{"title":"Acoustic orbital angular momentum-based space division multiplexing for multi-channel data transmission.","authors":"Liulin Li, Bingyi Liu, Zhongyi Guo","doi":"10.1121/10.0046401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0046401","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Due to the low attenuation in the water, an acoustic wave is currently considered a promising medium for long-distance underwater information transmission. Acoustic vortex (AV) provides an alternative to expand the channel capacity by exploring the orbital angular momentum dimension. In this work, based on the ring-array of sectorial transducers, we propose a scheme for constructing double-ring perfect acoustic vortex (DR-PAV) beams by applying the Fourier transformation of quasi-Bessel acoustic vortex (QB-AV) beams with different radial wave numbers. The radius and ring width of the inner and outer rings of the DR-PAV beam remain nearly constant, and the topological charge (TC) of the inner and outer rings are independently controllable. Subsequently, the inner and outer rings of the DR-PAV beam are further treated as two independent channels for data transmission. At the receiver end, decoding of DR-PAV beams with multiplexed TCs is achieved by using a simplified double-ring receiver array. This multi-channel underwater data transmission scheme is expected to be applied in acoustic communication in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":17168,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Acoustical Society of America","volume":"160 3","pages":"1958-1970"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148865559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Beampattern null characterization in planar differential microphone arrays: Analytical modeling and experiment results.","authors":"Shweta Pal, Arun Kumar, Monika Aggarwal","doi":"10.1121/10.0046670","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0046670","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Planar differential microphone arrays (PDMAs) offer flexible beam steering with frequency-invariant beampatterns within compact array geometries. Formation of deep and well-defined beampattern nulls are crucial for effective suppression of interfering sources in applications, such as hearing-aids, rotor-noise mitigation in drones and unmanned aerial vehicles, and hand-free voice communication. While performance measures, such as white-noise gain and directivity factor, assess noise robustness and global spatial selectivity, they do not explicitly quantify the depth and angular extent of these nulls. To address this, we first investigated null-related measures, namely, null-depth (ND) and null-width for different beampatterns of a first-order PDMA configuration. Second, the paper presents a study on signal quantization effects across different PDMA beampatterns by deriving an analytical expression for the quantized beampattern and ND. ND invariance with respect to steering angle is demonstrated, and its dependence on temporal frequency and inter-sensor spacing is characterized. Third, this work reports the achievement of a measured ND of -61.93 dB for a first-order planar cardioid. The experiment results provide proof-of-concept evidence for the analytical framework and demonstrate practical effectiveness of PDMA in suppressing interference. Key experimental considerations required to achieve such sharp and well-defined null are also discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":17168,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Acoustical Society of America","volume":"160 3","pages":"2670-2682"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149075033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Acoustic radiation of tail bubble dynamics in underwater cylinder launch.","authors":"Qihang Chen, A-Man Zhang, Rui Han, Shuai Li","doi":"10.1121/10.0046726","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0046726","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study experimentally and numerically investigates the acoustic radiation from high-pressure tail bubbles generated during underwater cylinder launch. Synchronous high-speed imaging and hydrophone measurements in a water tank capture the transient bubble evolution and the acoustic signatures, clarifying the relationship between tail bubble dynamics and acoustic radiation. A boundary integral model reproduces the experimental observations, and a natural frequency model is developed to characterize the acoustic response of non-spherical bubbles. A systematic parametric study is then performed to evaluate the effects of ventilated pressure and free surface on tail bubble dynamics and acoustic radiation. The results reveal a stage-dependent acoustic radiation feature: acoustic radiation is negligible while the cylinder moves inside the launcher. Upon exit, significant acoustic radiation is produced by the tail bubble. After pinch-off, oscillations of two residual bubble structures dominate late-stage acoustic signals. The proposed model shows good predictive accuracy for the tail bubble natural frequency. Furthermore, the dominant acoustic frequency exhibits a non-monotonic depth dependence with a distinct minimum at intermediate depths. Beyond a critical depth, it is primarily governed by the ambient pressure. These findings constitute a valuable reference for underwater launch bubble acoustics.</p>","PeriodicalId":17168,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Acoustical Society of America","volume":"160 3","pages":"2716-2732"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149081204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Henri Wolff, Muhammad Yasir, Bruno Schuermans, Alessandro Orchini
{"title":"Numerical investigation of a three-port transfer matrix of a dual-swirler burner.","authors":"Henri Wolff, Muhammad Yasir, Bruno Schuermans, Alessandro Orchini","doi":"10.1121/10.0046725","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0046725","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The acoustic properties of a dual-swirl humid combustor are investigated numerically by determining its burner transfer matrix (BTM). The three-port BTM is computed using a combination of finite-element and finite-volume methods. Complex-valued matrix elements are obtained, where the imaginary part represents acoustic reactance and the real part acoustic resistance. Reactance is evaluated by solving the pressure wave equation in the frequency domain, whereas resistive effects are captured by solving the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations for a multi-component gas. Acoustic forcing is applied separately at each port using harmonic or broadband signals in the range 50-650 Hz. The resulting pressure and velocity responses at both inlets and the outlet are used to assemble the 3×3 BTM. The numerical BTM is compared with predictions from an extended l-ζ model. The effective length and pressure loss coefficient are identified by fitting the simulated matrix components to the model. However, extending the classical two-port l-ζ formulation to the present three-port configuration is found to be invalid, as indicated by non-zero coupling terms between the inlets and unrealistically large fitted parameters. Variations in operating conditions, including speed of sound and inlet momentum ratio, show only minor influence on the BTM.</p>","PeriodicalId":17168,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Acoustical Society of America","volume":"160 3","pages":"2704-2715"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149081217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Joseph L Walker, Zheng Zeng, William A Deans, Lauren M Baggett, Sean M Wiggins, Bruce J Thayre, Kaitlin E Frasier
{"title":"Open-source real-time passive acoustic tracking of beaked whales for low-power devices.","authors":"Joseph L Walker, Zheng Zeng, William A Deans, Lauren M Baggett, Sean M Wiggins, Bruce J Thayre, Kaitlin E Frasier","doi":"10.1121/10.0044563","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0044563","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Real-time tracking of multiple underwater sound sources remains a challenge in passive acoustics, particularly for low-power autonomous systems. Many existing tracking methods rely on post-processing or computationally intensive techniques, limiting their applicability to embedded devices. To overcome these limitations, we present a time-difference-of-arrival-based tracking algorithm that tracks multiple sources in the direction-of-arrival (DOA) domain. A key architectural feature of the method is the decoupling of continuous per-frame DOA estimation from source enumeration, enabling these processes to execute on parallel threads and ensuring that source enumeration does not degrade real-time throughput. We implement the algorithm in an open-source c++ software package, freewilli: Free software for Whale Identification and Localization with Low-Power Implementation. We demonstrate its effectiveness on passive acoustic recordings of diving beaked whale groups from a small volumetric four-channel hydrophone array deployment and show through a systematic parameter sweep that real-time processing latency remains stable across a wide range of detection rates and clustering configurations. The system operates at low power consumption (<1.3 W) on a Raspberry Pi Zero 2 W, enabling long-duration autonomous deployments.</p>","PeriodicalId":17168,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Acoustical Society of America","volume":"160 3","pages":"2394-2405"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149012383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Hybrid matrix method, a stable method for the prediction of multilayered structures including poroelastic media.","authors":"Olivier Dazel, Bruno Brouard","doi":"10.1121/10.0046650","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0046650","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper proposes a hybrid matrix method (HMM) to predict the response of multilayered structures including poroelastic media. Hybrid matrices are a generalization of impedance and admittance matrices. It is shown that they are more convenient than the latter to deal with coupling between layers composed of media of different types. They are then a powerful tool to solve multilayered structure problems with any kind of interface. HMM is in addition designed to be stable thereby overcoming the major drawback of the transfer matrix method. The proposed method is also shown to be simpler and more efficient than a recursive method that was previously proposed. Various post-processing tools (finite-size effects, computation of dissipated powers) are also presented so as to illustrate its interest.</p>","PeriodicalId":17168,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Acoustical Society of America","volume":"160 3","pages":"2641-2652"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149075007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Multipath-induced non-orthogonal inter-carrier interference mitigation for underwater acoustic orthogonal multicarrier multiple frequency-shift keying with sweep-spread carrier modulationa).","authors":"Lianjie Wang, Xiaoping Hong, Jucheng Zhang, Hongyu Cui, Dianlun Zhang, Dajun Sun","doi":"10.1121/10.0046651","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0046651","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing multiple frequency-shift keying with sweep-spread carrier (OFDM-MFSK-S2C) suffers from inter-carrier interference (ICI), which is often misaligned with the orthogonal subcarrier grid (i.e., the nominal grid). To address this issue, a refined-grid intra-carrier interference mitigation (RG-ICIM) algorithm is proposed, which models non-orthogonal ICI components by subdividing the spacing of the nominal subcarrier grid. Based on the refined-grid model, Linear Frequency Modulation (LFM) preamble is utilized to estimate non-orthogonal ICI components. A mapping matrix is then constructed to link the refined-grid ICI representation to the nominal-grid transmit-symbol vector, based on which a least squares criterion is formulated to obtain the ICI mitigation-filter tapping coefficients. In addition, a simplified Cooley-Tukey Fast Fourier Transform algorithm is developed to reduce demodulation complexity. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm mitigates ICI effectively and achieves a lower bit-error rate (BER) than conventional OFDM-MFSK in severe multipath channels. In the field test, OFDM-MFSK-S2C with the RG-ICIM achieves an average BER of 2×10-4, substantially outperforming conventional OFDM-MFSK (2.95×10-2) and nominal-grid ICI mitigation (1.69×10-2).</p>","PeriodicalId":17168,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Acoustical Society of America","volume":"160 3","pages":"2592-2607"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149069794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Madilyn R Pardini, Austin O'Kelley, James J Finneran, Katie A Christman, Jason Mulsow, Dorian S Houser
{"title":"Effect of the number of jittering echoes on jittered delay accuracy in a bottlenose dolphina).","authors":"Madilyn R Pardini, Austin O'Kelley, James J Finneran, Katie A Christman, Jason Mulsow, Dorian S Houser","doi":"10.1121/10.0046470","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0046470","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Echolocating dolphins are able to resolve echo delay differences on the order of a microsecond or less if tested using jittered, phantom echoes. Rapid comparisons of alternating echo delays likely facilitate this \"hyperacuity\" compared to paradigms where echo delays change on longer time scales or with fewer opportunities to compare echoes. This study examined how an echolocating bottlenose dolphin's jitter-detection threshold varied as a function of the number of jittered echoes made available for comparison. The dolphin's task was to report when a phantom echo at a simulated range of 10 m began to jitter in delay. Experimental conditions included a single \"step\" change in echo delay, between 3 and 33 jittering echoes, and an unlimited number of jittering echoes. As the number of jittering echoes increased from 1 to 9, jitter-detection thresholds linearly decreased from 84 to 1.8 μs. There were no significant changes in thresholds for more than nine jittering echoes. The results were consistent with a decision model based on multiple looks and highlight the role of multi-echo processing in dolphin biosonar tasks.</p>","PeriodicalId":17168,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Acoustical Society of America","volume":"160 3","pages":"2338-2344"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148977167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The birth of objective audiometry.","authors":"Gavin M Bidelman","doi":"10.1121/10.0046230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0046230","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Reflections series takes a look back on historical articles from The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America that have had a significant impact on the science and practice of acoustics.</p>","PeriodicalId":17168,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Acoustical Society of America","volume":"160 3","pages":"R7-R8"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148920185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Julien Bonnel, Alex Mira, Alessandro Bocconcelli, Daniel Zitterbart
{"title":"Azipod-equipped vessels in the Antarctic Peninsula radiate underwater continuous mid-frequency narrowband and tonal sounds.","authors":"Julien Bonnel, Alex Mira, Alessandro Bocconcelli, Daniel Zitterbart","doi":"10.1121/10.0046465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0046465","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>It is commonly accepted that ocean noise from marine traffic is mostly confined to low frequencies. This article empirically demonstrates that large (length >120 m) vessels equipped with electrically driven \"Azipod\" propulsion systems generate loud mid-frequency (3-15 kHz) tonal and mid-frequency narrowband and tonal sounds (MF-NTS). The study focuses on six Azipod-equipped tourist vessels operating in the Antarctic Peninsula; it relies on opportunistic passive acoustic measurements collected there during the 2024-2025 Austral summer. The six vessels considered here all radiate MF-NTS, which are interpreted as the acoustic signature of the Azipod (data below 2 kHz are not considered in this study). This signature dominates the ambient sound for several kilometers around the vessel, and can be acoustically detected at ranges exceeding 5 km.</p>","PeriodicalId":17168,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Acoustical Society of America","volume":"160 3","pages":"2210-2222"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148945059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}