Journal of Surfactants and Detergents最新文献

{"title":"Preparation and isolation of hydrophilic mannosylerythritol lipids via chemical modification and stepwise extraction","authors":"Fei Yu,&nbsp;Qining Yang,&nbsp;Tianyou Cui,&nbsp;Li Luo,&nbsp;Mengqian Zhao,&nbsp;Xuwei Long","doi":"10.1002/jsde.12738","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jsde.12738","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Mannosylerythritol lipids (MELs), a glycolipid biosurfactant, possess great potential in many high-value-added fields. However, its water-insolubility is an important obstacle to its wide application, especially in home and personal care fields. In this study, a new strategy “killing two birds with one stone” based on the chemical modification of natural MELs was developed for the preparation of hydrophilic MELs. These newly prepared MELs can be efficiently isolated from the reacted solution via stepwise extraction with a methanol/<i>n</i>-hexane system. 88% of hydrophilic MELs were recovered from natural MELs, with a corresponding yield of 50%. This is mainly attributed to the esterification of fatty acids, representing the main and relatively-difficult-to-remove impurities in fermentative-produced MELs, facilitating separation from the MEL product via extraction. Moreover, these new MELs presented comparable surface activities to natural MELs while exhibiting enhanced water solubility and biocompatibility. This originates from the generation of MEL-D, resulting from the deacetylation of natural MELs and the formation of new hydrophilic MELs containing just one hydrophobic chain (named “MEL-G”). Hence, the present strategy is not only beneficial for the removal of impurities (fatty acids) but also for the preparation of MELs with improved hydrophilicity.</p>","PeriodicalId":17083,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Surfactants and Detergents","volume":"27 5","pages":"725-736"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139586436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis, characterization, and corrosion protection potential of a highly effective and water-miscible surfactant for mild steel in sulfuric acid solution","authors":"Ibrahim Y. Yaagoob,&nbsp;Lipiar K. M. O. Goni,&nbsp;Mohammad A. J. Mazumder,&nbsp;Chandrabhan Verma,&nbsp;Shaikh A. Ali,&nbsp;Akram Alfantazi","doi":"10.1002/jsde.12737","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jsde.12737","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In the current study, a tetracationic quaternary ammonium salt (TCQAC) was synthesized and characterized and its ability to suppress corrosion on mild steel (MS) in a 0.5 M H₂SO₄ solution was examined. Various chemical, electrochemical, and surface characterization techniques were utilized to study the inhibition efficiency of TCQAC. The TCQAC manifests 99.83% efficiency at 20 ppm concentration. Out of all the examined isotherm models, the Langmuir isotherm offered the best fit for the TCQAC adsorption on the MS surface. A very high negative value of Δ<i>G</i>_ads (−45.18 kJ mol⁻¹) suggests that the adsorption of TCQAC followed the chemisorption mechanism. Electrochemical studies indicate that TCQAC increases the linear and charge transfer resistances (LPR and <i>R</i>_ct, respectively). TCQAC slows down the anodic and cathodic Tafel reactions; however, it acts as an anodic-type inhibitor at 5, 10, and 20 ppm. The appearance of extra Cl and N signals in the energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) spectrum and an improvement in surface smoothness in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of the inhibited sample corroborated the adsorption method of corrosion inhibition. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) study indicates that TCQAC creates corrosion preventive layers by chemical adsorption. In Frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs), highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) were delocalized around the central part that comprises two benzyls, four allyls, and one hydrocarbon ((<span></span>CH₂<span></span>)₆)<span></span> moieties and two quaternary nitrogen atoms. The outcomes of XPS and density functional theory (DFT) analyses indicate that the chemisorption of TCQAC occurs by dπ–pπ bonding with the surface iron atoms. The π-electrons of aryl and allyl moieties extensively participate in the bonding.</p>","PeriodicalId":17083,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Surfactants and Detergents","volume":"27 4","pages":"483-496"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139586558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of surfactants on electrokinetic potential of tracer particles and borosilicate glass revealed within the development of SZP technique","authors":"Tatyana Yu. Podlipskaya,&nbsp;Nikita O. Shaparenko,&nbsp;Alexander I. Bulavchenko","doi":"10.1002/jsde.12732","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jsde.12732","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The surface zeta potential (SZP) technique is a promising method for investigating the electrokinetic properties of various macroscopic surfaces. However, there have been no attempts as yet to use the SZP technique in the presence of surfactants. In this work, we studied the effect of classical low-molecular surfactants (SDS, АОТ, Triton X-100, and CTAB) on the properties of tracer particles with different size: commercial polystyrene (PSN, 27.2 ± 0.1 nm), “blue” colloidal (BI-ZR5, 191 ± 1 nm), and hydrophilic SiO₂ particles (520 ± 12 nm) obtained by quartz evaporation under the action of a relativistic electron beam. The initial charge of all the particles was negative. Anionic surfactants (АОТ and SDS) exerted virtually no effect on ζ-potential up to the concentration of 10⁻³ M and decreased it by ca. 27% at the concentration of 10⁻² M. Nonionic oxyethylated Triton X-100 increased ζ-potential but did not recharge the particles. Cationic CTAB recharged the surface of all the particles already at the concentration of 10⁻⁵ M; at 10⁻² M ζ-potential reached 39–65 mV. The possibility of applying BI-ZR5 as the tracer particles to estimate the electrokinetic potential of the borosilicate glass substrate in the presence of CTAB was demonstrated.</p>","PeriodicalId":17083,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Surfactants and Detergents","volume":"27 3","pages":"333-340"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139482474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of foaming agents for high-temperature, high-pressure, and high-salinity reservoirs based on a new foam evaluator","authors":"Longjie Li,&nbsp;Jijiang Ge,&nbsp;Xiaojuan Shi,&nbsp;Yan Pan,&nbsp;Hongbin Guo,&nbsp;Wenhui Wang,&nbsp;Jianhai Wang,&nbsp;Baolei Jiao","doi":"10.1002/jsde.12734","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jsde.12734","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this study, a novel high-temperature and high-pressure foam evaluator with variable diameters inner cell and cylinder flip function was designed on our own, which can solve the problems such as difficulties in foam generation and inaccurate determination of various foam parameters by the same type of instruments, through which the foaming performance of more than 10 betaine surfactants was evaluated. The results show that: (1) the higher the pressure, the higher the foaming rate of the foaming agent and the more stable the foam, but the foam stability of the foamers at low and high pressures, and low and high temperatures do not correspond exactly, and the foaming agent used needs to be screened under simulated reservoir conditions. (2) The comprehensive foaming performance of different types of foamers with different molecular structures found that hydroxy sulfobetaine with longer carbon chains has a relatively better foaming performance. Therefore, for the reservoir conditions of temperature 130°C, pressure 30 MPa, and salinity 22 × 10⁴ mg/L, hydroxy sulfobetaine, which does not contain an amide group in the molecule, can be considered preferentially as a foaming agent. The results can guide the selection of foaming agents for high-temperature and high-salinity reservoirs.</p>","PeriodicalId":17083,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Surfactants and Detergents","volume":"27 3","pages":"409-419"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139482473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heterologous expression and characterization of a novel thermostable and alkali stable recombinant lipase enzyme from Bacillus thuringensis into E. coli BL21(DE3) for detergent formulation","authors":"Asma Zafar,&nbsp;Ziaur Rahman,&nbsp;Attia Hamid,&nbsp;Fatima Sughra,&nbsp;Madood Makhdoom,&nbsp;Samreen Fatima,&nbsp;Haseeb Ahmed,&nbsp;Zeenat Mehmood,&nbsp;Maryam Khan,&nbsp;Muhammad Nauman Aftab","doi":"10.1002/jsde.12731","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jsde.12731","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Present study concerned with expression and biochemical characterization of lipase enzyme for potential use in detergent formulation. Lipase gene (1242 bp) of <i>Bacillus thuringensis</i> was cloned and expressed in <i>Escherichia coli</i> BL21 strain using pET-21a(+) expression vector. Maximum expression of cloned lipase gene was obtained at 37°C with an induction of 0.4 mM IPTG (Isopropyl ß-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside) after 4 h of induction. Recombinant lipase was purified to homogeneity using immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography carrying 109.80 U/mg specific activity with 38.79 purification folds. Molecular mass of purified lipase was determined as 45 kDa using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Purified recombinant lipase showed stability up to 90°C and retained significant activity (52%) after 4 h at 90°C. It was also found to be stable at a wide range of pH and in the presence of higher concentrations of several inhibitors (sodium dodecyl sulfate, dimethylsulfoxide, sodium azide, β-mercaptoethanol, polysorbate 80, dithiothreitol) as well as organic solvents (acetone, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, <i>n</i>-butanol). The activity of recombinant lipase was enhanced in the presence of various metal ions and activated up to 200% by Ca²⁺. The compatibility of recombinant lipase with commercial detergents and other additives as well as its broad substrate specificity endorse the potential application of this enzyme in detergent formulations.</p>","PeriodicalId":17083,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Surfactants and Detergents","volume":"27 3","pages":"367-382"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139397400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advanced polymer-based surfactant for improved heat and salinity stability in enhanced oil recovery processes","authors":"Mohammad Soleimani,&nbsp;Ashkan Abdalisousan,&nbsp;Abbas Khaksar Manshad,&nbsp;Vali Ahmad Sajadiyan","doi":"10.1002/jsde.12729","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jsde.12729","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Enhancing oil recovery through surfactants has proven to be a successful strategy in recent times. However, traditional surfactants have their limitations, particularly in terms of stability under high temperatures and salinity levels. This study delved into a groundbreaking macromolecular polymeric surfactant, S-AV, which holds the unique ability to transform rock surface characteristics, effectively stripping away residual oil while maintaining resilience against elevated temperatures and salinity. S-AV was synthesized through a free-radical copolymerization process, incorporating benzyl, perfluoroalkyl, alkyl-, benzyl-, ethylene glycol, and amide-alkyl-sulfonate groups, ultimately yielding a comb-like molecular structure. S-AV demonstrated exceptional prowess, swiftly reducing the underwater oil contact angle to 53.4° in just 48 h. This synthesized surfactant also retained its phase stability up to salinity levels of 36,000 ppm, with temperature having no disruptive impact on its phase stability performance. Furthermore, S-AV showcased remarkable viscosity reduction in conditions of high temperature and salinity. The core flooding experiments underscored the potential of S-AV, as its injection led to a significant oil recovery rate of up to 83%. These findings position S-AV as a promising candidate for practical enhanced oil recovery applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":17083,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Surfactants and Detergents","volume":"27 3","pages":"421-432"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139376706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbial biosurfactant based nanoemulsions and their applications: A review","authors":"Subi Yoosuf,&nbsp;Prajith Nambiar","doi":"10.1002/jsde.12728","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jsde.12728","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Nanoemulsions exhibit a wide range of practical applications owing to their smaller particle size, stability, and enhanced bioavailability. Conventional surfactants widely used in nanoemulsion formulations namely, polysorbate 80, macrogolglycerol ricinoleate, and 4-octylphenol polyethoxylate have been associated with anaphylactoid responses, alterations in normal flora, cytotoxicity and tissue damage. The use of less toxic, environment-friendly microbial biosurfactants in the formulation of nanoemulsions have been demonstrated to manifest stability, slow drug release, enhanced skin permeability, and bioactivity. The type and composition of mixed microbial biosurfactants used in nanoemulsions can decrease the droplet size and synergistically increase the stability. Moreover, a lower concentration of drug-loaded surfactin-based nanoemulsion synergistically inhibited the proliferation of cancer cells by 50% (IC50). The scope of the current review is to focus on the prospect of substituting conventional surfactants with biosurfactants obtained from microbial origin for nanoemulsion formulations. It also aims to draw attention to the paucity of research in the combinatorial study of biosurfactants and functional drugs used in nanoemulsions. The review emphasizes the bioactivity of microbial biosurfactant-based nanoemulsions and their applications in diverse sectors. The differences in emulsion stability and size of microbial biosurfactant and conventional surfactant-based nanoemulsions have been highlighted. The study intends to promote comparative research between nanoemulsions prepared using conventional surfactants and microbial biosurfactants.</p>","PeriodicalId":17083,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Surfactants and Detergents","volume":"27 2","pages":"163-181"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138717289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rheology of novel photosensitive viscoelastic trimeric cationic surfactant/trans-ortho-methoxycinnamic acid micellar solutions","authors":"Jinlan He,&nbsp;Xiaoyang Han,&nbsp;Bo Fang,&nbsp;Huinan Wu,&nbsp;Wenting Xu,&nbsp;Hui Xin,&nbsp;Luyao Yu,&nbsp;Kejing Li","doi":"10.1002/jsde.12730","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jsde.12730","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Photosensitive micellar solutions of mixed surfactants and photosensitive additives have gained much interest. However, there are no reports on photosensitive micellar solutions containing trimeric cationic surfactant. In the study, novel photosensitive viscoelastic micellar solutions consisting of trimeric cationic surfactant (TEC) and <i>trans-</i>ortho-methoxycinnamic acid (<i>trans-</i>OMCA) were investigated. This study utilized rheology, UV–vis spectroscopy, and cryo-TEM to investigate the photo-responsive behavior and mechanism of the TEC/<i>trans-</i>OMCA micellar solutions. Rheological studies revealed that the concentration of TEC and <i>trans-</i>OMCA, as well as temperature, significantly affected the viscoelastic properties of the micellar solutions. Furthermore, the Carreau and Maxwell models might be used to characterize the flow curves and viscoelasticity of the micellar solutions, respectively. Notably, TEC/<i>trans-</i>OMCA micellar solutions exhibited excellent light-induced thinning characteristic, with the optimal performance at a mass ratio of <i>φ</i> = 0.5. After UV irradiation, the zero-shear viscosity of TEC/<i>trans-</i>OMCA (0.6/0.3 wt%) micellar solution was reduced by 352 times, while the viscoelasticity and the area of hysteresis loops were significantly reduced. This drastic change in the rheological characteristics of the micellar solutions could be attributed to the photoisomerization of <i>trans-</i>OMCA and the resulting changes in the internal microstructure of the solutions. Moreover, the viscosity of the micellar solutions diminished as the temperature increased, with the remaining viscosity of the TEC/<i>trans-</i>OMCA (1.0/0.5 wt%) micellar solution at 36.4 mPa s at 95°C. This study expands on the potential utilization of oligomeric surfactants in the construction of photorheological viscoelastic fluids.</p>","PeriodicalId":17083,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Surfactants and Detergents","volume":"27 3","pages":"319-331"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138717163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adsorption behavior of surfactants on sandstone reservoir rocks with carbonate cements and its influence on wettability alteration","authors":"Ranjan Phukan,&nbsp;Rahul Saha,&nbsp;Pritam Mazumdar","doi":"10.1002/jsde.12727","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jsde.12727","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study investigates the adsorption behaviors of surfactants in sandstone reservoir rocks containing various amounts of carbonate cement/minerals and their impact on wettability alteration under low-salinity conditions. Two types of rock samples from sandstone reservoirs of Assam oilfields in India are selected based on XRD results. These rock types are (i) high carbonate cement (HCC) core sample with higher carbonate cement (calcite 5.6% and dolomite 4.0%), and (ii) low carbonate cement (LCC) core sample with lower carbonate cement (calcite = 0.5% and dolomite 0%). The study reveals that the mineralogy of sandstone reservoir rocks especially the carbonate minerals affects the brine-rock interactions including wettability alternation and surfactant adsorption. Notable differences (2° to 8°) in contact angles for the two rock types at different salinities revealed that carbonate cement in sandstone thus impacts brine-rock interactions. Further, low salinity surfactant (LSS) could positively alter the wettability of both rock types to water-wet conditions (contact angle &lt;60°). The most favorable wettability alterations (up to 30°) were achieved with cationic LSS solutions for both core types. Using LSS solutions also reduced the adsorption of anionic surfactant by around 40% and 33% for HCC and LCC rock samples, respectively. The study's novelty emanates from investigating the impact of sandstone reservoir rock mineralogy with varying amounts of carbonate cements on the adsorption behavior of surfactants under low-salinity conditions. Moreover, this study provides a better understanding of the interrelationship existing between the degree of wettability alteration and the amount of surfactant adsorbed by sandstone rocks.</p>","PeriodicalId":17083,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Surfactants and Detergents","volume":"27 3","pages":"393-408"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138494970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel surfactants and their application as universal lubricity aids","authors":"Lucas R. Moore,&nbsp;Garret P. Bryant,&nbsp;Jordan Taylor,&nbsp;Molly McEnery,&nbsp;Timothy G. Holtcamp,&nbsp;Sydney Boggs","doi":"10.1002/jsde.12726","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jsde.12726","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The reduction in friction is a desired property in many industries. Some of the applications include the movement of liquid or slurry through a pipeline in oil or mining, the grinding of one metal on another during fabrication, metal on paper in the making of nearly any paper product, to even something closer to home with the movement of a brush or comb through one's hair. Friction yields higher degrees of strain or stress on one or both of the substrates. This can be costly due to energy requirements, wear of equipment, or even breakage of the substrate. Even though the need exists in so many industries, the mechanisms of lubricity vary enough in each that there really is not a universal lubricity aid that can successfully be applied across the different industries. A family of novel lubricity aids based on alkyl polyglucosides have been synthesized and evaluated in the lab on both metal/metal friction reduction as well as comb/hair friction reduction. One of the modified alkyl polyglucosides has yielded excellent reduction in friction in both applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":17083,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Surfactants and Detergents","volume":"27 3","pages":"383-392"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138494969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}