Journal of Surfactants and Detergents最新文献

{"title":"Effect of cationic Gemini surfactants ethonium and decamethoxin on the spectral properties, solubility and tautomerism of the curcumin","authors":"Valentyna M. Barvinchenko,&nbsp;Olga O. Kazakova,&nbsp;Natalia O. Lipkovska","doi":"10.1002/jsde.12756","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jsde.12756","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The properties of natural polyphenol curcumin in water solutions of cationic Gemini surfactants decamethoxin and ethonium, which have similar positively charged nitrogen hydrophilic head groups but different spacer sizes and lengths of hydrophobic tails have been investigated in a wide range of concentrations by using UV–Vis spectroscopy and quantum-chemical calculations. It was found that curcumin dissolves in the organized micellar media of these surfactants in the enol tautomeric form and its solubility increases 400 times compared to water. The binding constants of curcumin with decamethoxin and ethonium were determined by the solubility method. Significant differences in the influence of premicellar concentrations of cationic Gemini surfactants on the solubility and tautomeric transformations of curcumin were revealed. In contrast to decamethoxin, ethonium at a concentration below the CMC promotes a significant increase in the solubility of curcumin and a shift in the tautomeric equilibrium towards the formation of its keto form.</p>","PeriodicalId":17083,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Surfactants and Detergents","volume":"27 4","pages":"633-642"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140570522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Micellization, aggregation, interaction, and solubilization behaviors of mixed solutions of cationic gemini and nonionic surfactants","authors":"İkbal Sarıkaya Yıldız,&nbsp;Selçuk Bilgen,&nbsp;Halide Akbaş","doi":"10.1002/jsde.12755","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jsde.12755","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The micellization properties of mixed aqueous solutions of a cationic gemini surfactant (CGS) and Triton X-100, a conventional non-ionic surfactant, with various mole fractions, were determined by measuring the surface tension at different temperatures. Various theoretical models were used to analyze the behavior of this mixed system. The interactions between CGS and Triton X-100 were determined to be non-ideal and synergistic. The calculated interaction parameters (<i>β</i>^M) have negative values at all temperatures and for all mole fractions, showing attractive interactions. It was found that increasing the mole fraction of Triton X-100 significantly increased the synergistic effect (more negative values). Micellar aggregation number (<i>N</i>_agg) values of pure surfactants and their mixtures in different ratios were obtained with the steady-state fluorescence quenching method. Furthermore, the molar solubilization ratio of Sudan III organic dye in all surfactants aqueous systems was obtained using UV–Visible spectrophotometry. At concentrations above critical micelle concentration, the solubility of Sudan III in water was substantially increased linearly for all systems and it was observed that the enhancement was even more significant for mixed surfactant systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":17083,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Surfactants and Detergents","volume":"27 4","pages":"547-555"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140570447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A sustainable glycolipid hydrotrope-solubilizer for cleansers and detergents","authors":"Marie-Françoise Chirac,&nbsp;Sophie Cambos,&nbsp;Jérôme Guilbot,&nbsp;Corinne Nawrocki,&nbsp;Régis Marchand,&nbsp;Alicia Roso","doi":"10.1002/jsde.12752","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jsde.12752","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Alkyl polyglycosides (APGs), based on renewable glucose and fatty alcohols, are recognized for their performance and biodegradability. Hydrotropic/solubilizing effect properties have already been identified on short-chain variants such as hexyl and ethylhexyl, but these ingredients were not fully bio-based. This study investigated the hydrotropic/solubilizing properties of eco-designed 100% bio-based heptyl glucoside, under various conditions, compared to industrial and personal care benchmarks and other short chain APGs. Foaming power was firstly evaluated at different temperatures with two static methods. Hydrotropic performance was assessed with a commonly used surfactant in the presence of high electrolyte, acid and alkali concentrations. Further trials were done using ethoxylated rapeseed oil as an oil lubricant model in electrolyte-charged aqueous solution. The solubilizing effect of hydrophobic additives such as fragrances, essential oils and vitamin E was quantified. Finally, effects on formulation preservation were screened with two natural personal care preservatives. Heptyl glucoside was found to be an effective and versatile hydrotrope for industrial applications, with additional intrinsic lubrication properties. It was also revealed as an efficient solubilizer for personal care products with the additional benefit of reducing the preservative dosage required in natural formulations. Its unusual non-foaming nature, while not disrupting the foaming capacity of surfactants, makes it suitable for all types of cleansers. The calculated carbon footprint has a low value, making heptyl glucoside a valuable ingredient combining both performance and low environmental impact.</p>","PeriodicalId":17083,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Surfactants and Detergents","volume":"27 5","pages":"753-768"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jsde.12752","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140570523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of low pressure on the properties of short-chain fluorocarbon surfactants and their application in aqueous film-forming foam extinguishing agent","authors":"Xinhua Zhu,&nbsp;He Huang,&nbsp;Xuhong Jia,&nbsp;Yuqiang Zhang","doi":"10.1002/jsde.12754","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jsde.12754","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Surface properties of three fluorocarbon surfactants with different carbon chain lengths were studied at low pressures of 94.6, 74.1 and 61.0 kPa, respectively. The results showed that the saturation adsorption capacity and the critical micelle concentration (CMC) decreased, while the average molecular area (<i>A</i>_S) and the surface tension at CMC (<i>γ</i>_CMC) of fluorocarbon surfactants increased with decreasing pressure. The surface tension (<i>γ</i>) decreased with the decrease of pressure when the concentration of fluorocarbon surfactants was low. However, γ tended to be stable and increased with the drop of pressure when the concentration of surfactants was close or reach to CMC. In addition, the foaming and spreading performance of fluorocarbon surfactants decrease with the decrease of pressure, and the combination of fluorocarbon and hydrocarbon surfactants is beneficial to the improvement of performance (mixed systems: foam expansion <i>E</i>&gt;6, 25% drainage time <i>t</i>_25%&gt;241 s, 1/2 defoaming time <i>t</i>_1/2&gt;851 s, spreading amount <i>V</i>_s&gt;223 μL, spreading time <i>t</i>_s&lt;2 s). Further fire extinguishing experiment found that the influence of low pressure environment on fuel combustion characteristics is the key factor to determine fire extinguishing performance, while the influence of aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) performance is small. And AFFF based on the environmental-friendly surfactant C₄F₉SO₂NH(CH₂)₂N⁺(CH₃)₂CH₂BrCH₂OH (FC-4) is an effective fire extinguishing agent under low pressure.</p>","PeriodicalId":17083,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Surfactants and Detergents","volume":"27 4","pages":"581-588"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140570514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rheological-based digital approach for gel curve analysis of alcohol ethoxylates","authors":"Timothy King,&nbsp;Franklin Caputo,&nbsp;Auriana Hughes,&nbsp;Julian Barnes","doi":"10.1002/jsde.12751","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jsde.12751","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Many surfactants, such as higher mole alcohol ethoxylates like C12-15–7EO and C9-11–8EO, when diluted in water, will form a gel at specific concentrations and temperatures. Gels can be highly viscous and semi-solid and should be avoided since they take time and energy to disperse once formed. Historically, the creation of gel diagrams or maps for our technical product brochures primarily has depended on visual observation, leading to variable interpretations and inconsistent results over time. Also, completing a gel map for one surfactant grade requires a minimum of one day, due to testing many samples across various concentrations and temperatures. To improve objectivity, consistency, and speed in gel mapping, oscillatory rheology was utilized to identify gels using viscoelastic properties by testing samples prepared at various concentrations. The digitization of the gel mapping technique provides two significant benefits. It offers a rheological-based approach giving a non-subjective, digital gel map and it is faster than our visual-based method. Furthermore, this digital method is consistent with our visual-based method giving good discrimination between surfactant grades and reproducibility within batches of the same grade. This work also demonstrates the promising potential of utilizing machine learning algorithms to model the rheological behavior of gel maps effectively. R and Python, programming languages widely used for data analysis, graphing, and machine learning, were employed. Overall, the new digital approach presented yields several benefits for surfactant gel behavior study, including a reduction in subjectivity, faster data generation, and increased efficiency in the gel map analysis process.</p>","PeriodicalId":17083,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Surfactants and Detergents","volume":"27 6","pages":"877-893"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140570444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The antioxidant, antimicrobial and antibiofilm potential of biosurfactants derived from Enterococcus faecalis BHT-2","authors":"Tamanna Kaundal,&nbsp;Anjali Sharma,&nbsp;Navneet Batra","doi":"10.1002/jsde.12750","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jsde.12750","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Biosurfactants are amphiphilic molecules containing one hydrophilic and one hydrophobic moiety. They are synthesized by microorganisms either on the cell surface or secreted extracellularly which serve as natural surfactant substitutes with a wide range of applications in different sectors. The present study aims to assess the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antibiofilm properties of biosurfactants derived from <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> BHT-2 against different microorganisms (<i>E. clocae, P. aeruginosa, M. luteus, S. aureus, C. albicans</i>, and <i>E. coli</i>). Derived biosurfactants showed antimicrobial activity against test microorganisms in the range between 0.6 and 3 mg/mL. It displayed potent antibiofilm ability by inhibiting the bacterial attachment to surfaces, leading to the disruption of biofilm formation by altering the integrity of microbial biofilms when observed on coverslips by SEM and fluorescence microscopy. The treatment of microbial biofilms by biosurfactants greatly reduced the exopolysaccharide biomass, that is, carbohydrate and protein content. Thus, in vitro assessment of antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties of biosurfactants derived from <i>E. faecalis</i> BHT-2 indicated that it act as a better alternative antimicrobial agents.</p>","PeriodicalId":17083,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Surfactants and Detergents","volume":"27 5","pages":"793-800"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140302855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Removal of chromium using rhamnolipid biosurfactant, ferrous sulfate and cationic tannin-based flocculant in a dissolved air floating system using a central composite design (CCD)","authors":"Olga Silva Santos,&nbsp;Frederico Alves Lima,&nbsp;Vicelma Luiz Cardoso,&nbsp;Miriam Maria de Resende","doi":"10.1002/jsde.12747","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jsde.12747","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This research studied the wastewater chromium removal efficiency by dissolved air flotation (DAF) using a rhamnolipid (RL) biosurfactant as a collector. An experimental flotation DAF apparatus with 6 vessels of 2 L containing a coupled saturator injecting compressed air at 5.88 kPa in the vessels was used. The total RL concentration of the broth resulting from fermentation was 9 ± 1.0 g/L. This broth was used in nature in the DAF experiments. A central composite design (CCD) was used to optimize removal of Cr(VI) and total Cr with regards to two independent variables, pH (3.17–8.83) and iron concentration of the medium (0–225.0 mg/L), with a three assays performed at the conditions of the central point of the design. The experimental conditions for DAF were an initial hexavalent Cr concentration of 100 mg/L; RL broth volume of 500 mL; saturated with oxygen water volume of 200 mL; and a rapid mixing time of 6 min through stirring at 120 rpm. The results showed that under acidic pH conditions and with high iron concentrations, both the Cr(VI) and total Cr removal rates were highest. The optimal removal region determination was at a pH of 3.5 and iron concentration of 180 mg/L. Subsequently, cationic tannin-based flocculant was also evaluated as a collector, and ferrous sulfate was used as a coagulant during Cr(III) removal. The best Cr(III) removal percentage was obtained at cationic polymer concentrations of 300 mg/L with Cr(III) removal of 50.8% and a pH of 5.5.</p>","PeriodicalId":17083,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Surfactants and Detergents","volume":"27 5","pages":"711-724"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140302891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A systematic derivatization technique for characterization of ethoxylates by GC and GCMS","authors":"Asraf A. Ali,&nbsp;Ganesh Bhat,&nbsp;Ibrahim Al-Ghamdi,&nbsp;Wenjie Cao,&nbsp;Arun Kumar,&nbsp;Wissam Iali,&nbsp;K. C. Narayan,&nbsp;Qasem Ghazwani","doi":"10.1002/jsde.12748","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jsde.12748","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Ethoxylation is one of the common industrial process in which ethylene oxide (EO) is added to compounds containing active hydrogen atom (<span></span>OH, <span></span>COOH, <span></span>SH, <span></span>NH, etc.) to form surfactants. Alcohol ethoxylates are a major class of non-ionic surfactants composed of an alkyl chain combined with few EO units. They are widely used in homecare products, personal care products, textiles, oilfield, construction, lubricants, food, paper, leather. The analysis of these ethoxylates possess several challenges since they contain ‘<i>n</i>’ number of EO units (<i>n</i> &gt; 1). With increase in “<i>n</i>,” the product becomes more and more viscous and the boiling point increases making it difficult to analyze by normal gas chromatography (GC) technique. This paper describes a method of derivatizing these ethoxylates so that they can be eluted on a high temperature GC. BSTFA (N, O-bis (trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide) is used as the derivatizing agent (silylating agent). The ethoxylate combines with BSTFA to form the corresponding trimethylsilylated (TMS) product, which have comparatively lower boiling point. Thus, we detect trimethyl silyl product, which is the resemblance for the ethoxylated product. In this paper, we present a quantitative GC method for the ethoxylates of a few simple alcohols (2-ethyl hexanol, glycerin), and complex vegetable oils (castor oil). The products formed during the reaction have also been identified on a gas chromatograph coupled with mass spectrometer (GCMS). GCMS shows the mass corresponding to the TMS derivatized product. The derivatization technique not only helps in increasing the volatility of these compounds but also improves the chromatographic efficiency, selectivity, and enhances the detectability.</p>","PeriodicalId":17083,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Surfactants and Detergents","volume":"27 4","pages":"605-612"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140154256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phase behavior of lyotropic alkyl thioglycolipid surfactants: Effects of sugar headgroup and alkyl tail length","authors":"Laurel L. Kegel,&nbsp;Yu-Cheng Wang,&nbsp;Lajos Z. Szabó,&nbsp;Robin Polt,&nbsp;Jeanne E. Pemberton","doi":"10.1002/jsde.12746","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jsde.12746","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The lyotropic properties of alkyl thioglycosides with varying sugar headgroup (lactose, cellobiose, maltose, galactose, or glucose) and alkyl chain length (octyl, decyl, or dodecyl chains) are investigated by surface tensiometry, visual observation, and fluorescence spectroscopy. The results substantiate that the glycosidic S-linkage confers considerably different solution aggregation behavior on these surfactants relative to their O-linked counterparts, where the properties of the latter are known. The materials properties of the aggregated structures from the alkyl thioglycosides vary considerably. Micelles are formed by octyl thiocellobioside and all alkyl thiomaltosides. Turbid aggregate solutions are formed by the alkyl thioglucosides and octyl thiogalactoside, whereas the longer chain alkyl thiogalactosides are minimally soluble. Fluorescence spectroscopy of these systems confirms their aggregation in lamellar-like structures. The alkyl thiocellobiosides and alkyl thiolactosides form hydrogels from these low-molecular weight materials at concentrations almost an order of magnitude lower than gels using other low-molecular weight materials. Here, hydrogels form at concentrations &lt;0.3 wt% with some forming hydrogels at concentrations as low as 0.03 wt% from alkyl thiocellobiosides and thiolactosides, with hydrogel properties differing significantly with this slight change in the sugar headgroup. Alkyl thiocellobiosides form a nanofiber network and alkyl thiolactosides form globular hydrogels. Overall, these results clearly document materials properties that can readily be controlled and designed depending on molecular structure.</p>","PeriodicalId":17083,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Surfactants and Detergents","volume":"27 5","pages":"737-752"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140117056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Myelin figures from microbial glycolipid biosurfactant amphiphiles","authors":"Debdyuti Roy,&nbsp;Vincent Chaleix,&nbsp;Atul N. Parikh,&nbsp;Niki Baccile","doi":"10.1002/jsde.12742","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jsde.12742","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Myelin figures (MFs)—cylindrical lyotropic liquid crystalline structures consisting of concentric arrays of bilayers and aqueous media—arise from the hydration of the bulk lamellar phase of many common amphiphiles. Prior efforts have concentrated on the formation, structure, and dynamics of myelin produced by phosphatidylcholine (PC)-based amphiphiles. Here, we study the myelinization of glycolipid microbial amphiphiles, commonly addressed as biosurfactants, produced through the process of fermentation. The hydration characteristics (and phase diagrams) of these biological amphiphiles are atypical (and thus their capacity to form myelin) because unlike typical amphiphiles, their molecular structure is characterized by two hydrophilic groups (sugar, carboxylic acid) on both ends with a hydrophobic moiety in the middle. We tested three different glycolipid molecules: C18:1 sophorolipids and single-glucose C18:1 and C18:0 glucolipids, all in their nonacetylated acidic form. Neither sophorolipids (too soluble) nor C18:0 glucolipids (too insoluble) displayed myelin growth at room temperature (RT, 25°C). The glucolipid C18:1 (G-C18:1), on the other hand, showed dense myelin growth at RT below pH 7.0. Examining their growth rates, we find that they display a linear <span></span><math>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>L</mi>\u0000 <mspace></mspace>\u0000 <mi>α</mi>\u0000 <mspace></mspace>\u0000 <mi>t</mi>\u0000 </mrow></math> (<i>L</i>, myelin length; <i>t</i>, time) growth rate, suggesting ballistic growth, distinctly different from the <span></span><math>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>L</mi>\u0000 <mspace></mspace>\u0000 <mi>α</mi>\u0000 <mspace></mspace>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mi>t</mi>\u0000 <mfrac>\u0000 <mn>1</mn>\u0000 <mn>2</mn>\u0000 </mfrac>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 </mrow></math> dependence, characterizing diffusive growth such as what occurs in more conventional phospholipids. These results offer some insight into lipidic mesophases arising from a previously unexplored class of amphiphiles with potential applications in the field of drug delivery.</p>","PeriodicalId":17083,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Surfactants and Detergents","volume":"27 5","pages":"823-831"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140044096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}