International Journal of Strength and Conditioning最新文献

{"title":"The Annual Training and Competitive Calendar in Elite Football: A Road To The Holy Grail?","authors":"Lewis A. Fazackerley, G. Minett, S. McLaren, Patrick Ward, Damian J. Marsh, D. Burgess, C. Duncan, Ben Pollard, Selwyn Griffith, N. Gill, Vince Kelly","doi":"10.47206/ijsc.v3i1.211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47206/ijsc.v3i1.211","url":null,"abstract":"Organisations governing football codes worldwide continually seek to optimise the balance between their match calendar and commercial revenue. For many competitions, the result is more matches, and consequently, increased workload and travel demands for players. However, as competitions expand, the greater volume and/or intensity of workload challenges coaches’ best practices in balancing performance with recovery and injury risk. This current perspective article aims to overview the annual training and competition calendar of professional football codes and competitions internationally. There is a vast difference in the length and structure of each component of football macrocycles, which appears dependent on the physiological capabilities required to compete in each code successfully. However, there is little research to justify the season’s structure of any football code. The importance of athlete physical and mental health is highlighted, and discussed the limitations and restrictions governing bodies implement to protect players. In conclusion, future research to improve the structure of the annual training and match calendar should incorporate a framework of both physiological and psychological components to support elite football athletes better.","PeriodicalId":170948,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Strength and Conditioning","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114855001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Relationship Between Simple Isometric Mid-Thigh Pull and Jumping Abilities: A Case Series Study","authors":"Junpei Shiba, Hana Yamase, Shota Enoki","doi":"10.47206/ijsc.v3i1.176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47206/ijsc.v3i1.176","url":null,"abstract":"Isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP) is used to measure and monitor the peak force and the rate of force development. However, current IMTP implementation is costly and time-consuming. Thus, a quick, lowcost, and easy method is needed to monitor muscle strength. This case series study aimed to examine the relationship between IMTP assessed using a back strength dynamometer and jumping abilities and determine whether relative strength (N/body weight [BW]) can indicate jumping abilities. Eleven female collegiate basketball players in division III female Tokai Student Basketball League participated in this study. A back strength dynamometer was used to measure IMTP. The starting posture was a 145  relative angle at the knee and hip joints with the chain extended. Jumping measurements were performed for squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), and rebound jump (RJ) using a jump mat. \u0000  \u0000Additionally, the highest rebound jump index (RJI), jump height, and ground contact time for the highest RJI were used in the statistical analysis. Participants were divided into high (HG) and low (LG) groups based on the median value of relative strength. Cohen’s d as an effect size (ES) with a 95% confidence interval was used to compare the jumping abilities between the groups. The relationship between relative strength and jumping abilities was determined using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. The HG showed significantly moderate ES for SJ height (d=1.19), CMJ height (d=1.08), RJ height (d=1.19), and ground contact time (d=0.83) and significantly larger ES for RJI (d=1.36) relative to those of the LG. In addition, no significant correlations were observed between relative strength and any of the jump measures. However, relative strength exhibited a moderate correlation coefficient for the correlation between RJI and ground contact time. Therefore, IMTP assessed using a back strength dynamometer can be used to monitor muscle variables related to jumping abilities at a lower cost and training time than those of conventional methods.","PeriodicalId":170948,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Strength and Conditioning","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131749342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of Total Caloric and Macronutrient Consumption on Strength and Power During an Off-Season Training Program in Collegiate Volleyball Players","authors":"Yvette Figueroa, A. Perry","doi":"10.47206/ijsc.v3i1.144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47206/ijsc.v3i1.144","url":null,"abstract":"Adequate caloric and carbohydrate intakes are necessary for positive adaptations to exercise training, yet there is limited research examining dietary intake in relation to strength and power in female athletes. The purpose of this study was to determine 1) whether there were significant changes in weekly total caloric and macronutrient consumption, strength, and power, and 2) whether total caloric and macronutrient consumption significantly and positively contributed to changes in strength and power across a controlled eight-week, off-season resistance training program. Eleven collegiate-level female volleyball players were examined on macronutrient consumption, strength, and power at two-week intervals using three-day food logs, 3-repetition maximum bench press and back squat, and vertical jump, respectively. Five assessments were conducted on each subject. Alpha level was set at r < 0.05. Paired samples t-tests showed improvements in body mass index, lean body mass, percent body fat, and lower body strength and power following eight weeks of training (r < .05) despite no significant changes in total calories or macronutrients. Results of a weighted regression analysis indicated that both total caloric consumption and carbohydrate intake influenced lower body power after training (r < .05). However, nutrient intake did not impact strength or power at any of the two-week intervals. We believe these findings are related to the neuromuscular adaptations that occur early in training. A longer resistance training program resulting in gains in muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) may be necessary to further examine the contribution of calories and macronutrients to performance-related variables.","PeriodicalId":170948,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Strength and Conditioning","volume":"178 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123334008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Cross-Sectional Examination of Wrist Wrap Use Prevalence and Characterization for Ergogenic Purposes in Actively Competing Powerlifters","authors":"Dillon R. Harris, T. Cardaci, Harry P Cintineo, Richard Pham, K. Dunsmore, L. Funderburk, Steven B. Machek","doi":"10.47206/ijsc.v3i1.185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47206/ijsc.v3i1.185","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: Wrist wraps are regularly incorporated by competitive powerlifters, but several product-specific variations may influence any potential ergogenic benefits. In addition, the prevalence of athletic wrist wrap use is hitherto undescribed. Methods: Seventy actively competing powerlifters (n=70; 27±6y) who competed in the last two years were randomly recruited at sanctioned meets, whereby wrist wrap use descriptive data (wrap style [F or S], wrap length, and events used), wrap tightness (assessed via pulse oximeter-detected oxygen saturation (SpO2) and subjective discomfort [Borg CR10+]), as well as post-meet bench press one repetition maximum (1RM) were collected. Wrist wrap use prevalence data (wrap style, wrap length, and events used) were compared across TX, NC/SC, and CA regions, along with any potential correlations between both region-collapsed wrapped SpO2 and bench press. Finally, predictors of bench press 1RM (weight [kg], age [y], stiff wrap, wrap length, wrapped discomfort [WCR10+], and WSpO2) were assessed using linear regression, whereby all aforementioned statistical analyses were set at a significance level of p<.05. Results: Analyses failed to detect any significant regional differences in wrap style, length, or events used (p>0.05). Moreover, linear regression analysis revealed a significant effect (r2= 0.851, p = 0.02) where weight solely predicted bench press 1RM (p = 0.0433). Conclusions: Although we failed to detect any significant wrist wrap relationships, actively competing powerlifters nonetheless prominently utilize wraps across the regions assessed. Therefore, the potential for wrist wraps to augment bench press performance warrants further elucidation in a controlled, standardized investigation.","PeriodicalId":170948,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Strength and Conditioning","volume":"83 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129071114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Raising the Bar for Public Health: Resistance Training and Health Benefits","authors":"J-P Tyler, Dr. Panayotis Thanos","doi":"10.47206/ijsc.v3i1.195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47206/ijsc.v3i1.195","url":null,"abstract":"The major benefits of resistance training include four primary areas: cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, neuropsychological, and metabolic. Resistance exercise improves overall cardiovascular health while significantly reducing the risk of associated diseases. Cardiovascular health is specifically enhanced through the lowering of blood pressure as well as improved lipid and inflammatory profiles. Resistance training enhances musculoskeletal health through increases in bone mineral density, tendon and ligament thickness, muscle hypertrophy, and increases in balance and flexibility. Additionally, strength training provides an effective treatment option for osteoporosis, osteopenia, sarcopenia, arthritis, and low-back pain. Neuropsychologically, resistance exercise reduces anxiety, stress, and depression, while increasing cognitive function in healthy and diseased individuals. Obesity and weight management comprise the primary metabolic focus. Resistance training effectively manages weight and body fat by increasing fat-free mass, resting metabolic rate, and caloric expenditure. Overall, resistance exercise presents an effective treatment option for disease prevention and intervention by improving health and wellness.","PeriodicalId":170948,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Strength and Conditioning","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121523583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Relationship between Components of the Dynamic Strength Index and the Slope of the Force-Velocity Profile in the Loaded Countermovement Jump in Resistance-Trained Males and Females","authors":"Coleman Scheller, J. Peeler, Todd Duhamel, Stephen Cornish","doi":"10.47206/ijsc.v3i1.199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47206/ijsc.v3i1.199","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the dynamic strength index (DSI) and the lower-body Force-velocity (F-v) profile. Eighty-six (n = 58 females) resistance-trained individuals were recruited to perform both the DSI and F-v profile testing protocols to evaluate this relationship, as well as relationships between the components that comprise each test.  Spearman correlations were calculated between DSI, F-v profile slope, countermovement jump (CMJ) peak force (PF), isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP) PF, and CMJ peak velocity (PV) across a series of loading conditions from an unloaded CMJ to an additional 100% bodyweight (BW) CMJ condition.  No significant correlations (rs = 0.01; p > 0.05) were found between the DSI value and the F-v profile slope.  Significant correlations were found between the DSI and CMJ/IMTP PF (rs range = -0.63 to 0.22; p < 0.05) and between CMJ/IMTP PF and measures of CMJ PV (rs range = 0.45 to 0.73; p < 0.05) across the loading conditions.  Results suggest that the DSI is not correlated to the F-v profile slope. Two different means of evaluating muscular force in athletes are not correlated; we suggest that athletes require specific evaluations for specific performance characteristics when assessing muscular force.","PeriodicalId":170948,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Strength and Conditioning","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129073590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determining Interday & Intraday Reliability of the 10/5 Repeated Jump Test in Elite Australian Footballers","authors":"Benjamin Southey, M. Connick, D. Spits, D. Austin, E. Beckman","doi":"10.47206/ijsc.v3i1.181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47206/ijsc.v3i1.181","url":null,"abstract":"The reactive strength index (RSI) measures the stretch shortening cycle (SSC), an important neuromuscular property for running performance, and critical for the game of Australian Football (AF). The 10/5 Repeated Jump test (RJ) is used to measure RSI, thus, the aims of the study were to determine if this test was reliable and could determine worthwhile change. Twenty-three male participants from an elite AF club completed RJ testing on two separate days of the week during the start of the preseason to determine interday and intraday reliability and determine whether smallest worthwhile change could be detected. All variables measured, (RSI, ground contact time, flight time, mean impulse and mean active stiffness) all had “excellent” ICC ratings >0.90 for both interday and intraday reliability. Mean landing RFD had “good” (ICC: 0.88) ratings for interday and “excellent” ratings for intraday reliability. Coefficient of variation ranged between 1.36-5.56% for all variables. All variables had a usefulness rating of “good”, indicating ability to detect smallest worthwhile change. The RJ test, is a reliable and sensitive measure to assess reactive strength index in AF athletes.","PeriodicalId":170948,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Strength and Conditioning","volume":"23 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129706974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Partial Vs Full Range of Motion Resistance Training: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","authors":"Milo Wolf, P. Androulakis-Korakakis, J. Fisher, B. Schoenfeld, J. Steele","doi":"10.47206/ijsc.v3i1.182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47206/ijsc.v3i1.182","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract \u0000Background: Range of motion (ROM) during resistance training is of growing interest and is potentially used to elicit differing adaptations (e.g. muscle hypertrophy and muscular strength and power). To date, attempts at synthesising the data on ROM during resistance training have primarily focused on muscle hypertrophy in the lower body. \u0000Objective: Our aim was to meta-analyse and systematically review the effects of ROM on a variety of outcomes including hypertrophy, strength, sport, power and body-fat type outcomes. Following pre-registration and consistent with PRISMA guidelines, a systematic review of PubMed and SportsDISCUS was performed. Data was extracted and a Bayesian multi-level meta-analysis was performed. A range of exploratory sub-group and moderator analyses were performed. \u0000Results: The main model revealed a trivial SMD (0.12; 95% CI: –0.02, 0.26) in favour of full ROM compared to partial ROM. When grouped by outcome, SMDs all favoured full ROM, but SMDs were trivial to small (all between 0.05 to 0.2). Sub-group analyses suggested there may be a muscle hypertrophy benefit to partial ROM training at long muscle lengths compared to using a full ROM (–0.28; 95% CI: –0.81, 0.16). Analysis also suggested the existence of a specificity aspect to ROM, such that training in the ROM being tested as an outcome resulted in greater strength adaptations. No clear differences were found between upper- and lower-body adaptations when ROM was manipulated. \u0000Conclusions: Overall, our results suggest that using a full or long ROM may enhance results for most outcomes (strength, speed, power, muscle size, and body composition). Differences in adaptations are trivial to small. As such, partial ROM resistance training might present an efficacious alternative for variation and personal preference, or where injury prevents full-ROM resistance training.","PeriodicalId":170948,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Strength and Conditioning","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116702638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effects of Deception on Maximal Strength, Goals, and Physical Self-Efficacy","authors":"Timothy Piper, Steven J. Radlo, Kylie Gerhardt, Darice Brooks, Jessica A. Schnaiter","doi":"10.47206/ijsc.v3i1.124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47206/ijsc.v3i1.124","url":null,"abstract":"Deceptive feedback involves offering altered performance results to athletes with the intention of eliciting greater physical output. The use of feedback and feedforward mechanisms used to predict a performance endpoint is referred to as teleoanticipation.   The interpretation of physciological and psychological effects of stimuli upon is the basis for current and future performances.  The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of false positive feedback, of varying percentages, on maximal strength, physical self-efficacy, and strength goals through the lens of teleoanticipation.  Recreational lifters (n=17) were tested for one repetition maximum (1RM) leg press scores, future goal weights (G), and physical self-efficacy (SE), over the course of two orientation sessions and five separate test sessions.  A baseline of 1RM strength was established during the first test control session (TC).  Deceptive feedback was given on the subsequent three sessions and consisted of loads that were 5% (T+5), 10% (T+10) or 15% (T+15) above the loads reported to participants during each session. The full extent of deception was revealed on the final session of testing (TF).  There were significant differences between the trials for 1RM measures; TC was significantly different from the T+5, T+10, and TF.  Results for G revealed significance for all trials compared to TC but no differences were found in self-esteem. This data suggests that deception may enhance 1 RM measures, negatively impact goal setting, but not affect physical self-efficacy.","PeriodicalId":170948,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Strength and Conditioning","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114938786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Countermovement Jump Performance and Team Membership of Youth Female and Male Ice Hockey Players","authors":"Xavier Roy, Simona E. Gavrila, Pierre Sercia","doi":"10.47206/ijsc.v3i1.146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47206/ijsc.v3i1.146","url":null,"abstract":"This study compared the CMJ performance of two teams of young male ice hockey players and two teams of female ice hockey players of different levels of competition and examined whether a specific CMJ variable could predict Prep or Varsity team membership and thus be used as part of the talent identification process for ice hockey. A retrospective analysis of six CMJ variables collected via force platforms was conducted. Independent samples t-tests were used to compare the means of the six CMJ variables between the male teams and female teams and a logistic regression analysis was performed to compare team membership to Prep or Varsity teams with the specific CMJ variables. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were found between Prep and Varsity male players in four CMJ variables, all in favor of the Varsity group: mRSI (p = 0.016, ES = -0.860), peak propulsive power (p = 0.022, ES = -0.811), time to take-off (p = 0.005, ES = 1.008), and braking rate of force development (p = 0.005, ES = -1.025). For the female players, only countermovement depth was significantly different (p = 0.030, ES = 0.841) between Prep and Varsity teams, in favor of the Varsity group. Following the logistic regression analysis, only countermovement depth (Wald's p-value = 0.011) could predict team membership to the Prep or Varsity group for the girls while no CMJ variables could significantly predict team membership to the Prep or Varsity teams for the boys. Results from this study suggest that other CMJ kinetic variables should be used when comparing CMJ performance between athletes rather than only using jump height. In addition, countermovement depth can be used by coaches of female ice hockey players to predict team membership.","PeriodicalId":170948,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Strength and Conditioning","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134589074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}