four-year-old subadult male (<i>Adrian</i>) using a net remotely activated from a distance. He was tagged with a 70-g solar-powered (GPS/PTT) satellite transmitter (Microwave Telemetry Inc, Columbia, Maryland, US), attached using a Teflon backpack harness (see photograph). In May 2023, 14 years after his initial capture, <i>Adrian</i> was still alive at the age of 18 years and, more surprisingly, the transmitter still worked.</p><p>Long-term monitoring of <i>Adrian</i> provided &gt;15,000 location records (see map: minimum convex polygon home range in yellow; 95% and 50% of the kernel density estimate [<i>K</i>₉₅ and <i>K</i>₅₀] in orange and red, respectively) and showed how he first established a territory at eight years of age. <i>Adrian</i> bred successfully for the first time in 2013 (red large area) and reared two chicks between 2013 and 2016. In 2016, he abandoned the territory and remained at large until 2019, when he again took up a new territory 70 km away (red small area). He bred successfully on one occasion between 2020 and 2023. Although Egyptian vultures (<i>Neophron percnopterus</i>) can live for over 30 years (<i>Front Ecol Environ</i> 2021; doi.org/10.1002/fee.2328), <i>Adrian</i>'s lifetime reproductive success after 18 years has only been three fledglings.</p><p>Long-term movement research is fundamental to developing conservation and management plans for long-lived species. However, the operational lifetimes of GPS devices are limited, and most avian transmitters have an average working duration of 2–3 years (https://www.microwavetelemetry.com/faq). Unfortunately, <i>Adrian</i>'s transmitter is currently no longer functional. But thanks to its unusually long life, empirical data on the demographic parameters, spatial behavior, and breeding dispersal of this bearded vulture were accurately gathered over an extended period.</p><p><i>Imagery from Google Earth Pro (data: SIO, NOAA, US Navy, NGA, GEBCO; image: Landsat, Copernicus) obtained through Movebank.org</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":171,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment","volume":"22 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fee.2773","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141245855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Floral parasites: mutualism or exploitation in pollination?","authors":"Kenji Suetsugu","doi":"10.1002/fee.2774","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.2774","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":171,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment","volume":"22 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fee.2774","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141245856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“Authors declare no competing interests”—really?","authors":"Adrian Treves","doi":"10.1002/fee.2772","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.2772","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Most of us have made the claim, “&lt;i&gt;Authors declare no competing interests&lt;/i&gt;”. But how often have we substantiated it? I propose a moratorium on making this claim without evidence; more provocatively, I suggest that—even with evidence—the claim is rarely accurate.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;For those of us who have affiliations in universities or government agencies, they are no longer a guarantee of our impartiality, if they ever were. Every one of us has affiliations and other commitments that could potentially influence our assumptions, methods, and interpretations and that deserve airing.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Our title page affiliations are not transparent enough because many universities have become entangled with powerful, moneyed interests, derived from industry or government. None of us should try to claim value-neutral science. Over time, universities have seen academic freedoms erode (&lt;i&gt;Annals Iowa&lt;/i&gt; 2008). Likewise, federal government scientists increasingly face restrictions and interference (Union of Concerned Scientists 2023). Those at state agencies are similarly at risk. During a Washington State wildlife commission meeting in October 2023, disagreement over scientific bias was exposed when Department of Fish &amp; Wildlife Deputy Director Windrope stated, “…striving for an unbiased nature, which makes the science that comes from a state agency or a federal agency…so important, right? It's really different than a nonprofit or a university that doesn't have a regulatory component…”, prompting Commissioner Smith to respond, “…we're a state agency, and we are always subject to pressures…And so I just think that we need to be careful to try to claim that, you know, our role is more unbiased in producing science than universities”. This dialogue reveals how easily bias can be (mis)interpreted—no one can monopolize impartiality. Because US wildlife agencies benefit from fees (paid for killing huntable species) or excise taxes (on firearms), agency researchers may be subject to financial competing interests similar to those ascribed to industry. We may hope that government science is more trustworthy or has greater oversight than academic or NGO science, but that is an empirical claim. Whatever the organization's mission, it has a competing interest, at a minimum in its own persistence. Although we—individual scientists—cannot fully escape our worldviews, we can almost always disclose them.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;To be clear, I am not suggesting that every donor to an organization imposes a competing interest on that organization's researchers. Nor am I suggesting that we cannot do impartial science because we are unable to escape our interests. Such extreme claims demand strong corroborating evidence. By the same token, however, more evidence is needed to declare no competing interests.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Many already recognize that authors’ interests are part of their methods of doing science. Peer reviewers and subject-matter editors might be fair judges of competing interests—if chos","PeriodicalId":171,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment","volume":"22 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fee.2772","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141245854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The pulsed effects of reintroducing wolves on the carnivore community of Isle Royale","authors":"Mauriel Rodriguez Curras,&nbsp;Mark C Romanski,&nbsp;Jonathan N Pauli","doi":"10.1002/fee.2750","DOIUrl":"10.1002/fee.2750","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Large carnivores are being globally reintroduced with the goal of restoring ecological interactions. However, the extent that competitive interactions are restored within communities is often unclear. In a before–after study within Isle Royale National Park (in the US state of Michigan), we quantified the spatial, behavioral, trophic, and demographic effects of the reintroduction of a large carnivore (gray wolf; <i>Canis lupus</i>) on meso-carnivores (red fox; <i>Vulpes vulpes</i>) and small carnivores (American marten; <i>Martes americana</i>). The wolf reintroduction produced a phase-dependent pulse perturbation: wolves constrained the distribution of foxes, thereby benefiting martens, yet foxes altered their behavior, notably using human-provided resource subsidies (campsites and food) more frequently, which buffered demographic consequences. Once wolf packs coalesced, all observed changes subsided, and competitive interactions returned to their pre-wolf values. Our results show that some predicted—and often desired—consequences of large carnivore reintroductions may not be permanent due to the transitory dynamics of social carnivores and the presence of humans, even within a “pristine wilderness”.</p>","PeriodicalId":171,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment","volume":"22 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fee.2750","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141122833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Four-Dimensional Ecology Education (4DEE) for everyone: teaching ecology to non-majors","authors":"Vikki L Rodgers,&nbsp;Sara E Scanga,&nbsp;Justin R St Juliana,&nbsp;Erica S Tietjen,&nbsp;Jon M Honea,&nbsp;Loren B Byrne,&nbsp;Zakiya H Leggett,&nbsp;George Middendorf","doi":"10.1002/fee.2749","DOIUrl":"10.1002/fee.2749","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Originally developed for application to ecology courses for undergraduate majors, the Four-Dimensional Ecology Education (4DEE) Framework offers possibilities for adaptation to courses with ecology content for many other audiences. Recognizing the extraordinary range of classroom contexts and constraints, we developed some general, flexible recommendations and approaches to guide instructors in adapting the 4DEE Framework for an array of non-major audiences and classroom context needs. Our hope is that 4DEE-aligned courses for non-majors will provide these students with greater appreciation of ecology and inspire them to use their knowledge to address many critical environmental issues in their personal and professional lives. Many of our recommendations likely apply to natural science, engineering, and math majors as well. We encourage more ecologists to embrace teaching non-majors courses as a response to the urgent need to improve ecological literacy for everyone.</p>","PeriodicalId":171,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment","volume":"22 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fee.2749","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140968671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing freshwater science with sensor data collected by community scientists","authors":"Diana Oviedo-Vargas,&nbsp;Marc Peipoch,&nbsp;Scott H Ensign,&nbsp;David Bressler,&nbsp;David B Arscott,&nbsp;John K Jackson","doi":"10.1002/fee.2748","DOIUrl":"10.1002/fee.2748","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Autonomous sensor networks providing real-time data are growing in popularity with community scientists due to instant availability of high-frequency data. What role does this monitoring play in watershed assessment alongside agency-run monitoring programs? How accessible, interoperable, and reusable are the data for other researchers? We compared a community science-led stream monitoring network—EnviroDIY—in the Delaware River Basin, in which more than 50 watershed organizations have deployed more than 100 stations monitoring temperature, electric conductivity, depth, and sometimes turbidity, with the Basin's US Geological Survey (USGS) stream gauge network. The EnviroDIY network (<i>n</i> = 124) complemented the USGS network (<i>n</i> = 102) by monitoring sites with different watershed sizes and land-use distributions. Although data were accessible and interoperable using a web data portal, community scientists had difficulty sharing metadata that would enable data reuse outside this project and they required support analyzing these large datasets to understand threats to watershed conditions. We address those needs here with a conceptual framework for interpreting data and communicating results.</p>","PeriodicalId":171,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment","volume":"22 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fee.2748","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140969761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A new era of genetic diversity conservation through novel tools and accessible data","authors":"Margaret E Hunter,&nbsp;Jessica M da Silva,&nbsp;Alicia Mastretta-Yanes,&nbsp;Sean M Hoban","doi":"10.1002/fee.2740","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.2740","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Due to increasing alarm over lost diversity, the past few years have seen quantum leaps in making genetics more accessible and relevant for use in practice and policy. A historic advance for conservation was made at the 2022 United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity COP15, when genetic diversity was protected for &lt;i&gt;all&lt;/i&gt; species—not just socioeconomically and culturally valuable ones—in the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF). Here, we highlight new, affordable, and inclusive tools for measuring genetic diversity and emphasize the importance of their use to benefit nature and society.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Improved application of genetic diversity data to conservation and management first requires documenting change across space and time. Meta-analyses have shown substantial genetic losses—incurred during the past century—in many species, especially those endemic to islands or that are heavily harvested (eg commercial fisheries). Genomic patterns across thousands of DNA nucleotides (eg runs of homozygosity) can now provide deeper insight into demographic histories, inbreeding, and the effects of natural selection. New models such as the mutations–area relationship can quantify the effects of habitat loss on genetic diversity at the population level, thereby helping to approximate the impacts of both threats and management (including restoration) activities.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Meanwhile, Genetic Composition Essential Biodiversity Variables were developed to standardize the reporting of genetic diversity and to facilitate comparisons across studies (&lt;i&gt;Biol Rev&lt;/i&gt; 2022; doi.org/10.1111/brv.12852). FAIR principles (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable) have also been embraced to enable better comparisons across species and regions and to allow for more transparent and rigorous conclusions. Major efforts have focused on compiling, aggregating, and creating detailed metadata for thousands of previously produced genetic datasets. Through such efforts, an entirely new discipline—&lt;i&gt;macrogenetics&lt;/i&gt;, which involves analyzing thousands of datasets to identify ecological drivers of genetic change in space and time—has arisen. Macrogenetics can empower systematic conservation planning, while also enabling the comparison of global genetic diversity maps to species-richness maps (&lt;i&gt;Nat Rev Genet&lt;/i&gt; 2021; doi.org/10.1038/s41576-021-00394-0).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Even as genetic data become more available, &gt;99% of described species have yet to be studied genetically. Consequently, scalable and affordable non-DNA–based indicators were built on core evolutionary principles (eg maintaining sufficiently large distinct populations to prevent genetic erosion) and adopted by the GBF. These indicators enable rapid estimation of genetic diversity for more inclusive assessment and conservation action at large scales, including within developing and megadiverse countries (&lt;i&gt;Conserv Lett&lt;/i&gt; 2023; doi.org/10.1111/conl.12953). Inclusivity is an important emphasis fo","PeriodicalId":171,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment","volume":"22 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fee.2740","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140820509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate-driven diatom aggregations pose a risk to long-lived Antarctic filter feeders","authors":"Kaja Balazy,&nbsp;Piotr Balazy","doi":"10.1002/fee.2742","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.2742","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":171,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment","volume":"22 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140820503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spiders in oyster shells: shellfish farming benefits an endangered terrestrial species","authors":"Julien Pétillon,&nbsp;Nela Gloríková","doi":"10.1002/fee.2744","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.2744","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000 <i>Image credits: ©N Gloríková</i>\u0000 </p>","PeriodicalId":171,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment","volume":"22 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fee.2744","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140820505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"India's Forest Conservation Amendment Act raises important questions","authors":"Jithu K Jose","doi":"10.1002/fee.2741","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.2741","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Of the planet's terrestrial area, nearly 33% and 7% are covered by forests and tropical forests, respectively (Lee and Jarvis &lt;span&gt;1996&lt;/span&gt;). Forests in general provide ecological, economic, social, and aesthetic benefits to people, and tropical forests specifically hold more than 50% of the planet's biodiversity (Singh and Sharma &lt;span&gt;2009&lt;/span&gt;). Worldwide, 15.8 million hectares of tropical forests are lost annually (Weisse and Goldman &lt;span&gt;2018&lt;/span&gt;). Nearly all tropical forests occur within the Global South, which includes some of the most densely populated and economically impoverished nations. The growing need for forest resources in developing countries places tremendous strain on forests therein. India is one example of a country that exerts such pressure on its forests (Figure 1). In India, total (tropical and subtropical) forest and tree cover spans 80.9 million hectares, which is equivalent to nearly 25% of the country's areal extent (Sharma &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;span&gt;2023&lt;/span&gt;). Between 2015 and 2020, India lost 668,400 hectares of forest, placing it second to Brazil in terms of global losses (Ritchie &lt;span&gt;2021&lt;/span&gt;). Various laws, acts, and policies have been formulated and adopted in India to incorporate forests within legal and policy frameworks—these range from the colonial-era Indian Forest Act of 1865 to the more recent Forest Conservation Amendment Act of 2023 (hereafter, the Act), which modified the existing Forest Conservation Act of 1980. Since its inception, the Act has prompted many conservation-related questions across the world. More discussions and greater transparency on the Act are desperately needed.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In India, government land records generally refer to forests as belonging to one of three legal classifications: “reserved”, “protected”, or “unclassed” (FAO &lt;span&gt;2005&lt;/span&gt;). Reserved and protected forests “by definition are owned by [the] government [and by the] ‘Public’ at large”; as for unclassed forests, “the status of their ownership and control varies among various States in India” (FAO &lt;span&gt;2005&lt;/span&gt;). Many Indian forests are further categorized as “deemed” forests: that is, those that fall under the “dictionary meaning” of a forest (a subjective description) but do not merit official recognition in any government record. The Act rescinds protection completely for deemed forests, limiting protection only to “notified” forests (that is, reserved and protected forests for which there is “a legal notification in a government gazette under [the] Indian Forest Act [of 1927 that] creates or defines [their] boundaries” [FAO &lt;span&gt;2005&lt;/span&gt;]) and those documented in official records as of or after 25 October 1980. The Act encourages commercial activity in any area not officially acknowledged as a “forest”. As a consequence, up to 25% of the country's forests are now vulnerable to mining, urbanization, infrastructure development, and other destructive land-use changes due to the passage of the Act, ","PeriodicalId":171,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment","volume":"22 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fee.2741","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140820510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}